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            <front>

                <journal-meta>
                                                                <journal-id>gaun-jss</journal-id>
            <journal-title-group>
                                                                                    <journal-title>Gaziantep Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi</journal-title>
            </journal-title-group>
                            <issn pub-type="ppub">1303-0094</issn>
                                        <issn pub-type="epub">2149-5459</issn>
                                                                                            <publisher>
                    <publisher-name>Gaziantep University</publisher-name>
                </publisher>
                    </journal-meta>
                <article-meta>
                                        <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.21547/jss.1847542</article-id>
                                                                <article-categories>
                                            <subj-group  xml:lang="en">
                                                            <subject>Archaeological Science</subject>
                                                            <subject>Classical Period Archeology</subject>
                                                    </subj-group>
                                            <subj-group  xml:lang="tr">
                                                            <subject>Arkeoloji Bilimi</subject>
                                                            <subject>Klasik Dönem Arkeolojisi</subject>
                                                    </subj-group>
                                    </article-categories>
                                                                                                                                                        <title-group>
                                                                                                                                                            <article-title>Tetrapyrgonların Tanımı, İşlevi ve Savunma Stratejisindeki Yeri: Karia’daki Örnekler Üzerine Bir İnceleme</article-title>
                                                                                                                                                                                                <trans-title-group xml:lang="en">
                                    <trans-title>The Definition, Function, and Role of Tetrapyrgons in Defensive Strategy: A Study of the Examples in Caria</trans-title>
                                </trans-title-group>
                                                                                                    </title-group>
            
                                                    <contrib-group content-type="authors">
                                                                        <contrib contrib-type="author">
                                                                    <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">
                                        https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6014-7862</contrib-id>
                                                                <name>
                                    <surname>Çur</surname>
                                    <given-names>Mazlum</given-names>
                                </name>
                                                                    <aff>Bağımsız Araştırmacı</aff>
                                                            </contrib>
                                                                                </contrib-group>
                        
                                        <pub-date pub-type="pub" iso-8601-date="20260430">
                    <day>04</day>
                    <month>30</month>
                    <year>2026</year>
                </pub-date>
                                        <volume>25</volume>
                                        <issue>2</issue>
                                        <fpage>438</fpage>
                                        <lpage>456</lpage>
                        
                        <history>
                                    <date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="20251223">
                        <day>12</day>
                        <month>23</month>
                        <year>2025</year>
                    </date>
                                                    <date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="20260403">
                        <day>04</day>
                        <month>03</month>
                        <year>2026</year>
                    </date>
                            </history>
                                        <permissions>
                    <copyright-statement>Copyright © 1991, Gaziantep University Journal of Social Sciences</copyright-statement>
                    <copyright-year>1991</copyright-year>
                    <copyright-holder>Gaziantep University Journal of Social Sciences</copyright-holder>
                </permissions>
            
                                                                                                                        <abstract><p>Bu çalışma, Kariadaki tetrapyrgonların yalnızca askeri yapılar mı yoksa aynı zamanda yönetsel ve temsili işlevler üstlenen mekânsal odaklar mı olduğu sorusuna yanıt aramaktadır. Literatürde ‘tetrapyrgon’  dört köşe kuleye sahip, merkezi bir iç avlu ya da çekirdek etrafında örgütlenen savunma yapılarıdır. Araştırmada öncelikle, Hekatomnid Dönemi’ne ait karakteristik tetrapyrgonlar kronolojik bir çerçevede değerlendirilmiştir. Maussollos Dönemi ile birlikte başlatılan kapsamlı imar programı dahilinde dağınık yerleşimlerin birleştirilmesi ile yeni kent merkezlerinin oluşturulması hızlandırmıştır. Bu imar programının, savunma mimarisinde bütüncül ve geniş ölçekli çözümleri teşvik ettiği anlaşılmaktadır. Bu bağlamda tetrapyrgonlar, savunma hatlarının stratejik kesişim noktalarına eklenerek hem bağımsız bir kale hem de korunaklı bir iç kale işlevi üstlenmiştir. Bu tetrapyrgonlar stratejik olarak konumlandırılmış, girişleri ek kulelerle güçlendirilmiş ve kaçış kapılarıyla desteklenmiştir. Bu unsurlar, tetrapyrgonların yalnızca pasif savunma yapıları değil, kuşatma koşullarında uzun süreli direnişe olanak tanıyan aktif askeri merkezler olarak tasarlandığını göstermektedir. Bununla birlikte tetrapyrgonların plan tipleri ve inşa teknikleri dönemsel koşullara bağlı olarak çeşitlilik göstermektedir. Bu çeşitlilik yerel yöneticilerin hem güvenlik gereksinimlerini karşılamaya hem de iktidarlarını mekânsal düzeyde görünür kılmaya yönelik bir araç olarak işlev görmüştür. Bu çalışmada bilinen tetrapyrgon örneklerinin yanı sıra, Kuyruklu Kale ve Kodopa gibi literatürde sınırlı biçimde ele alınmış örnekler de değerlendirilmiştir. Bu çalışma, söz konusu yapıların Karia’daki bölgesel savunma ağında yalnızca askeri değil, aynı zamanda yönetsel bir rol de üstlendiğini ortaya koymaktadır.</p></abstract>
                                                                                                                                    <trans-abstract xml:lang="en">
                            <p>This study investigates whether tetrapyrgons in Caria functioned solely as military structures or also served as spatial focal points with administrative and representational roles. In the literature, tetrapyrgons are defined as defensive constructions characterized by four corner towers organized around a central courtyard or core. The research primarily evaluates characteristic tetrapyrgons of the Hekatomnid Period within a chronological framework. The comprehensive building program initiated during the reign of Mausollos accelerated the consolidation of dispersed settlements and the formation of new urban centers. It is understood that this construction program encouraged integrated and large-scale approaches in defensive architecture. Within this context, tetrapyrgons were incorporated into strategic junctions of defensive networks, functioning both as independent fortresses and as protected inner citadels. Their strategic placement, the reinforcement of entrances with additional towers, and their support by escape passages reveal their central position within regional defense systems. These features indicate that tetrapyrgons were conceived not merely as passive defensive structures but as active military centers capable of sustaining prolonged resistance under siege conditions. Moreover, the plan layouts, construction techniques, and chronological characteristics of tetrapyrgons display considerable variation. This diversity suggests that these structures functioned as instruments through which local rulers sought to meet security requirements while simultaneously rendering their political authority visible in spatial terms. In addition to well-known examples, less-studied sites such as Kuyruklu Kale and Kodopa are also examined. The findings demonstrate that tetrapyrgons in Caria fulfilled not only military functions within the regional defensive network but also significant administrative roles.</p></trans-abstract>
                                                            
            
                                                                                        <kwd-group>
                                                    <kwd>Karia</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Tetrapyrgon</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Diyrgon</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Kale</kwd>
                                            </kwd-group>
                                                        
                                                                                                        <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
                                                    <kwd>Caria</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Tetrapyrgon</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Dipyron</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Castle</kwd>
                                            </kwd-group>
                                                                                                            </article-meta>
    </front>
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