Research Article
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Examining the Correlation Between Internalized Sexism and Attitudes Towards Dating Violence in Intimate Relationships in Women

Year 2025, Volume: 11 Issue: 1, 181 - 208, 30.06.2025
https://doi.org/10.21798/kadem.2025.178

Abstract

In this study, the correlation between women’s internalized sexism levels and dating violence attitudes in intimate relationships was examined. The study group consisted of 466 female students studying at Kazım Karabekir Faculty of Education. Data were collected with the “Internalized Sexism Scale” and “Attitudes towards Dating Violence in Intimate Relationships Scale”. The findings indicated substantial correlations between attitudes towards dating violence and the subdimensions of the internalized sexism scale, namely self-objectification, derogation, self-loss, and male primacy. It was concluded that there is no significant correlation between the internalized gender scale and attitude towards dating violence. The results revealed that the selfobjectification, derogation, and prioritizing of the male sub-dimensions of the internalized gender scale significantly predicted the attitude towards dating violence. The self-loss-sub-dimension did not predict dating violence at a significant level internalization of sexist attitudes is believed to contribute to women developing negative perceptions of themselves and other women. This situation poses the risk of exhibiting more passive attitudes toward opposing dating violence. Therefore, individuals acknowledging the harmful effects of internalized sexism and struggling to eliminate them will contribute to their spiritual, social, and personal growth.

Ethical Statement

This study is accepted by the ethics committee of Atatürk University Social Sciences and Humanities (Date: 29.08.2024, Approval no: 0729).

Supporting Institution

The authors declare that this study received no financial support.

Thanks

The authors declare no acknowledgment.

References

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Kadınlarda İçselleştirilmiş Cinsiyetçilik ile Yakın İlişkilerde Flört Şiddetine Yönelik Tutum Arasındaki İlişkilerin İncelenmesi

Year 2025, Volume: 11 Issue: 1, 181 - 208, 30.06.2025
https://doi.org/10.21798/kadem.2025.178

Abstract

Bu araştırmada kadınların içselleştirilmiş cinsiyetçilik düzeyleri ile yakın ilişkide flört şiddeti tutumları arasındaki ilişki incelenmiştir. Araştırmanın çalışma grubunu, Kazım Karabekir Eğitim Fakültesinde öğrenim gören 466 kadın öğrenci oluşturmaktadır. Veriler “İçselleştirilmiş Cinsiyetçilik Ölçeği” ve “Yakın İlişkide Flört Şiddeti Tutumu Ölçeği” ile toplanmıştır. Bulgular, “Flört Şiddeti Tutumu” ile “İçselleştirilmiş Cinsiyetçilik” ölçeğinin alt boyutları olan; kendini nesneleştirme, derogasyon, benlik kaybı ve erkeği önceleme arasında anlamlı ilişkiler olduğunu göstermektedir. İçselleştirilmiş cinsiyet ölçeğinin alt boyutlarından biri olan rekabet ile flört şiddetine yönelik tutum arasında anlamlı bir ilişkinin olmadığı belirlenmiştir. Sonuçlar, içselleştirilmiş cinsiyet ölçeğinin kendini nesneleştirme, derogasyon ve erkeği önceleme alt boyutlarının flört şiddetine tutumunu anlamlı bir şekilde yordadığını ortaya koymaktadır. Benlik kaybı alt boyutunun ise flört şiddetini anlamlı bir düzeyde yordamadığı saptanmıştır. Cinsiyetçi tutumların içselleştirilmesinin, kadınların hem kendi benliklerine hem de hemcinslerine karşı olumsuz tutum geliştirmelerinde rol oynayabileceği düşünülmektedir. Bu durum ise flört şiddetine karşı çıkma noktasında daha pasif tutumlar sergilenmesi riskini ortaya çıkarmaktadır. Dolayısıyla bireylerin içselleştirilmiş cinsiyetçiliğin zararlı etkilerini fark etmeleri ve bununla etkili bir şekilde başa çıkmaları ruhsal, sosyal ve kişisel gelişimlerine katkı sağlayacaktır.

Ethical Statement

Bu araştırma, Atatürk Üniversitesi Sosyal ve Beşerî Bilimler Etik Kurulu (Tarih: 29.08.2024, Onay no: 0729) tarafından onaylanmıştır.

Supporting Institution

Yazarlar bu çalışma için finansal destek almadıklarını beyan etmiştir.

Thanks

Yazarlar teşekkür beyan etmemiştir.

References

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  • Bartky, S. L. (1990). Femininity and domination: Studies in the phenomenology of oppression. Routledge.
  • Bearman, S., & Amrhein, M. (2014). Girls, women, and internalized sexism. E. David (Ed.), Internalized oppression (ss. 191-297) içinde. Springer Publishing Company.
  • Bearman, S., Korobov, N., & Thorne, A. (2009). The fabric of internalized sexism. Journal of Integrated Social Sciences, 1(1), 10-47.
  • Beaulaurier, R. L., Seff, L. R., Newman, F. L., & Dunlop, B. (2005). Internal barriers to help seeking for middle-aged and older women who experience intimate partner violence. Journal of Elder Abuse & Neglect, 17(3), 53-74. https://doi.org/10.1300/j084v17n03_04
  • Bozkur, B. (2020). Developing internalized sexism scale for women: A validity and reliability study. International Journal of Eurasian Education and Culture, 5(11), 1981-2028. http://dx.doi.org/10.35826/ijoecc.289
  • Calogero, R. M. (2013). Objects don’t object: Evidence that self-objectification disrupts women’s social activism. Psychological Science, 24(3), 312-318. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797612452574
  • Calogero, R. M., & Tylka, T. L. (2014). Sanctioning resistance to sexual objectification: An integrative system justification perspective. Journal of Social Issues, 70(4), 763-778. https://doi.org/10.1111/josi.12090
  • Campbell, A. (2004). Female competition: Causes, constraints, content, and contexts. Journal of Sex Research, 41(1), 16-26. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224490409552210
  • Canbazoğlu-Bilici, S. (2023). Örnekleme yöntemleri. H. Özmen, O. Karamustafaoğlu (Ed.), Eğitimde Araştırma Yöntemleri (ss. 56-78) içinde. Pegem Akademi.
  • David, E. J. R. (2009). Internalized oppression, psychopathology, and cognitive behavioral therapy among historically oppressed groups. Journal of Psychological Practice, 15, 171-103.
  • Davidson, M. M., & Gervais, S. J. (2015). Violence against women through the lens of objectification theory. Violence Against Women, 21(3), 330-354. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077801214568031
  • Dehlin, A. J., & Galliher, R. V. (2019). Young women’s sexist beliefs and internalized misogyny: Links with psychosocial and relational functioning and political behavior. Psi Chi Journal of Psychological Research, 24(4). https://doi.org/10.24839/2325-7342.JN24.4.255
  • DeKeseredy, W. S., Rennison, C. M., & Hall-Sanchez, A. K. (2019). The Routledge international handbook of violence studies. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315270265
  • Espelage, D. L., Ingram, K. M., Hong, J. S., & Merrin, G. J. (2022). Bullying as a developmental precursor to sexual and dating violence across adolescence: Decade in review. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 23(4), 1358-1370. https://doi.org/10.1177/1524838021104381
  • Evans, K. E., Lee, H., Russell, K. N., Holmes, M. R., Berg, K. A., Bender, A. E., & Prince, D. M. (2022). Adolescent dating violence among youth exposed to intimate partner violence: A systematic review. Journal of Family Violence, 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10896-021-00289-y
  • Fincham, F. D., Cui, M., Braithwaite, S. R., & Pasley, K. (2008). Attitudes towards intimate partner violence in dating relationships. Psychological Asessment, 20(3), 260. https://doi.org/10.1037/1040-3590.20.3.260
  • Fisher, M. L. (2004). Female intrasexual competition decreases female facial attractiveness. Proceedings-Royal Society of London. Biological Sciences, 271, 283-285. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2004.0160
  • Foshee, V. A., Dixon, K. S., Ennett, S. T., Moracco, K. E., Bowling, J. M., Chang, L. Y., & Moss, J. L. (2015). The process of adapting a universal dating abuse prevention program to adolescents exposed to domestic violence. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 30(12), 2151-2173. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260514552278
  • Fraenkel, J. R., Wallen, N. E., & Hyun, H. H. (2012). How to design and evaluate research in education. Mc Graw Hill.
  • Fredrickson, B. L., & Roberts, T. (1997). Objectification theory: Toward understanding women’s lived experiences and mental health risks. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 21, 173-206. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-6402.1997.tb00108.x
  • Fu, L., Tian, T., Lu, Z., Wang, B., Li, X., Zhang, W., Gao, Y., Sun, Y., & Zou, H. (2023). Burdens attributable to intimate partner violence in women aged 15 years or older-China, 1990-2019. China CDC Weekly, 5(16), 347. https://doi.org/10.46234/ccdcw2023.066
  • Galtung, J. (1990). Cultural violence. Journal of Peace Research, 27(3), 291-305.
  • Gattino, S., De Piccoli, N., Fedi, A., Boza, M., & Rollero, C. (2018). A crosscultural study of biological, psychological, and social antecedents of self-objectification in Italy and Romania. Sex Roles, 78, 325-337. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-017-0804-5
  • Glick, P., & Fiske, S. T. (2001). An ambivalent alliance: Hostile and benevolent sexism as complementary justifications for gender inequality. American Psychologist, 56(2), 109–118. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003- 066X.56.2.109
  • Gracia, E., & Merlo, J. (2016). Intimate partner violence against women and the Nordic paradox. Social Science & Medicine, 157, 27-30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2016.03.040
  • Gutierrez, B. C., & Leaper, C. (2024). Linking ambivalent sexism to violence-against-women attitudes and behaviors: A three-level meta-analytic review. Sexuality & Culture, 28, 851-882. https://doi.org/10.1007/ s12119-023-10127-6
  • Hammond, M. D., & Overall, N. C. (2017). Dynamics within intimate relationships and the causes, consequences, and functions of sexist attitudes. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 26(2), 120-125. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721416686213
  • Haslam, N. (2006). Dehumanization: An integrative review. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 10(3), 252-264. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327957pspr1003_4
  • Hesson-McInnis, M. S., & Fitzgerald, L. F. (1997). Sexual harassment: A preliminary test of an integrative model. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 27, 877-901. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.1997.tb00276.x
  • Ifechelobi, C., & Ifechelobi, J. N. (2017). Gender discrimination: An analysis of the language of derogation. IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 22(12), 23-27. https://doi.org/10. 9790/0837-2212062327
  • Jejeebhoy, S. J., & Santhya, K. G. (2018). Preventing violence against women and girls in Bihar: Challenges for implementation and evaluation. Reproductive Health Matters, 26(52), 92-108. https://doi.org/10.1080/09688080.2018.1470430
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There are 63 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Demography (Other)
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Adem Peker 0000-0002-3594-9166

Tuğba Cingil 0000-0003-0564-7615

Zeynep Yazıcı 0000-0003-3454-5212

Publication Date June 30, 2025
Submission Date February 3, 2025
Acceptance Date April 7, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 11 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Peker, A., Cingil, T., & Yazıcı, Z. (2025). Kadınlarda İçselleştirilmiş Cinsiyetçilik ile Yakın İlişkilerde Flört Şiddetine Yönelik Tutum Arasındaki İlişkilerin İncelenmesi. KADEM Kadın Araştırmaları Dergisi, 11(1), 181-208. https://doi.org/10.21798/kadem.2025.178
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