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CAUSES AND CONSEQUENCES OF MIGRATION MOBILITY IN AFGHANISTAN

Year 2021, Issue: 50, 75 - 91, 22.06.2021
https://doi.org/10.17498/kdeniz.896472

Abstract

The problem of migration, which is an issue that has never left the agenda of humanity in the historical process, has always been on the agenda in most countries of the world in the 2000s. Individuals leave the places they live collectively for many reasons, with the priority of economic concerns and fear of war. It can be said that migration has become an important problem in Afghanistan as in all countries of the world. Afghanistan is a country where weapons have never stopped because of the invasions, internal conflicts and foreign interventions that have not ceased for more than 40 years since the Soviet invasion in 1979. Afghanistan, besides being a battleground of superpowers, has become a country that is mentioned with terrorism along with social, economic and political instability. Afghanistan, through which the historical Silk Road passes, has become an uninhabitable country due to the increasing violence day by day. Afghanistan, which has been experiencing migration problems for years due to the uneasy and insecure environment in the country, started to send immigrants to all parts of the world, especially to neighboring countries in the 20th century. At first Pakistan and Iran have been preferable as immigration center while Turkey has come to the fore later. People are forced to leave their country due to the effects of economic, terrorism, security problems and internal conflicts. On the other hand, the prosperous living conditions, economic and security opportunities in developed countries make migration to these countries attractive. In this study, the migration problem in Afghanistan will be discussed with its causes and consequences.

References

  • Abbasi-Shavazi, M.J., Glazebrook, D., Jamshidiha, G., Mahmoudian, H. and R. Sadeghi. (2005). Return to Afghanistan?. A Study of Afghans Living in Zahedan. Kabil: AREU.
  • ABD Dışişleri Bakanlığı. Erişim adresi: https://www.state.gov/.
  • Açıkalın, N. (1997). Göç ve çalışan çocukların sorunları. II. Ulusal Sosyoloji kongresinde sunuldu. Ankara.
  • Afghan Public Health Institute, Ministry of Public Health (APHI/MoPH). (2011). Afghanistan Mortality Survey 2010. Afghan Public Health Institute, Ministry of Public Health (APHI/MoPH) [Afghanistan], Central Statistics Organization (CSO) [Afghanistan], ICF Macro, Indian Institute of Health Management Research (IIHMR) and World Health Organization Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean (WHO/EMRO) [Egypt], Calverton, Maryland, USA.
  • Afganistan İslam Cumhuriyeti. Erişim adresi: http://ceo.gov.af/fa.
  • Afghanistan Protection Cluster (2011). Protection Overview: Eastern and South-Eastern Regions -2010/2011. Afghanistan.
  • Ahmedinejad, M. (2011). Multidimensional poverty and vulnerability assessment: case of afghan refugees in the five most refugee populated provinces of Iran. Paper presented at the 4th European Public Health Conference, 10-12 November, EUPHA, Copenhagen.
  • Alzahra University (2011). Livelihood Framework: Poverty and Employment. Tehran: Alzahra University.
  • Ashrafi, A. and Moghissi, H. (2002). Afghans in Iran: Asylum fatigue overshadows Islamic brotherhood. Global Dialogue, 4(4), 89-99.
  • Beall, J. and Esser, D. (2005). Shaping urban futures: Challenges to governing and managing Afghan cities. AREU Issues Paper Series.
  • BMMYK (Birleşmiş Milletler Mülteciler Yüksek Komiserliği). (1994). Mülteci Çocuklar Koruma ve Bakım Kılavuzu. Ankara.
  • BMMYK (Birleşmiş Milletler Mülteciler Yüksek Komiserliği). (1997). Dünya mültecilerinin durumu, bir insanlık sorunu. (çev. Yeşim Boyacılar, Volkan Çıdam, Çağlayan Orhaner, Nihal Yetkin, Elif Gündoğdu, Simten Coşar), BMMYK Türkiye Temsilciliği.
  • Erder, S. (2011). İstanbul’a Bir Kent Kondu Ümraniye. İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları.
  • FANDOM. (2006). Erişim Adresi: https://infinite-stratos-fanon.fandom.com/wiki/IS_Academy.
  • Geyik Yıldırım, S. (2018). Göç ve Afganlar “İstikrarlı mülteciler”. Göç Araştırmalar Dergisi, 4(2), 128-159.
  • Gubar (1995). Afganistan Der Mesir Tarih. Tehran: İntişarat-i Cumhuri.
  • Haşimi, Beşerdost ve Şerifi, (2010). Tarihiyle, Kültürüyle ve Güncel Gelişmeleriyle Afganistan, Sebat Ofset Matbaacılık, Konya.
  • Icon-Institute. (2009). National Risk and Vulnerable Assessment 2007/08. A profile of Afghanistan. Washington DC: World Bank.
  • Kantor, P. (2008). Diversification and security? Labour mobilization among urban poor households in Kabul, Afghanistan. Habitat International, 32(2): 248-260.
  • Kolukırık, S. (2011), Sürgün, toplumsal hafıza ve kültürel göç: Amerika'daki Ahıska Türkleri üzerine bir araştırma. Bilig - Türk Dünyası Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 59(59): 167-190.
  • Kronenfeld, D. A. (2008). Afghan refugees in Pakistan İslam Cumhuriyeti: Not all refugees, not always in Pakistan İslam Cumhuriyeti, not necessarily Afghan?. Journal of Refugee Studies, 21(1), 43–63.
  • Levron, E. Magnaldi, S. and Patera, J. (2006). Modes de subsistence des réfugiés en milieu urban: Etude de cas Kaboul Afghanistan, UNHCR.
  • Majidi, N. (2008). Research Study on Afghan Deportees from Iran. Altai Consulting, commissioned by ILO/ UNHCR.
  • Majidi, N. (2011). Urban Returnees and Internally Displaced Persons in Afghanistan. Middle East Institute. Erişim Adresi: http://www. refugeecooperation.org/publications/ afghanistan/pdf/01_majidi.pdf.
  • Marchand, K., Siegel, M., Kuschminder, K., Majidi, M., Vanore, M. ve Buil, C. (2014). Afghanistan Migration Profıle, Prepared for the International Organization for Migration (IOM). Erişim Adresi: www.merit.unu.edu/publications/uploads/1442 239958.pdf.
  • Ministry of Refugees and Repatriation (MoRR) et al. (2012). The Voluntary Return and Reintegration Programme: Programme Outline. Ministry of Refugees and Repatriation (MoRR), United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR).
  • NSIA, (2020). Afganistan İstatistik Kurumu. Erişim Adresi: https://nsia.gov.af/choose-lang.
  • Peker, M. (2005), Psikolojik Açıdan Göç, Birikim. Erişim Adresi: https://www.birikimdergisi.com/ guncel/46/psikolojik-acidan-goc.
  • Stigter, E. (2006). Livelihoods upon return: afghan migratory strategies - an assessment of repatriation and sustainable return in response to the convention plus. Refugee Survey Quarterly, 25(2), 109–122.
  • The World Bank and United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR). (2011). IDPs and the Growth of informal settlements in urban centres. World Bank, Washington, D.C, UNHCR, Geneva.
  • The World Bank. (2005). Afghanistan State Building, sustaining growth, and reducing poverty. A World Bank Country Study. Washington, D.C.: World Bank.
  • The World Bank. (2010). Revised panel data set on physician emigration (1991-2004). Excel Data Sheet. Erişim Adresi: https://datacatalog.worldbank.org/dataset/medical-brain-drain-physicians-emigration-rates-1991-2004/resource.
  • Turton, D. ve P. Marsden 2002 Taking Refugees for a Ride? The Politics of Refugee Return to Afghanistan. AREU Issues Paper Series, Afghanistan Research and Evaluation Unit, Kabul.
  • Uluslararası Kriz Grubu (2009). Erişim Adresi: https://www.crisisgroup.org/.
  • UNHCR (United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees-BM Mülteciler Yüksek Komiserliği). (2007). Statictical Yearbook 2006, Switzerland, s. 81-83. Erişim Adresi: http://unhcr.org.tr.
  • University World News. (2009). Erişim Adresi: https://www.universityworldnews.com/ page.php?page =UW_Main.
  • Vikipedi, (2020). Afganistan. Erişim Adresi: https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afganistan.
  • Watandar, S. (2020). Faryab Bölgesi. Erişim Adresi: https://baztab.news/source/154.
  • Wickramasekara, P. Sehgal, J., Mehran, F., Noroozi, L. and Saeid Eisazadeh (2006). Afghan households and workers in Iran: Profile and Impact Final Report. ILO-UNHCR Cooperation Towards Comprehensive Solutions for Afghan Displacement - Research Phase, ILO, Geneva.

ПРИЧИНЫ И ПОСЛЕДСТВИЯ ИМИГРАЦИИ В АФГАНИСТАНЕ

Year 2021, Issue: 50, 75 - 91, 22.06.2021
https://doi.org/10.17498/kdeniz.896472

Abstract

Проблема иммиграции всегда стояла на повестке дня в большинстве стран мира как раньне, так и в 2000-х годах. Люди покидают свои места жительства по разным причинам, в первую очередь из-за экономических проблем и страха войны. Можно сказать, что иммиграция стала серьёзной проблемой в Афганистане, как и во всех странах мира. В Афганистане, после советского вторжения в 1979 году уже более 40 лет продолжается стрельба, не прекращаются внутренние конфликты и иностранное вмешательство. Афганистан, помимо того, что является зоной конфликта сверхдержав, стал страной, которая ассоциируется с терроризмом наряду с социальной, экономической и политической нестабильностью. Растущее с каждым днем насилие превратило Афганистан, через которую проходит исторический шёлковый путь, непригодной для проживания страной. С Афганистана, который годами испытывал проблемы с миграцией из-за непростой и небезопасной обстановки в стране, и в 20 веке направляется поток иммигрантов во все части мира, особенно в соседние государства. Сначала, в качестве миграции предпочтение отдавалось Пакистану и Ирану, затем на первый план вышла Турция. Люди вынуждены покинуть свою страну из-за последствий экономических проблем, терроризма, проблем безопасности и внутренних конфликтов. С другой стороны, благополучные условия жизни, экономические возможности и безопасность в развитых странах делают миграцию в эти государства привлекательной. В нижеследующем исследовании будет обсуждаться проблема иммиграции в Афганистане, её причины и последствия.

References

  • Abbasi-Shavazi, M.J., Glazebrook, D., Jamshidiha, G., Mahmoudian, H. and R. Sadeghi. (2005). Return to Afghanistan?. A Study of Afghans Living in Zahedan. Kabil: AREU.
  • ABD Dışişleri Bakanlığı. Erişim adresi: https://www.state.gov/.
  • Açıkalın, N. (1997). Göç ve çalışan çocukların sorunları. II. Ulusal Sosyoloji kongresinde sunuldu. Ankara.
  • Afghan Public Health Institute, Ministry of Public Health (APHI/MoPH). (2011). Afghanistan Mortality Survey 2010. Afghan Public Health Institute, Ministry of Public Health (APHI/MoPH) [Afghanistan], Central Statistics Organization (CSO) [Afghanistan], ICF Macro, Indian Institute of Health Management Research (IIHMR) and World Health Organization Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean (WHO/EMRO) [Egypt], Calverton, Maryland, USA.
  • Afganistan İslam Cumhuriyeti. Erişim adresi: http://ceo.gov.af/fa.
  • Afghanistan Protection Cluster (2011). Protection Overview: Eastern and South-Eastern Regions -2010/2011. Afghanistan.
  • Ahmedinejad, M. (2011). Multidimensional poverty and vulnerability assessment: case of afghan refugees in the five most refugee populated provinces of Iran. Paper presented at the 4th European Public Health Conference, 10-12 November, EUPHA, Copenhagen.
  • Alzahra University (2011). Livelihood Framework: Poverty and Employment. Tehran: Alzahra University.
  • Ashrafi, A. and Moghissi, H. (2002). Afghans in Iran: Asylum fatigue overshadows Islamic brotherhood. Global Dialogue, 4(4), 89-99.
  • Beall, J. and Esser, D. (2005). Shaping urban futures: Challenges to governing and managing Afghan cities. AREU Issues Paper Series.
  • BMMYK (Birleşmiş Milletler Mülteciler Yüksek Komiserliği). (1994). Mülteci Çocuklar Koruma ve Bakım Kılavuzu. Ankara.
  • BMMYK (Birleşmiş Milletler Mülteciler Yüksek Komiserliği). (1997). Dünya mültecilerinin durumu, bir insanlık sorunu. (çev. Yeşim Boyacılar, Volkan Çıdam, Çağlayan Orhaner, Nihal Yetkin, Elif Gündoğdu, Simten Coşar), BMMYK Türkiye Temsilciliği.
  • Erder, S. (2011). İstanbul’a Bir Kent Kondu Ümraniye. İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları.
  • FANDOM. (2006). Erişim Adresi: https://infinite-stratos-fanon.fandom.com/wiki/IS_Academy.
  • Geyik Yıldırım, S. (2018). Göç ve Afganlar “İstikrarlı mülteciler”. Göç Araştırmalar Dergisi, 4(2), 128-159.
  • Gubar (1995). Afganistan Der Mesir Tarih. Tehran: İntişarat-i Cumhuri.
  • Haşimi, Beşerdost ve Şerifi, (2010). Tarihiyle, Kültürüyle ve Güncel Gelişmeleriyle Afganistan, Sebat Ofset Matbaacılık, Konya.
  • Icon-Institute. (2009). National Risk and Vulnerable Assessment 2007/08. A profile of Afghanistan. Washington DC: World Bank.
  • Kantor, P. (2008). Diversification and security? Labour mobilization among urban poor households in Kabul, Afghanistan. Habitat International, 32(2): 248-260.
  • Kolukırık, S. (2011), Sürgün, toplumsal hafıza ve kültürel göç: Amerika'daki Ahıska Türkleri üzerine bir araştırma. Bilig - Türk Dünyası Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 59(59): 167-190.
  • Kronenfeld, D. A. (2008). Afghan refugees in Pakistan İslam Cumhuriyeti: Not all refugees, not always in Pakistan İslam Cumhuriyeti, not necessarily Afghan?. Journal of Refugee Studies, 21(1), 43–63.
  • Levron, E. Magnaldi, S. and Patera, J. (2006). Modes de subsistence des réfugiés en milieu urban: Etude de cas Kaboul Afghanistan, UNHCR.
  • Majidi, N. (2008). Research Study on Afghan Deportees from Iran. Altai Consulting, commissioned by ILO/ UNHCR.
  • Majidi, N. (2011). Urban Returnees and Internally Displaced Persons in Afghanistan. Middle East Institute. Erişim Adresi: http://www. refugeecooperation.org/publications/ afghanistan/pdf/01_majidi.pdf.
  • Marchand, K., Siegel, M., Kuschminder, K., Majidi, M., Vanore, M. ve Buil, C. (2014). Afghanistan Migration Profıle, Prepared for the International Organization for Migration (IOM). Erişim Adresi: www.merit.unu.edu/publications/uploads/1442 239958.pdf.
  • Ministry of Refugees and Repatriation (MoRR) et al. (2012). The Voluntary Return and Reintegration Programme: Programme Outline. Ministry of Refugees and Repatriation (MoRR), United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR).
  • NSIA, (2020). Afganistan İstatistik Kurumu. Erişim Adresi: https://nsia.gov.af/choose-lang.
  • Peker, M. (2005), Psikolojik Açıdan Göç, Birikim. Erişim Adresi: https://www.birikimdergisi.com/ guncel/46/psikolojik-acidan-goc.
  • Stigter, E. (2006). Livelihoods upon return: afghan migratory strategies - an assessment of repatriation and sustainable return in response to the convention plus. Refugee Survey Quarterly, 25(2), 109–122.
  • The World Bank and United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR). (2011). IDPs and the Growth of informal settlements in urban centres. World Bank, Washington, D.C, UNHCR, Geneva.
  • The World Bank. (2005). Afghanistan State Building, sustaining growth, and reducing poverty. A World Bank Country Study. Washington, D.C.: World Bank.
  • The World Bank. (2010). Revised panel data set on physician emigration (1991-2004). Excel Data Sheet. Erişim Adresi: https://datacatalog.worldbank.org/dataset/medical-brain-drain-physicians-emigration-rates-1991-2004/resource.
  • Turton, D. ve P. Marsden 2002 Taking Refugees for a Ride? The Politics of Refugee Return to Afghanistan. AREU Issues Paper Series, Afghanistan Research and Evaluation Unit, Kabul.
  • Uluslararası Kriz Grubu (2009). Erişim Adresi: https://www.crisisgroup.org/.
  • UNHCR (United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees-BM Mülteciler Yüksek Komiserliği). (2007). Statictical Yearbook 2006, Switzerland, s. 81-83. Erişim Adresi: http://unhcr.org.tr.
  • University World News. (2009). Erişim Adresi: https://www.universityworldnews.com/ page.php?page =UW_Main.
  • Vikipedi, (2020). Afganistan. Erişim Adresi: https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afganistan.
  • Watandar, S. (2020). Faryab Bölgesi. Erişim Adresi: https://baztab.news/source/154.
  • Wickramasekara, P. Sehgal, J., Mehran, F., Noroozi, L. and Saeid Eisazadeh (2006). Afghan households and workers in Iran: Profile and Impact Final Report. ILO-UNHCR Cooperation Towards Comprehensive Solutions for Afghan Displacement - Research Phase, ILO, Geneva.

AFGANİSTAN’DA GÖÇ HAREKETLİLİĞİNİN NEDEN ve SONUÇLARI

Year 2021, Issue: 50, 75 - 91, 22.06.2021
https://doi.org/10.17498/kdeniz.896472

Abstract

Tarihi süreç içinde insanlığın gündeminden hiç çıkmayan bir mesele olan göç sorunu, 2000’li yıllarda da dünyanın çoğu ülkesinde hep gündemde tutulmuştur. Ekonomik endişeler ve savaş korkusu öncelikli olmak kaydıyla, birçok nedenle bireyler yaşadıkları mekânlardan toplu halde ayrılmaktadırlar. Tüm dünya ülkelerinde olduğu gibi Afganistan’da da göçün önemli bir sorun haline geldiği söylenebilir. Afganistan, 1979’daki Sovyet işgalinden bu yana 40 yılı aşkın süredir ardı kesilmeyen işgaller, iç çatışmalar ve dış müdahalelerden dolayı silahların hiç susmadığı bir ülke konumundadır. Afganistan, süper güçlerin çatışma sahası olmasının yanında sosyal, ekonomik ve siyasi istikrarsızlıkla beraber terörle de anılan bir ülke haline gelmiştir. Her geçen gün artan şiddet olayları, tarihi İpek Yolu’nun geçtiği bir ülke olan Afganistan’ı adeta yaşanmaz bir ülke durumuna getirmiştir. Ülke içindeki huzursuz ve güvensiz ortam nedeniyle yıllardır göç sorunları yaşayan Afganistan, 20. yüzyılda komşu ülkeler başta olmak üzere dünyanın her yerine göç vermeye başlamıştır. İlk başta göç merkezi olarak Pakistan ve İran tercih edilmiş, daha sonra ise Türkiye ön plana çıkmıştır. İnsanlar yaşamış oldukları ekonomik, terör, güvenlik sorunları ve iç çatışmaların etkisiyle ülkesini terk etmek zorunda kalmaktadır. Diğer taraftan gelişmiş ülkelerdeki müreffeh hayat koşulları, ekonomik olanaklar ve güvenlik imkânları da bu ülkelere göçü cazip hale getirmektedir. Bu çalışmada, Afganistan’da göç sorunu, neden ve sonuçlarıyla ele alınacaktır.

References

  • Abbasi-Shavazi, M.J., Glazebrook, D., Jamshidiha, G., Mahmoudian, H. and R. Sadeghi. (2005). Return to Afghanistan?. A Study of Afghans Living in Zahedan. Kabil: AREU.
  • ABD Dışişleri Bakanlığı. Erişim adresi: https://www.state.gov/.
  • Açıkalın, N. (1997). Göç ve çalışan çocukların sorunları. II. Ulusal Sosyoloji kongresinde sunuldu. Ankara.
  • Afghan Public Health Institute, Ministry of Public Health (APHI/MoPH). (2011). Afghanistan Mortality Survey 2010. Afghan Public Health Institute, Ministry of Public Health (APHI/MoPH) [Afghanistan], Central Statistics Organization (CSO) [Afghanistan], ICF Macro, Indian Institute of Health Management Research (IIHMR) and World Health Organization Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean (WHO/EMRO) [Egypt], Calverton, Maryland, USA.
  • Afganistan İslam Cumhuriyeti. Erişim adresi: http://ceo.gov.af/fa.
  • Afghanistan Protection Cluster (2011). Protection Overview: Eastern and South-Eastern Regions -2010/2011. Afghanistan.
  • Ahmedinejad, M. (2011). Multidimensional poverty and vulnerability assessment: case of afghan refugees in the five most refugee populated provinces of Iran. Paper presented at the 4th European Public Health Conference, 10-12 November, EUPHA, Copenhagen.
  • Alzahra University (2011). Livelihood Framework: Poverty and Employment. Tehran: Alzahra University.
  • Ashrafi, A. and Moghissi, H. (2002). Afghans in Iran: Asylum fatigue overshadows Islamic brotherhood. Global Dialogue, 4(4), 89-99.
  • Beall, J. and Esser, D. (2005). Shaping urban futures: Challenges to governing and managing Afghan cities. AREU Issues Paper Series.
  • BMMYK (Birleşmiş Milletler Mülteciler Yüksek Komiserliği). (1994). Mülteci Çocuklar Koruma ve Bakım Kılavuzu. Ankara.
  • BMMYK (Birleşmiş Milletler Mülteciler Yüksek Komiserliği). (1997). Dünya mültecilerinin durumu, bir insanlık sorunu. (çev. Yeşim Boyacılar, Volkan Çıdam, Çağlayan Orhaner, Nihal Yetkin, Elif Gündoğdu, Simten Coşar), BMMYK Türkiye Temsilciliği.
  • Erder, S. (2011). İstanbul’a Bir Kent Kondu Ümraniye. İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları.
  • FANDOM. (2006). Erişim Adresi: https://infinite-stratos-fanon.fandom.com/wiki/IS_Academy.
  • Geyik Yıldırım, S. (2018). Göç ve Afganlar “İstikrarlı mülteciler”. Göç Araştırmalar Dergisi, 4(2), 128-159.
  • Gubar (1995). Afganistan Der Mesir Tarih. Tehran: İntişarat-i Cumhuri.
  • Haşimi, Beşerdost ve Şerifi, (2010). Tarihiyle, Kültürüyle ve Güncel Gelişmeleriyle Afganistan, Sebat Ofset Matbaacılık, Konya.
  • Icon-Institute. (2009). National Risk and Vulnerable Assessment 2007/08. A profile of Afghanistan. Washington DC: World Bank.
  • Kantor, P. (2008). Diversification and security? Labour mobilization among urban poor households in Kabul, Afghanistan. Habitat International, 32(2): 248-260.
  • Kolukırık, S. (2011), Sürgün, toplumsal hafıza ve kültürel göç: Amerika'daki Ahıska Türkleri üzerine bir araştırma. Bilig - Türk Dünyası Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 59(59): 167-190.
  • Kronenfeld, D. A. (2008). Afghan refugees in Pakistan İslam Cumhuriyeti: Not all refugees, not always in Pakistan İslam Cumhuriyeti, not necessarily Afghan?. Journal of Refugee Studies, 21(1), 43–63.
  • Levron, E. Magnaldi, S. and Patera, J. (2006). Modes de subsistence des réfugiés en milieu urban: Etude de cas Kaboul Afghanistan, UNHCR.
  • Majidi, N. (2008). Research Study on Afghan Deportees from Iran. Altai Consulting, commissioned by ILO/ UNHCR.
  • Majidi, N. (2011). Urban Returnees and Internally Displaced Persons in Afghanistan. Middle East Institute. Erişim Adresi: http://www. refugeecooperation.org/publications/ afghanistan/pdf/01_majidi.pdf.
  • Marchand, K., Siegel, M., Kuschminder, K., Majidi, M., Vanore, M. ve Buil, C. (2014). Afghanistan Migration Profıle, Prepared for the International Organization for Migration (IOM). Erişim Adresi: www.merit.unu.edu/publications/uploads/1442 239958.pdf.
  • Ministry of Refugees and Repatriation (MoRR) et al. (2012). The Voluntary Return and Reintegration Programme: Programme Outline. Ministry of Refugees and Repatriation (MoRR), United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR).
  • NSIA, (2020). Afganistan İstatistik Kurumu. Erişim Adresi: https://nsia.gov.af/choose-lang.
  • Peker, M. (2005), Psikolojik Açıdan Göç, Birikim. Erişim Adresi: https://www.birikimdergisi.com/ guncel/46/psikolojik-acidan-goc.
  • Stigter, E. (2006). Livelihoods upon return: afghan migratory strategies - an assessment of repatriation and sustainable return in response to the convention plus. Refugee Survey Quarterly, 25(2), 109–122.
  • The World Bank and United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR). (2011). IDPs and the Growth of informal settlements in urban centres. World Bank, Washington, D.C, UNHCR, Geneva.
  • The World Bank. (2005). Afghanistan State Building, sustaining growth, and reducing poverty. A World Bank Country Study. Washington, D.C.: World Bank.
  • The World Bank. (2010). Revised panel data set on physician emigration (1991-2004). Excel Data Sheet. Erişim Adresi: https://datacatalog.worldbank.org/dataset/medical-brain-drain-physicians-emigration-rates-1991-2004/resource.
  • Turton, D. ve P. Marsden 2002 Taking Refugees for a Ride? The Politics of Refugee Return to Afghanistan. AREU Issues Paper Series, Afghanistan Research and Evaluation Unit, Kabul.
  • Uluslararası Kriz Grubu (2009). Erişim Adresi: https://www.crisisgroup.org/.
  • UNHCR (United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees-BM Mülteciler Yüksek Komiserliği). (2007). Statictical Yearbook 2006, Switzerland, s. 81-83. Erişim Adresi: http://unhcr.org.tr.
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There are 39 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Public Administration
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Ahmad Jawid Obayd 0000-0003-2223-1152

Abdullah Karataş 0000-0002-5120-1203

Publication Date June 22, 2021
Submission Date March 14, 2021
Published in Issue Year 2021 Issue: 50

Cite

APA Obayd, A. J., & Karataş, A. (2021). AFGANİSTAN’DA GÖÇ HAREKETLİLİĞİNİN NEDEN ve SONUÇLARI. Karadeniz Uluslararası Bilimsel Dergi, 1(50), 75-91. https://doi.org/10.17498/kdeniz.896472