YALNIZLIK, OLUMLU VE OLUMSUZ DENEYİM DÜZEYLERİ İLE SOSYAL MEDYA KULLANIM İLİŞKİSİ

Year 2024, Issue: 34, 801 - 827, 13.12.2024

Fatma Öztat , Birol Gülnar

https://doi.org/10.56597/kausbed.1495136

Abstract

Sosyal medya kullanımı ve psikolojik iyi oluş göstergeleri etrafında yoğunlaşan son dönem iletişim araştırmalarına, bir katkı sunmayı amaçlayan bu çalışmada, Konya’da 18 yaş ve üzeri 694 kişiyle çevrim içi anket çalışması yapılmıştır. Anket formunda; katılımcıların yalnızlık düzeyi, olumlu olumsuz deneyim düzeyi, sosyal medya kullanımı ve bireysel nitelikleri belirlemeye yönelik ölçeklere yer verilmiştir. Katılımcıların %53,5’i kadın (N=371), %46,5’i erkektir (N=323). Katılımcılar düşük düzeyde yalnızlık hissetmektedir ( =2,0542). Katılımcılar yüksek düzeyde olumlu ( =3,5843) ve orta düzeyde olumsuz deneyim düzeyine ( =2,7015) sahiptir. Katılımcılar günlük ortalama 41,27 dakika sosyal medya kullanmaktadır. Katılımcıların olumlu deneyim düzeyi ile yalnızlık düzeyi arasında negatif ilişki görülmektedir. Katılımcıların olumsuz deneyim düzeyi ile yalnızlık düzeyleri arasında pozitif korelasyon bulunmaktadır. Twitter, YouTube ve Instagram kullanımı olumlu deneyim düzeyi ile negatif, olumsuz deneyim düzeyiyle pozitif ilişkilidir. YouTube kullanımı ile yalnızlık düzeyi arasında pozitif korelasyon vardır. Arkadaşlar kurma ve oyun oynama amacıyla sosyal medya kullanımı ile yalnızlık düzeyi arasında pozitif korelasyon bulunmaktadır. Katılımcıların eğitim düzeyleri arttıkça olumlu duyguları azalmakta, olumsuz duyguları artmaktadır. Lisans ve lisansüstü eğitim seviyesinde olumlu deneyim düzeyi düşük, olumsuz deneyim düzeyi diğer eğitim seviyelerine göre yüksektir. Öğrencilerin yalnızlık düzeyi anlamlı bir şekilde diğer mesleklere göre daha yüksektir. Diğer yandan öğrencilerin olumlu deneyim düzeyi diğer meslek gruplarına göre düşükken, öğrencilerin olumsuz deneyim düzeyi ise diğer meslek grupların göre daha yüksektir.

Keywords

Psikolojik İyi Oluş, Yalnızlık, Olumlu Deneyim, Olumsuz Deneyim, Sosyal Medya.

The Relationship between Loneliness, Positive and Negative Experience and Social Media Usage

Abstract

References

• Andersson, L. (1990). Narcissism ve loneliness. The International Journal of Aging ve Human Development, 30(2), 81-94. https://doi.org/10.2190/VQRP-3N2X-DKHA-8A
• Ayman, U., Kaya, A., ve Kağan, S. (2018). Reflections of associations ve foundations’ applications in new media to increase the quality in disabled people’s lives. Quality ve Quantity, 52(2), 1371-1389. https:// doi.org/10.1007/s11135-018-0729-2
• Bakalım, O., ve Muyan-Kılık, M. (2020). Yalnızlık ve yaşam doyumu ilişkisinde pozitif ve negatif duyguların aracı rolü. Buca Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi(50), 125-140.
• Bayrakçı, O., ve Kurt, P. (2021). Sosyal medya bağımlılığı ve yalnızlık: Üniversite öğrencileri üzerine bir araştırma. Conference: 7 th International Management ve Social Research Conference.
• Beyens, I., Keijsers, L., ve Coyne, S. (2022). Social media, parenting, ve well-being. Current Opinion in Psychology, 47, 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2022.101350
• Brandon, F. (2019). Social media ve negative well-being . Master’s Thesis . Stanford University .
• Clark, L., Watson, D., ve Leeka, J. (1989). Diurnal variation in the positive affects. Motivation ve Emotion, 13(3), 205-234.
• Çiftci, N., Yıldız, M., ve Çiftci, K. (2023). The mediating role of social ostracism in the effect of social media addiction on loneliness in adolescents. Journal of Pediatric Nursing, 73, 177-183. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pedn.2023.09.005.
• Çokluk, Ö., Şekercioğlu, G., & Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2012). Sosyal bilimler için çok değişkenli istatistik: SPSS ve LISREL uygulamaları (Vol. 2). Ankara: Pegem Akademi.
• Deci, E., ve Ryan, R. (2008). Hedonia, eudaimonia, ve well-being: an introduction. Journal of Happiness Studies, 9(1), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-006-9018-1
• Diener, E., Emmons, R., Larsen, R., ve Griffin, S. (1985). The satisfaction with life scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 49(1), 71-75. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa4901_13
• Diener, E., Suh, E., Lucas, R., ve Smith, H. (1999). Diener, E., Suh, E. M., Lucas, R. E., ve SmitSubjective well-being: Three decades of progress. Psychological Bulletin, 125(2), 276-302. https://doi.org/ 10.1037/0033-2909.125.2.276
• Diener, E., Wirtz, D., Tov, W., Kim-Pietro, C., Choi, D., ve Oishi, S. (2010). New well-being measures: Short scales to assess flourishing ve positive ve negative feelings. Social Indicators Research, 97, 143-156.
• Doğan, T., Çötok, N., ve Tekin, E. (2011). Reliabilityve validity of the Turkish version of the UCLA Loneliness Scale (ULS-8) among university students. Procedia Social ve Behavioral Sciences, 15, 2058-2062.
• Durak, E., ve Durak, M. (2019). Psychometric properties of the Turkish version of the flourishing scale ve the scale of positive ve negative experience. Mental Health, Religion ve Culture, 22(10), 1021-1032. https://doi.org/10.1080/13674676.2019.1689548
• Eres, R., Lim, M., Lanham, S., Jillard , C., ve Bates, G. (2021). Loneliness ve emotion regulation: implications of having social anxiety disorder. Australian Journal of Psychology, 73(1), 46-56. https://doi.org/10.1080/00049530.2021.1904498
• Ergin, D. (1994). Örnekleme türleri. M. Ü. Atatürk Eğitim Fakültesi Eğitim Bilimleri Dergisi(6), 91-102.
• Fenger, A. (2018). Alone vs. loneliness. Addiction Medicine ve Therapy, 5(3), 127. https://doi.org/10.15406/mojamt.2018.05.00105
• Folkman, S. (2007). The case for positive emotions in the stress process. Anxiety, Stress ve Coping, 21(1), 3-14. https://doi.org/10.1080/10615800701740457
• Fredickson, B. (2000). Cultivating positive emotions to optimize health ve well-being. Prevention ve Treatment, 3(1). https://doi.org/10.1037/1522-3736.3.1.31a
• Genel, M. G. (2021). Öğrencilerin sosyal medya tutumları ve yalnızlık algıları: Lise ve ön lisans Öğrencileri üzerine bir araştırma . MANAS Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi , 10(4), 2148-2159.
• Hair, J., Sarstedt, M., Ringle, C., & Mena, J. (2012). An assessment of the use of partial least squares structural equation modeling in marketing research. Journal of the academy of marketing science, 40(3), 414-433.
• Halston, A., Iwamoto, D., Junker, M., ve Chun , H. (2019). Social media ve loneliness. International Journal of Psychological Studies, 11(3), 27-38. https://doi.org/10.5539/ijps.v11n3p27
• Hawkley, L., ve Cacioppo, J. (2010). Loneliness matters: a theoretical ve empirical review of consequences vemechanisms. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 40(2), 218-227. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12160-010-9210-8
• Hawkley, L., Buecker, S., Kaiser, T., & Luhmann, M. (2022). Loneliness from young adulthood to old age: Explaining age differences in loneliness. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 46(1), 39-49. https://doi.org/10.1177/0165025420971048
• Hays, R., ve DiMatteo, M. (1987). A Short-Form Measure of Loneliness. Journal of Personality Assessment, 51(1), 69-81. https:// doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa5101_6
• Heinze, J., Miller, A., ve Seifer, R. (2014). Emotion knowledge, loneliness, negative social experiences, ve ınternalizing symptoms among low-income preschoolers. Social Development, 24(2), 240-265. https://doi.org/10.1111/sode.12083
• Hughes, M., Waite, L., Hawkley, L., ve Cacioppo, J. (2004). A short scale for measuring loneliness in large surveys: Results From Two Population-Based Studies. Research on Aging, 26(6), 655-672. https://doi: 10.1177/0164027504268574
• Jauhiainen, J., Özçürümez, S., ve Tursun, Ö. (2021). Internet ve social media uses, digital divides, ve digitally mediated transnationalism in forced migration: Syrians in Turkey. Global Networks, 22(2), 197-210. https://doi.org/10.1111/glob.12339
• Juretic, J. (2018). Quality of close relationships ve emotıonal regulation regarding social anxiety. Psychiatria Danubina, 30(4), 441-451. https://doi.org/10.24869/psyd.2018.441
• Karakaya, K. (2021). Ölçek Geliştirme ve Güvenirlik Analizleri: Jamovi Uygulaması. Türk Akademik Araştırmalar Dergisi [TARR], 6(5), 1330-1384. https://doi.org/10.30622/tarr.1004560
• Kaur, P., Islam, N., Tandon, A., ve Dhir, A. (2021). Social media users’ online subjective well-being ve fatigue: A network heterogeneity perspective. Technological Forecasting ve Social Change, 172, 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2021.121039
• Kearns, S., ve Creaven, A. (2016). Individual differences in positive ve negative emotion regulation: Which strategies explain variability in loneliness? Personality ve Mental Health, 11(1), 64-74. https://doi.org/10.1002/pmh.1363
• Kircaburun, K., Balta, S., Emirtekin, E., Tosuntas, Ş., ve Demetr, Z. (2021). Compensatory usage of the ınternet: the case of mukbang watching on YouTube. Psychiatry Investig, 18(4), 269-276. https://doi.org/10.30773/pi.2019.0340
• Kline, R. (2011). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. NY: Guilford.
• Lee, Y., ve Bierman, A. (2019). Loneliness as a mediator of perceived discrimination ve depression: examining education contingencies. The International Journal of Aging ve Human Development, 89(2), 206-227. https://doi.org/10.1177/0091415018763402
• Li, F., Bai, X., ve Wang, Y. (2013). The scale of positive ve negative experience (Spane): psychometric properties ve normative data in a large chinese sample. PLoS ONE , 8(4). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0061137
• Ma, R., Mann, F., ve Wang, J. (2019). The effectiveness of interventions for reducing subjective ve objective social isolation among people with mental health problems: a systematic review. Social Psychiatry ve Psychiatric Epidemiology, 55, 839-876.
• MacKenzie, S., & Podsakoff, P. (2012). Common method bias in marketing: Causes, mechanisms, and procedural remedies. Journal of Retailing, 88(4), 542-555.
• Mishra, K., ve Dixit, S. (2017). Cultural adaptation of new affective well-being measure in hindi-speaking youth: scale of positive ve negative experience. Psychological Studies , 62, 188–195. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12646-017-0401-2
• Nezlek, J., ve Kuppens, P. (2008). Regulating positive e negative emotions in daily life. Journal of Personality, 73(3), 531-580. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.2008.00496.x
• Nicolaisen, M., ve Thorsen, K. (2013). Loneliness among men ve women – a five-year follow-up study. Aging ve Mental Health, 18(2), 194-206. /https://doi.org/10.1080/13607863.2013.821457
• Ozgur, H., Demıralay, T., ve Demıralay, İ. (2014). Exploration of problematic ınternet use ve loneliness among distance education students. Turkish Online Journal of Distance Education , 15(2), 75-90. https://doi.org/ 10.17718/tojde.43009
• Özgür, H. (2013). Öğretmen adaylarının sosyal ağ bağımlılığı, etkileşim kaygısı ve yalnızlık düzeyi arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesiHasan Özgür1Abstract In this research, it was aimed to analyze the social networking addiction of pre-service teachers in . Computer Education ve Instructional Technologies, 10(2), 667-690.
• Peplau, H. (1955). Loneliness. The American Journal of Nursing, 55(12), 1476-1481 . https://doi.org/10.2307/3469548
• Podber, N., ve Gruenewald, T. (2023). Positive life experiences ve mortality: Examination of psychobiological pathways. Social Science ve Medicine, 335, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2023.116192
• Popa, E. (2023). Loneliness as cause. Topoi. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11245-023-09933-2
• Pulido, C., Mara, L., Ionescu, V., ve Sorde-Marti, T. (2020). Social impact of psychological research on well-being shared in social media. Social Impact of Research in Psychology, 11, 1-12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00135
• Rogers, S., Cruickshank, T., ve Nosaka, K. (2021). Reliability ve validity of the brief emotional experience Scale (BEES) for mood monitoring. PsyArXiv, 1-33. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/p4j7t
• Ruby, S., ve Miao, Z. (2021). The asymmetrical effects of emotional loneliness vs. social loneliness on consumers’ food preferences,. Food QualityvePreference, 87, 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodqual.2020.104040
• Russell, D. (1996). UCLA Loneliness Scale (Version 3): Reliability, validity, ve factor structure. Journal of Personality Assessment, 66(1), 20-40. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa6601_2
• Russell, D., Peplau, L., ve Cutrona, C. (1980). The revised UCLA Loneliness Scale: Concurrent ve discriminant validity evidence. Journal of Personality ve Social Psychology, 39(3), 472-480. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.39.3.472
• Russell, D., Peplau, L., ve Ferguson, M. (1978). Developing a Measure of Loneliness. Journal of Personality Assessment, 42(3), 290-294. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa4203_11
• Saruhan, Ş., & Özdemirci, A. (2018). Bilim, Felsefe ve Metodoloji. Beta.
• Scalise, J., Ginter, E., ve Gerstein, L. (1984). Multidimensional loneliness measure: the loneliness rating scale (LRS). Journal of Personality Assessment, 48(5), 525-530. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa4805_12
• Seeman, A. (2022). The psychological structure of loneliness. Environmental Research ve Public Health, 19(3), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031061
• Shorter, P., Turner, K., ve Mueller, J. (2022). Attachment style's impact on loneliness ve the motivations to use social media. Computers in Human Behavior Reports, 171, 38-47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chbr.2022.100212
• Shovestul, B., Han, J., Germine, L., & Dodell-Feder, D. (2020). Risk factors for loneliness: The high relative importance of age versus other factors. PLOS ONE, 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0229087
• Silva, A., ve Caetano, A. (2013). Validation of the flourishing scale ve scale of positive ve negative experience in portugal. Social Indicator Research, 110, 469-478. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-011-9938-y
• Singh, K., Junnarkar, M., ve Jaswal , S. (2016). Validating the flourishing scale ve the scale of positive ve negative experience in ındia. Mental Health, Religion ve Culture, 19(8), 943-954. https://doi.org/10.1080/13674676.2016.1229289
• Stoliker, B., ve Lafreniere, K. (2015). The ınfluence of perceived stress, loneliness, ve learning burnout on university students' educational experience. College Student Journal, 49(1), 146-160.
• Tabachnick, B., & Fidell, L. (2015). Using multivariate statistics (Vol. 5). Boston, MA: Pearson.
• Tammilehto, J., Kuppens, P., Bosmans, G., Flykt, M., Peltonen, K., Vänskä, M., ve Lindblom, J. (2023). Attachment orientation ve dynamics of negative ve positive emotions in daily life. Journal of Research in Personality, 105, 1-12. /https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2023.104398
• Tong, K., ve Wang, Y. (2017). Validation of the flourishing scale ve scale of positive ve negative experience in a Chinese community sample. PLoS ONE , 12(8). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0181616
• Türkel, Z., ve Dilmaç, B. (2019). Ergenlerde sosyal medya kullanımı, yalnızlık ve yaşam doyumu arasındaki yordayıcı ilişkiler. Necmettin Erbakan Üniversitesi Ereğli Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 1(1), 57-70.
• Victor, C., Qualter, P., ve Barreto, M. (2019). What is loneliness: ınsights from the bbc loneliness experiment. Innovation in Aging, 3(1), 373. /https://doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igz038.1366
• Vlaming, R., Nies, A., Groeniger, I., Huysduynen, E., Groot, L., ve Veer, P. (2014). Loneliness literacy scale: development ve evaluation of an early ındicator for loneliness prevention. Social Indicators Research, 116(3), 989-1001. https://doi.org/ 10.1007/s11205-013-0322-y
• Watson, D., Clark, L., ve Tellegen, A. (1988). Development ve validation of brief measures of positive ve negative affect: the Panas Scales. Journal of Personality ve Social Psychology, 54(6), 1063–1070. https:// doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.54.6.1063
• Wegner, L., ve Liu, S. (2023). Positive ve negative experiences with the COVID-19 pandemic among lonely ve non-lonely populations in Germany . Frontiers in Public Health, 10, 1-11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2022.1067038
• Wickrama, K., O'Neal, C., ve Neppl, T. (2013). Life course trajectories of negative ve positive marital experiences ve loneliness in later years: exploring differential associations. Family Process, 59(1), 142-157. https://doi.org/10.1111/famp.12410
• Yang, F. (2019). Widowhood ve loneliness among Chinese older adults: the role of education ve gender. Aging ve Mental Health , 25(7), 1214-1223. https://doi.org/10.1080/13607863.2020.1732293
• Yang, G., & Victor, C. (2011). Age and loneliness in 25 European nations. Ageing and Society, 31(8), 1368-1388. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0144686X1000139X
• YSK. (2023, 14 5). YSK. ysk.gov.tr: https://www.ysk.gov.tr/doc/dosyalar/docs/14Mayis2023/IL_ILCE_SECMEN_SANDIK_SAYILARI.pdf adresinden alındı
• Zhang, K., Kim, K., Silverstein, N., ve Song, Q. (2021). Social media communication ve loneliness among older adults: the mediating roles of social support ve social contact. Gerontologist, 61(6), 888-896. https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/gnaa197.