Kastamonu University Journal of Forestry Faculty 1303-2399 1309-4181 Kastamonu University 10.17475/kastorman.801846 Foliar Micromorphology and Anatomy of Five Mediterranean Enclaves in Artvin (Turkey) Özcan Melahat ARTVİN ÇORUH ÜNİVERSİTESİ Yılmaz Sümeyye ARTVİN ÇORUH ÜNİVERSİTESİ 09 29 2020 20 2 107 132 09 20 2019 06 01 2020 Copyright © 2001, Kastamonu University Journal of Forestry Faculty 2001 Kastamonu University Journal of Forestry Faculty

Aim of study: We aimed to investigate leaf micromorphology including venation types, and petiole and leaf blade anatomical characteristics of five woody/scrubs Mediterranean enclaves (Cotinus coggygria Scop., Rhus coriaria L., Arbutus andrachne L., Punica granatum L. and Jasminum fruticans L.) in this study.Area of study: Artvin Province has three distinct climate types. The species studied were collected from natural habitats in Artvin, where Mediterranean climate type occurs.Material and methods: Leaves of five species were evaluated micromorphologically and anatomically by using stereomicroscopy, light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy.Main results: Two species have imparipinnately compound leaves, while three have simple ones. Four venation types were determined in the species. C. coggygria has channeled anticlinal walls of adaxial epidermal cells and A. andrachne has striate cuticular ornamentation in the abaxial surfaces. Differently from others, R. coriaria and J. fruticans have glandular trichomes, and P. granatum has bicollateral vascular bundle. Secretory canals and druses crystals were detected in some investigated species. Most of the species have hypostomatic leaf type, but J. fruticans has amphistomatic one. The highest stomata number and indices per mm2 were observed in P. granatum, while the lowest values were found in J. fruticans.Research highlights: Among the species examined, Punica granatum with the highest stomatal number and indices per mm2, narrowed and deciduous leaf with epicuticular wax composition has probably distinctive adaptive strategies to water deficiency and xerophytic habitats

 Leaf micromorphology anatomy venation type Mediterranean enclave Turkey Ait-Said, S., Kadi-Bennane, S. & Smail-Saadoune, N. (2004). Phenological adaptation of Atlas Pistachio (Pistacia atlantica Desf. ssp. atlantica) in three microclimatic zones of Algeria as measured by the stomatal dimensions. Book of abstracts. First world congress of Agroforestry, 27 June -2 July 2004, Orlando, FL. Algan, G. (1981). Bitkisel Dokular İçin Mikroteknik. İstanbul: Fırat University Science Faculty Press. Ali, J. K. & Sosa, A. A. (2015). Anatomical study of some characters in certain species of genus Jasminum L. growing in Iraq. International Journal of Science and Research, 5 (10), 1137-1140. Al-Saghir, M. G., Duncan, M., Porter, M. & Nilsen, E. T. (2006). Leaf Anatomy of Pistacia species (Anacardiaceae). Journal of Biological Sciences, 6(2), 242-244. Alyafi, J. (1978). New characters differentiating Pistacia atlantica subspecies. Candollea, 33, 201-208. Andréz-Hernández, A. R. & Terrazas T. (2009). Leaf architecture of Rhus s.str. (Anacardiaceae). Feddes Repertorium, 120 (5-6), 293-306. Antal, D. S., Ardelean, F., Andrica, F., Danciu, C., & Avram, S. (2015). Anatomical characteristics and tissue localization of various flavonoid subclasses in Cotinus coggygria stem and leaf cross-sections. Planta Medica, 81(16). Bačić, T., Lawrence, T. J. & Cutler, D. F. (1992). Leaf anatomy of an Arbutus taxon from Yugoslavia. Kew Bulletin, 47(3), 535-543. Barthlott, W. (1981). Epidermal and seed surface characters of plants: Systematic applicability and some evolutionary aspects. Nordic Journal of Botany, 1(3), 345-355. Belhadj, S., Derridj, A., Aigouy, T., Gers, C., Gauquelin, T. & Mevy J. F. (2007). Comparative morphology of leaf epidermis in eight populations of Atlas Pistachio (Pistacia atlantica Desf., Anacardiaceae). Microscopy Research and Technique, 70, 837-846. Chamberlain, D. F. (1972). Punica L. In: Davis, P.H. (Ed.), Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands. Edinburgh University Press, 4, 173-174, Edinburgh. Cutler, D. F. (1979). Leaf surface studies in Aloe and Haworfhia species (Liliaceae): taxonomic implications. Tropical und Subtropical Pflanzenwelt (Akaddemie der Wissenschaften und der literature in Mainz), 28, 449-471. Cutler, D. F. & Brandham, P. E. (1977). Experimental evidence for the genetic control of leaf surface characters in hybrid Aloineae (Liliaceae). Kew Bulletin, 32, 23-42. Davis, P. H., Coode, M. J. E. & Cullen, J. (1967). Rhus L. In: Davis P.H. (Ed.), Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. Davis, P. H., Harper, P. C. & Hedge, I. C. (1971). Plant Life of South West Asia. Edinburgh: The Botanical Society of Edinburgh. Demirci, B., Demirci, F. & Başer, K. H. C. (2003). Composition of the essential oil of Cotinus coggygria Scop. from Turkey. Flavour and Fragrance Journal, 18, 43-44. Duran, C. & Günek, H. (2010). Effects of the ecological factors on vegetation in river basins of northern part of Mersin city (South of Turkey). Biological Diversity and Conservation (Biodicon), 3(3), 137-152. El-Oqlah, A. A. (1996). Biosystematic research on the genus Pistacia in Jordan. In: Padulosi S, Caruso T, Barone E, (eds). Taxonomy, distribution, conservation and uses of Pistacia genetic resources (Workshop). 29-30 June,12-19, Palermo, Italy. Esau, K. (1977). Anatomy of seed plants. New York: Wiley. Eminağaoğlu, Ö., Akyıldırım Beğen, H. & Aksu, G. (2015). Artvin’in Flora ve Vejetasyon Yapısı, 30p. In: Eminağaoğlu, Ö. (Ed.), Artvin’in Doğal Bitkileri (Native Plants of Artvin), 456 pp., Promat Press, Istanbul. Eminağaoğlu, Ö. & Ozcan, M. (2018). Morphological and anatomical studies of the newly recorded species Rhus chinensis Mill. (Anacardiaceae) from Turkey. Bangladesh Journal of Plant Taxonomy, 25 (1), 71-78. Fahn, A. (1990). Plant Anatomy. Pergamon Press, New York. Fahn, A. & Cutler, D. F. (1992). Xerophytes. Gebruder Borntraeger, Berlin. Fang-lan, L., Wei-kai, B. & Jun-hua, L. (2005). Leaf characteristics and their relationship of Cotinus coggygria in arid river valley located in the upper reaches of Minjiang River with environmental factors depending on its altitude gradients. Acta Botanica Boreali-occidentalia Sinica, 11. Gavrilović, M., Rančić, D., Škundrić, T., Dajić-Stevanović, Z., Marin, P. D., Garcia-Jacas, N., Susanna, A. & Janaćković, P. (2018). Anatomical characteristics of Xeranthemum L. (Compositae) species: taxonomical insights and evolution of life form. Pakistan Journal of Botany, 51(3), 1007-1019. Gospodinova, Z., Bózsity, N., Nikolova, M., Krasteva, M. & Zupkó, I. (2017). Antiproliferative properties against human breast, cervical and ovarian cancer cell lines, and antioxidant capacity of leaf aqueous ethanolic extract from Cotinus coggygria Scop. Acta Medica Bulgarica Journal, 44(2), 20-25. Grear, J. W. J. R. (1970). A Revision of the American Species of Eriosema (Leguminosae-Lotoideae). Memoirs of The New York Botanical Garden, New York. Hickey, L. J. (1973). Classification of the architecture of dicotyledonous leaves. American Journal of Botany, 60, 17-33. Hickey, L. J. & Wolfe, J. A. (1975). The bases of angiosperm phylogeny: vegetative morphology. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden, 62, 538-590. Inamdar, J. A. (1967). Studies on the trichomes of some Oleaceae, structure and ontogeny. Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Sciences - Section B, 66 (4), 164-177. Inamdar, J. A. (1968). Ontogeny of stomata in some Oleaceae. Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Sciences - Section B 67 (4), 157-164. Inceer, H. & Ozcan, M. (2011). Leaf anatomy as an additional taxonomy tool for 18 taxa of Matricaria L. and Tripleurospermum Sch. Bip. (Anthemideae-Asteraceae) in Turkey. Plant Systematics and Evolution, 296, 205-215. Kaviarasan, K., Singh, D. R., Kumar, A. & Prawin, A. (2015). An economic analysis of Jasmine cultivation in Tamil Nadu, biotech articles. Biotech Articles, Agriculture, 04-05. Klimko, M., Nowińska, R., Wilkin, P. & Wiland-Szymańska, J. (2018). Comparative leaf micromorphology and anatomy of the dragon tree group of Dracaena (Asparagaceae) and their taxonomic implications. Plant Systematics and Evolution, 304, 1041-1055. Kuwajima, H., Matsuuchi, K., Inoue, K., Fujita, T. & Inouye H. (1985). Secoiridoid glucosides from Jasminum mesnyi Hance. Phytochemistry, 24 (6), 1299-1303. Lersten, N. R. & Horner, H. T. (2005). Development of the calcium oxalate crystal macro pattern in pomegranate (Punica granatum, Punicaceae). American Journal of Botany, 92, 1935-1941. Liesenfeld, V., Gentz, P., De Freitas, E. M. & Martins, S. (2019). Leaf morphology and anatomy of Asteraceae of the Pampas biome (sandfields). Flora, 258, doi.org/10.1016/j.flora.2019.151418. Lin, T. S., Crane, J. C., Ryugo, V. S. P. & Dejong, T. M. (1984). Comparative study of leaf morphology, photosynthesis and leaf conductance in selected Pistacia species. Journal of the American Chemical Society, Horticultural Science, 109, 325-330. Lu, H. F., Jiang, B., Shen, Z. G., Shen, J. B., Peng, Q. F. & Cheng, C. G. (2008). Comparative leaf anatomy, FTIR discrimination and biogeographical analysis of Camellia section Tuberculata (Theaceae) with a discussion of its taxonomic treatments. Plant Systamatics and Evolution, 274, 223-235. Matić, S., Stanić, S., Solujić, S., Milošević, S. & Niciforović, T. N. (2011). Biological properties of the Cotinus coggygria methanol extract. Periodicum Biologorum Journal, 113, 87-92. Meera Devi Sir, P., Arulvasu, C. & Ilavarasan, R. (2015). Morphological and Anatomical Studies on ornamental flowers of Punica granatum Linn. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Scientific Innovation, 4, 1, 44-51. Meidner, H. & Mansfield, T. A. (1968). Physiology of stomata. McGraw- Hill, London. Metcalfe, C. R. & Chalk, L. (1950). Anatomy of the Dicotyledons, Vol. 1, 827-836, Oxford: Clarendon Press. Metcalfe, C. R. & Chalk, L. (1979). Anatomy of Dicotyledones I, 275 p., Oxford University Press, Oxford. Muntoreanu, T. G., Cruz, R. S. & Melo-de-Pinna, G. F. (2011). Comparative leaf anatomy and morphology of some neotropical Rutaceae: Pilocarpus Vahl and related genera. Plant Systamatics and Evolution, 296, 87-99. Nagarajan, S. (1982). Cultivation and utilization of medicinal plants. Jammu-Tawi: CSIR, 584-604. Ozcan, M. & Akıncı, N. (2019). Micromorpho-anatomical fruit characteristics and pappus features of representative Cardueae (Asteraceae) taxa: Their systematic significance. Flora, 256, 16-35. Ozcan, M., Demiralay, M. & Kahriman, A. (2015). Leaf anatomical notes on Cirsium Miller (Asteraceae, Carduoideae) from Turkey. Plant Systematics and Evoution, 301, 1995-2012. Ozcan, M. & Eminagaoglu, O. (2014). Stem and leaf anatomy of three taxa in Lamiaceae. Bangladesh Journal of Botany, 43(3), 355-362. Özeker, E. & Misirli, A. (2001). Research on leaf properties and stomata distribution of some Pistacia spp. Cahiers Options Me´diterranéennes, 56, 237-241. Panda, S. & Chowdhury, A. (2010). Notes on Rhododendron vaccinioides Hooker f. (Ericaceae) in India: insights from leaf and stem anatomy, seed and pollen morphology. Pleione, 41 (1), 54-62. Pătruţ, D. I., Pop, A. & Coste, I. (2005). Biodiversitatea halofitelor din Câmpia Banatului. Eurobit, Timişoara. Perrotta, V. G. & Arambarri, A. M. (2004). Schinus longifolia var. longifolia (Anacardiaceae): anatomía foliar y caulinar, Acta Farmaceutica Bonaerense Journal, 23 (2), 142-147. Prakash, C. V. S. & Prakash, I. (2011). Bio active chemical constituents from pomegranata (Punica granatum) juice, seed and peel - A. review. International Journal of Research in Chemistry and Environment, 1 (1), 1-18. Rajaei, H. & Yazdanpanah, P. (2015). Buds and leaves in pomegranate (Punica granatum L.): Phenology in relation to structure and development. Flora, 214, 61-69. Rızvanoğlu, M. T. (2003). Ardanuç ilçesinin Beşeri ve Ekonomik Coğrafyası. Atatürk Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Doktora Tezi. Sargın, S. A. & Selvi, S. (2016). Türkiye’de yayılış gösteren Cistus L. (Cistaceae) cinsinin karşılaştırmalı yaprak anatomisi. Journal of the Institute of Science and Technology, 6 (2), 41-48. Solereder, H. (1908). Systematische Anatomie der dicotyledonen. (The systematic anatomy of dicotyledons.) Stuttgart: Ferdinand Enke (English translation). Stace, C. A. (1984). The taxonomic importance of the leaf surface. In: Current concepts in plant taxonomy, (eds.): Heywood V. H. & Moore, D. M. 25. Systematic association special Academic Press, London. Tanker, N., Koyuncu, M. & Coşkun, M. (2007). Farmasotik Botanik. Ankara Üniversitesi, Eczacılık Fakültesi Yayınları, 93, 3. Teixeira, S. P. & Gabrielli, A. C. (2000). Anatomia do eixo vegetativo de Dahlstedtia pinnata (Benth.) Malme e D. pentaphylla (Taub.) Burkart (Leguminosae, papilionoideae). Brazilian Journal of Botany, 23, 1-11. Tewari, D. N., Kumar, K. & Tripthi, A. (2001). Anar. 1 st ed., 29-43, New Delhi: Ocean Books. Turner, I. M. (1994). Sclerophylly: primarily protective? Functional Ecology, 8, 669-675. Vardar, Y. (1987). Botanikte Preparasyon Tekniği. Izmir, Ege University Science Faculty Press, 1-66. Wannan, B., 2006. Analysis of generic relationships in Anacardiaceae. Blumea Journal of Plant taxonomy and plant geograhy, 51 (1), 165-195. Wilkinson, H. P. (1979). The plant surface (mainly leaf). In: Metcalfe C.R. & Chalk L., Anatomy of the Dicotyledons. Oxford: Clarendon Press. Yaltırık, F. (1967). Pistacia L. In: Davis P. H. (Ed.), Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands, Vol. 2, 544-548, Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh. Yentür, S. (2003). Bitki Anatomisi. İstanbul Üniversitesi, İstanbul: Fen Fakültesi Yayınları, 227, 560.