Chemical Composition, Antibacterial and Antioxidant Activities of Thymus Praecox

Year 2021, Volume: 21 Issue: 1, 65 - 73, 03.04.2021

İzzet Şener Fulya Tekelioğlu Merve Zurnacı Pınar Baloglu Mahmut Gür Kerim Güney

https://doi.org/10.17475/kastorman.908659

Cited By: 2

Abstract

Aim of Study: It was aimed to determine the chemical composition, antioxidant and antibacterial activity of the Thymus praecox which distributed in the Kastamonu region.
Material and methods: Spectroscopic and chromotographic analysis were applied in the determination of the chemical composition. Thyme extracts were prepared using five different solvents. In Thymus praecox, the presence of flavonoids using HPLC and the chemical content of essential oil using GC-MS were investigated. The analyses of the mineral were determined in leaf and stem of thyme by ICP-OES. Antioxidant capacity was determined using two methods such as DPPH free radical scavenging and H2O2 scavenging. Antibacterial activity on ten bacteria, Gram (+) and Gram (-) was tested using the disc diffusion method.
Main results: Experimental results showed that thyme extracts have antibacterial activities against some bacteria. As a result, it was found that the most affected bacteria was S. aureus. Inhibition zone diameter was determined to be between 8-12 mm. The effect of solvent on antibacterial activity, antioxidant capacity, total phenolic and total flavonoid amounts were observed.
Highlights: These results showed that T. praecox has the potential to be used as a natural antimicrobial and antioxidant agent, and can be used as a natural supportive treatment.

Keywords

Thymus praecox, Essential oil, Antibacterial, Antioxidant, Phenolic, Flavonoid, HPLC, GC-MS, ICP-OES

Supporting Institution

Kastamonu University, Scientific Research Projects Coordination Department.

Project Number

KUBAP-03/ 2017-14

Thymus Praecox’un Kimyasal Bileşimi, Antibakteriyel ve Antioksidan Aktiviteleri

Abstract

Çalışmanın amacı: Kastamonu bölgesinden toplanan Thymus praecox'un kimyasal bileşimini, antioksidan kapasitesini ve antibakteriyel aktivitesini belirlemektir.
Materyal ve yöntem: Kimyasal bileşimin belirlenmesinde spektroskopik ve kromatografik analizler uygulandı. Kekik özleri beş farklı çözücü kullanılarak hazırlandı. HPLC kullanılarak Thymus praecox içeriğinde bulunan flavonoidlerin varlığı ve GC-MS kullanılarak uçucu yağın kimyasal içeriği araştırıldı. Kekiğin yaprak ve sapındaki mineral analizleri ICP-OES ile belirlendi. Antioksidan kapasite, DPPH serbest radikal temizleme yöntemi ve H2O2 süpürme yöntemi gibi iki yöntem kullanılarak belirlendi. On bakteri, Gram (+) ve Gram (-) üzerindeki antibakteriyel aktivite disk difüzyon yöntemi kullanılarak test edildi.
Temel sonuçlar: Deneysel sonuçlar, kekik ekstraktlarının bazı bakterilere karşı antibakteriyel aktiviteye sahip olduğunu göstermiştir. Sonuç olarak, en çok etkilenen bakterinin S. aureus olduğu bulundu. İnhibisyon zon çapının 8-12 mm arasında olduğu belirlendi. Çözücülerin antibakteriyel aktivite, antioksidan kapasite, toplam fenolik ve toplam flavonoid miktarları üzerine etkisi gözlendi.
Araştırma vurguları: Çalışmalar T. praecox'un doğal bir antimikrobiyal ve antioksidan ajan olarak kullanılma potansiyeline sahip olduğunu ve doğal bir destek tedavisi olarak kullanılabileceğini gösterdi.

Keywords

Thymus praecox, Uçucu yağ, Antibakterial, Antioxidant, Fenolic, Flavonoid, HPLC, GC-MS, ICP-OES

Project Number

KUBAP-03/ 2017-14

References

• Avci, A.B. (2011). Chemical variation on the essential oil of Thymus praecox ssp. scorpilii var. Laniger. International Journal of Agriculture and Biology, 13(4).
• Altuner, E.M., Çeter, T., Gür, M., Güney, K., Kiran, B., Ealoma Akwieten, H., & Soulman, S.I. (2018). Chemical Composition and Antimicrobial Activities of Cold Pressed Oils Obtained from Nettle Radish and Pomegranate Seeds. Kastamonu Üniversitesi Orman Fakültesi Dergisi, 18(3), 236–247.
• Ballester-Costa, C., Sendra, E., Fernández-López, J., Pérez-Álvarez, J.A. & Viuda-Martos, M. (2017). Assessment of antioxidant and antibacterial properties on meat homogenates of essential oils obtained from four Thymus species achieved from organic growth. Foods, 6(8), 59.
• Balouiri, M., Sadiki, M. & Ibnsouda, S.K. (2016). Methods for in vitro evaluating antimicrobial activity: A review. Journal of Pharmaceutical Analysis, 6(2), 71-79.
• Beata, K.R.Ó.L. & Kiełtyka-Dadasiewicz, A. (2015). Yield and herb quality of thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.) depending on harvest time. Turkish Journal of Field Crops, 20(1), 78-84.
• Blois, M. S. (1958). Antioxidant determinations by the use of a stable free radical. Nature, 181(4617), 1199-1200.
• Botsoglou, N.A., Grigoropoulou, S. H., Botsoglou, E., Govaris, A. & Papageorgiou, G. (2003). The effects of dietary oregano essential oil and α-tocopheryl acetate on lipid oxidation in raw and cooked turkey during refrigerated storage. Meat science, 65(3), 1193-1200.
• Bounatirou, S., Smiti, S., Miguel, M.G., Faleiro, L., Rejeb, M.N., Neffati, M., ... & Pedro, L.G. (2007). Chemical composition, antioxidant and antibacterial activities of the essential oils isolated from Tunisian Thymus capitatus Hoff. et Link. Food Chemistry, 105(1), 146-155.
• Chang, C., Yang, M., Wen, H. & Chern, J. (2002). Estimation of Total Flavonoid Content in Propolis by. J Food Drug Anal., 10(3),7802.
• Chun, S.S., Vattem, D.A., Lin, Y.T. & Shetty, K. (2005). Phenolic antioxidants from clonal oregano (Origanum vulgare) with antimicrobial activity against Helicobacter pylori. Process Biochemistry, 40(2), 809-816.
• Delgado-Adámez, J., Garrido, M., Bote, M.E., Fuentes-Pérez, M.C., Espino, J. & Martín-Vertedor, D. (2017). Chemical composition and bioactivity of essential oils from flower and fruit of Thymbra capitata and Thymus species. Journal of Food Science and Technology, 54(7), 1857-1865.
• De Martino, L., Bruno, M., Formisano, C., De Feo, V., Napolitano, F., Rosselli, S. & Senatore, F. (2009). Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of the essential oils from two species of Thymus growing wild in southern Italy. Molecules, 14(11), 4614-4624.
• Goren, A.C., Bilsel, G., Bilsel, M., Demir, H. & Kocabaş, E.E. (2003). Analysis of essential oil of Coridothymus capitatus (L.) and its antibacterial and antifungal activity. Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C, 58(9-10), 687-690.
• Hussain, T., Arshad, M., Khan, S., Sattar, H. & Qureshi, M.S. (2011). In vitro screening of methanol plant extracts for their antibacterial activity. Pak. J. Bot, 43(1), 531-538. Jean, B. (2009). Pharmacognosie, phytochimie, plantes médicinales (4e éd.). Lavoisier: Technique et Documentation; 2009, Paris
• Kähkönen, M.P., Hopia, A.I., Vuorela, H.J., Rauha, J.P., Pihlaja, K., Kujala. T.S., & Heinonen, M. (1999). Antioxidant activity of plant extracts containing phenolic compounds. J Agric Food Chem., 47(10), 3954-3962.
• Khan, S., Nazir, M., Raiz, N., Saleem, M., Zengin, G., Fazal, G., ... & Abdallah, H.H. (2019). Phytochemical profiling, in vitro biological properties and in silico studies on Caragana ambigua stocks (Fabaceae): A comprehensive approach. Industrial Crops and Products, 131, 117-124.
• Khalkho, A., Sahu, P., Kumari, S. & Alam S. (2015). Studies on Ethnomedicinal Uses and Formulation of Herbal Drugs from Medicinal Plants of Ranchi District- A Survey. Am J Ethnomedicine, 2, 284-296.
• Kılıç S. (2018), Comparison of mineral element amounts of aromatic plant and their oils. GIDA (2018) 43 (4): 617-623 doi: 10.15237/gida.GD18028
• Koparal, A.T. & Zeytinoglu, M. (2003). Effects of carvacrol on a human non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cell line, A549. Cytotechnology, 43(1-3), 149-154.
• Llorens, L., Llorens-Molina, J.A., Agnello, S. & Boira, H. (2014). Geographical and environment-related variations of essential oils in isolated populations of Thymus richardii Pers. in the Mediterranean basin. Biochemical Systematics and Ecology, 56, 246-254.
• Ložienė, K., Venskutonis, P.R., Šipailienė, A. & Labokas, J. (2007). Radical scavenging and antibacterial properties of the extracts from different Thymus pulegioides L. chemotypes. Food Chemistry, 103(2), 546-559.
• Mahboubi, M., Heidarytabar, R., Mahdizadeh, E. & Hosseini, H. (2017). Antimicrobial activity and chemical composition of Thymus species and Zataria multiflora essential oils. Agriculture and Natural Resources, 51(5), 395-401.
• Morales, R. (1997). Synopsis of the genus Thymus L. in the Mediterranean area. Lagascalia, 19 (1-2), 249-262.
• Markovic, T. (2011). Essential Oils and Their Safe Use. Dr J. Panč. Institute of Medicinal Plant Research.
• Njume, C., Afolayan, A.J. & Ndip, R.N. (2009). An overview of antimicrobial resistance and the future of medicinal plants in the treatment of Helicobacter pylori infections. African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 3(13), 685-699.
• Oke, F., Aslim, B., Ozturk, S. & Altundag, S. (2009). Essential oil composition, antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of Satureja cuneifolia Ten. Food Chemistry, 112(4), 874-879.
• Özkan, O.E., Olgun, Ç., Güney, B., Gür, M., Güney, K., & Ateş S. (2018). Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of Myristica fragrans & Elettaria cardamomum essential oil. Kastamonu Üniversitesi Orman Fakültesi Dergisi, 18(2), 225-229.
• Panizzi, L., Flamini, G., Cioni, P.L. & Morelli, I. (1993). Composition and antimicrobial properties of essential oils of four Mediterranean Lamiaceae. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 39(3), 167-170.
• Petrović, N.V., Petrović, S.S., Džamić, A.M., Ćirić, A.D., Ristić, M.S., Milovanović, S.L. & Petrović, S.D. (2016). Chemical composition, antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of Thymus praecox supercritical extracts. The Journal of Supercritical Fluids, 110, 117-125.
• Phippen, W.B. & Simon, J.E. (1998). Anthocyanins in basil (Ocimum basilicum L.). Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 46(5), 1734-1738.
• Ruch, R.J., Cheng, S.J. & Klaunig, J.E. (1989). Prevention of cytotoxicity and inhibition of intercellular communication by antioxidant catechins isolated from Chinese green tea. Carcinogenesis, 10(6), 1003-1008.
• Ruiz-Navajas, Y., Viuda-Martos, M., Sendra, E., Perez-Alvarez, J.A. & Fernßndez-Lˇpez, J. (2012). Chemical characterization and antibacterial activity of Thymus moroderi and Thymus piperella essential oils, two Thymus endemic species from southeast of Spain. Food Control, 27(2), 294-299.
• Slinkard, K. & Singleton, V.L. (1977). Total phenol analysis: automation and comparison with manual methods. American Journal of Enology and Viticulture, 28(1), 49-55.
• Stahl-Biskup, E. (1991). The chemical composition of Thymus oils: a review of the literature 1960–1989. Journal of Essential Oil Research, 3(2), 61-82.
• Stahl-Biskup, E. (2002). Thyme as a herbal drug–pharmacopoeias and other product characteristics. Thyme: the genus thymus, Taylor & Francis, London, 293.
• Stahl-Biskup, E. & Sáez, F. (Eds.). (2002). Thyme: The Genus Thymus. CRC Press, London: Taylor & Francis.
• Tepe, B., Sokmen, M., Sokmen, A., Daferera, D. & Polissiou, M. (2005). Antimicrobial and antioxidative activity of the essential oil and various extracts of Cyclotrichium origanifolium (Labill.) Manden. & Scheng. Journal of Food Engineering, 69(3), 335-342.
• Vital, P. G. & Rivera, W. L. (2011). Antimicrobial activity, cytotoxicity, and phytochemical screening of Voacanga globosa (Blanco) Merr. leaf extract (Apocynaceae). Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine, 4(10), 824-828.
• Zarshenas, M.M. & Krenn, L. (2015). A critical overview on Thymus daenensis Celak.: phytochemical and pharmacological investigations. Journal of Integrative Medicine, 13(2), 91-98.