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            <front>

                <journal-meta>
                                                                <journal-id>karadeniz | black sea | чёрное море</journal-id>
            <journal-title-group>
                                                                                    <journal-title>Karadeniz Uluslararası Bilimsel Dergi</journal-title>
            </journal-title-group>
                            <issn pub-type="ppub">1308-6200</issn>
                                        <issn pub-type="epub">3062-4126</issn>
                                                                                            <publisher>
                    <publisher-name>Hayrettin İVGİN</publisher-name>
                </publisher>
                    </journal-meta>
                <article-meta>
                                        <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17498/kdeniz.862267</article-id>
                                                                                                                                                                                            <title-group>
                                                                                                                        <article-title>PAKİSTAN DEVLETİNİN KURULUŞ SÜRECİNDE ALİGARH EKOLÜ</article-title>
                                                                                                                                                                                                <trans-title-group xml:lang="ru">
                                    <trans-title>“ШКОЛА ОЛИГАРХОВ” ПРИ СОЗДАНИИ ПАКИСТАНСКОГО ГОСУДАРСТВА</trans-title>
                                </trans-title-group>
                                                                                                                                                                                                <trans-title-group xml:lang="en">
                                    <trans-title>ALİGARH SCHOOL İN THE ESTABLİSHMENT PROCESS OF THE PAKİSTAN STATE</trans-title>
                                </trans-title-group>
                                                                                                    </title-group>
            
                                                    <contrib-group content-type="authors">
                                                                        <contrib contrib-type="author">
                                                                    <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">
                                        https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7116-5548</contrib-id>
                                                                <name>
                                    <surname>Kıranşan</surname>
                                    <given-names>Çiğdem</given-names>
                                </name>
                                                                    <aff>İNÖNÜ ÜNİVERSİTESİ</aff>
                                                            </contrib>
                                                                                </contrib-group>
                        
                                        <pub-date pub-type="pub" iso-8601-date="20210330">
                    <day>03</day>
                    <month>30</month>
                    <year>2021</year>
                </pub-date>
                                        <volume>1</volume>
                                        <issue>49</issue>
                                        <fpage>284</fpage>
                                        <lpage>293</lpage>
                        
                        <history>
                                    <date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="20210115">
                        <day>01</day>
                        <month>15</month>
                        <year>2021</year>
                    </date>
                                                    <date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="20210305">
                        <day>03</day>
                        <month>05</month>
                        <year>2021</year>
                    </date>
                            </history>
                                        <permissions>
                    <copyright-statement>Copyright © 2008, Karadeniz Uluslararası Bilimsel Dergi</copyright-statement>
                    <copyright-year>2008</copyright-year>
                    <copyright-holder>Karadeniz Uluslararası Bilimsel Dergi</copyright-holder>
                </permissions>
            
                                                                                                <abstract><p>XVIII. Yüzyılın ikinci yarısından itibaren Hint alt kıtasında tamamen İngilizlerin kontrolünde olan yeni bir yönetim yapısı ve politik anlayış gelişmiştir. İngiliz hükümetinin uyguladığı olumsuz politikalar bölgedeki Müslüman liderleri, İslam kimliğini koruma ve dini hayata yön verme konusunda faaliyete geçmeye sevk etmiştir. Buna bağlı olarak gelişen fikrî hareketlilik neticesinde Hint Müslümanları çeşitli görüşler ve bu görüşler çerçevesinde oluşan ekoller doğrultusunda “ihya” sürecine girmişlerdir. Bu yeniden ihya, eğitim-öğretim alanındaki yansımalarının sonucu olarak Müslüman halkın büyük bir kesimi medreselerde yürütülen geleneksel öğretime ağırlık vermeyi tercih ederken, diğer kısmı da modern öğretim kurumlarına yönelerek üniversiteler, yüksekokullar, araştırma merkezleri açmışlardır. Bu yeniden yapılanma sürecinde Aligarh Ekolü, Hint alt kıtasındaki Müslümanlarının geleceğini güven altına almak amacıyla İngilizlerle iyi geçinme siyasetini ve kurumlarda modernleşmeye gidilmesi gerektiğini benimsemiştir. Ekol’ün kurmuş olduğu eğitim merkezleri Pakistan&#039;ın kurulmasında rol oynayan kadroların yetiştiği merkez olmuştur.</p></abstract>
                                                                                                                                    <trans-abstract xml:lang="ru">
                            <p>Со второй половины XVIII-го века на Индийском субконтиненте, который полностью находился под британским контролем, возникла новая административная структура и политическое понимание. Негативная политика, проводимая британским правительством, побудила мусульманских лидеров региона принять меры по защите своей исламской идентичности и управлению своей духовной жизни. В результате интеллектуальной деятельности индийские мусульмане вступили в процесс “возрождения” с различными взглядами и школами. В результате этого и размышленя в области образования большая часть мусульманского населения предпочла сосредоточиться на традиционное обучении в медресе, в то время как другая часть обратилась в современные учебные заведения и открыла университеты, колледжи и исследовательские центры. План, разработанная при участии многих лидеров, по повышению уровня осведомленности, просвещения и обучения и инициированная Сайидом Ахмедом Ханом против политики колониализма, проводимого британцами в Индии, называется “школой олигархов”. В этом процессе реструктуризации “школа олигархов” взяла курс на лад с британцами и модернизацию институтов, чтобы обеспечить будущее мусульман на индийском субконтиненте. Если мусульмане не вмешивались бы в политику, они не добились бы политических, религиозных и культурных успехов против индусов и британцев. Те, кто получил образование в олигархском колледже или университете, основоположником которого был Сайид Ахмед Хан, сыграли определенную роль в интеллектуальной жизни движения мусульман Южной Азии за независимость. В этом контексте, благодаря этому университету, среди мусульман смогли появиться многие образованные и политические лидеры, которые сыграли важную роль в политической истории Пакистана, Индии и Бангладеша.</p></trans-abstract>
                                                                                                                                    <trans-abstract xml:lang="en">
                            <p>From the second half of the 18th century, a new governing structure and political understanding developed under the control of the British in the Indian subcontinent. The negative policies implemented by the British government prompted the Muslim ulama in the region to take action in protecting the Islamic identity and directing religious life. As a result of the intellectual mobility that developed accordingly, Indian Muslims entered the process of revival in line with various opinions and cults formed within the framework of these views. As a result of the reflections in the field of education and training, a large part of the Muslim population preferred to focus on traditional education carried out in madrasahs, in the other part, they turned to modern education institutions and opened universities, colleges and research centers.In this reconstruction process, Aligarh school adopted the politics of good living with the British to secure the future of Muslims in the Indian subcontinent and the modernisation of institutions. The education centers school built were the centre of the staff who played role in the establishment of Pakistan</p></trans-abstract>
                                                            
            
                                                            <kwd-group>
                                                    <kwd>Hint alt kıtası</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Müslüman</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Aligarh Ekolü</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Ahmed Han</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Pakistan</kwd>
                                            </kwd-group>
                                                                                    
                                                                            <kwd-group xml:lang="ru">
                                                    <kwd>Индийский субконтинент</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  мусульманин</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  школа олигархов</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Ахмед Хан</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Пакистан</kwd>
                                            </kwd-group>
                                                                <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
                                                    <kwd>Indian sub-continent</kwd>
                                                    <kwd> </kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Muslim</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Aligarh school</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Ahmad Khan</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Pakistan</kwd>
                                            </kwd-group>
                                                                                                            </article-meta>
    </front>
    <back>
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