Research Article
BibTex RIS Cite

RISE OF GÖBEKLI TEPE CULTURE: “HUNTING GROUND ECONOMY” AND THE ROLE OF SPECULATIVE “KNOWLEDGE”

Year 2022, Issue: 56, 143 - 160, 27.12.2022
https://doi.org/10.17498/kdeniz.1189781

Abstract

At the beginning of the Early Holocene Period, the hunter-gatherer groups in the Upper Mesopotamia region left behind complex structures, monumental stone pillars, and various sculptures and Neolithic cultural zone that stand out with rich symbolism accompanying thereto in unprecedented permanent settlements. Excavations were initiated at new Neolithic hills within the scope of the “Taş Tepeler” project in Göbekli Tepe cultural zone, rather known for Göbekli Tepe Neolithic Period site. By whom, how and why this early Neolithic civilization that reverses some basic assumptions on the history of the mankind remains the most important area under discussion. The excavations currently in progress, and the surveys carried out, at the Neolithic sites in this culture region provide comprehensive data on the social and economic foundations that allowed rise of this civilization. In particular, the prevalent and enormous hunting grounds/entrapment areas discovered in this region stand out as the most important economic grounds that allowed this civilization to rise. Moreover, the finds referring to the material exchange and craftsman network conducted in a wide area appears as another socio-economic factor. Despite recognizing the socio-economic foundations, this study shall place the speculative "knowledge" highlighting the psycho-cultural aspect of the people of that era as the main triggering driver regarding rise of this civilization. In conclusion, this study shall endeavour to deduct reasonable interpretation on how Göbekli Tepe culture started to rise on the basis of the sociological perspective that considers knowledge at an autonomous place against other socio-economic conditions.

References

  • Bar-Yosef, O. (2010). Warfare in Levantine Early Neolithic. A Hypothesis to be Considered. Neo-Lithics, 10(1), 6-10.
  • Benz, M., & Bauer, J. (2013). Symbols of Power – Symbols of Crisis? A Psycho-Social Approach to Early Neolithic Symbol Systems. Neo-Lithics, 13(2), 11-23.
  • Berger, P. L. (2015). Kutsal Şemsiye Dinin Sosyolojik Teorisinin Ana Unsurları (A. Coşkun, Çev.; 5. bs). Rağbet Yayınları.
  • Bottéro, J. (2020). Mezopotamya Yazı, Akıl ve Tanrılar (M. E. Özcan & A. Er, Çev.; 3. bs). Dost Kitabevi.
  • Cauvin, J. (2000). The Birth of the Gods and the Origins of Agriculture (T. Watkins, Çev.). Cambridge University Press.
  • Clare, L. (2020). Göbekli Tepe, Turkey. A brief summary of research at a new World Heritage Site (2015– 2019). e-Forschungsberichte, 2, 81-88.
  • Clare, L., Dietrich, O., Gresky, J., Notroff, J., Peters, J., & Pöllath, N. (2019). Ritual Practices and Conflict Mitigation at Early Neolithic Körtik Tepe and Göbekli Tepe, Upper Mesopotamia. İçinde I. Hodder (Ed.), Violence and the Sacred in the Ancient Near East: Girardian Conversations at Çatalhöyük (ss. 96-128). Cambridge University Press.
  • Clare, L., & Kinzel, M. (2020). Response to comments by Ian Hodder and Christian Jeunesse with notes on a potential Upper Mesopotamian “Late PPNA Hunter-Crisis”. İçinde G. Anne Birgitte, L. Sørensen, A. Teather, & C. Valera (Ed.), Monumentalising Life In The Neolithic Narratives Of Change And Continuity. Oxbow Books.
  • Cochran, G., & Harpending, H. (2009). 10,000 Year Explosion: How Civilization Accelerated Human Evolution. Basic Books.
  • Çelik, B. (2000). An Early Neolithic Settlement in the Center of Şanlıurfa, Turkey. Neo-Lithics, 2(3), 4-6.
  • Çelik, B. (2011). Karahan Tepe: A new cultural centre in Urfa area in Turkey. Documenta Praehistorica XXXVII, 38, 241-253.
  • Çelik, B. (2017). A new Pre-Pottery Neolithic site in Southeastern Turkey: Ayanlar Höyük (Gre Hut). Documenta Praehistorica XLIV, 44, 36367.
  • Çelik, B. (2018). 35. Araştırma Sonuçları Toplantısı, 22-26 Mayıs 2017, Bursa I. Cilt, 203-223.
  • Çelik, B. (2019). Neolitik Dönem Kült Merkezi: Harbetsuvan Tepesi. Karadeniz Uluslararası Bilimsel Dergi, 43, 24-38.
  • Dietrich, L., Meister, J., Dietrich, O., Notroff, J., Kiep, J., Heeb, J., Beuger, A., & Schütt, B. (2019). Cereal processing at Early Neolithic Göbekli Tepe, southeastern Turkey. PlOS ONE, 14(5), 1-34.
  • Dietrich, O., Heun, M., Notroff, J., Schmidt, K., & Zarnkow, M. (2012). The role of cult and feasting in the emergence of Neolithic communities. New evidence from Gobekli Tepe, ¨ south-eastern Turkey. Antiquity, 86, 674-695.
  • Dietrich, O., & Notroff, J. (2015). A sanctuary, or so fair a house? In defense of an archaeology of cult at Pre-Pottery Neolithic Göbekli Tepe. İçinde N. Laneri (Ed.), An offprint from Defining the Sacred Approaches to the Archaeology of Religion in the Near East (ss. 75-89). Oxbow Books.
  • Dunbar, R. (2010). How Many Friends Does One Person Need? Harvard University Press.
  • Durkheim, E. (2019). Dini Hayatın İlk Biçimleri (Y. Aktay & K. Çapık, Çev.). Ataç Yayınları.
  • Finlayson, B. (2014). Houses of the Holy: The Evolution of Ritual Buildings. İçinde B. Finlayson & C. Makarewicz (Ed.), Settlement, Survey, and Stone. Essays on near eastern prehistory in Honour of Gary Rollefson (ss. 133-143). Oriente.
  • Gebel, H. G. K. (2013). The Territoriality of Early Neolithic Symbols and Ideocracy. Neo-Lithics, 13(2), 39-41.
  • Geertz, C. (1973). The Interpretation of Cultures. Basic Book.
  • Güler, G., Çelik, B., & Güler, M. (2013). New Pre-Pottery Neolithic sites and cult centres in the Urfa Region. Documenta Praehistorica XXXVII, 40(1), 291-303.
  • Hodder, I. (2020). From communal to segmentary: An alternative view of Neolithic “monuments” in the Middle East. Comments on Chapters 2 and 3. İçinde G. Anne Birgitte, L. Sørensen, A. Teather, & C. Valera (Ed.), Monumentalising Life In The Neolithic Narratives Of Change And Continuity. Oxbow Books.
  • Hodder, I. (2021). Çatalhöyük Leoparın Öyküsü (D. Şendil, Çev.; 5. bs). Yapı Kredi Yayınları.
  • Hoppal, M. (2021). Şamanlar ve Semboller Kaya Resmi ve Göstergebilim (F. Sel, Çev.; 6. bs). Yapı Kredi Yayınları.
  • Jeunesse, C. (2020). Elite houses or specialised buildings? Some comments about the special buildings of Göbekli Tepe in relation to Chapters 2 and 3. İçinde G. Anne Birgitte, L. Sørensen, A. Teather, & C. Valera (Ed.), Monumentalising Life In The Neolithic Narratives Of Change And Continuity. Oxbow Books.
  • Karul, N. (2020). The beginning of the Neolithic in southeast Anatolia: Upper Tigris Basin. Documenta Praehistorica XXXVII, 47, 76-95.
  • Karul, N. (2022). Şanlıurfa Neolitik Çağ Araştırmaları Projesi: Taş Tepeler. Arkeoloji ve Sanat, 169.
  • Kinzel, M., & Clare, L. (2020). Monumental—Compared to what? A perspective from Göbekli Tepe. İçinde G. Anne Birgitte, L. Sørensen, A. Teather, & C. Valera (Ed.), Monumentalising Life In The Neolithic Narratives Of Change And Continuity. Oxbow Books.
  • Kuijt, I. (2008). The Regeneration of Life Neolithic Structures of Symbolic Remembering and Forgetting. Current Antropology, 49(2), 171-197.
  • Lévi-Strauss, C. (2013). Mit ve Anlam (G. Y. Demir, Çev.). İthaki.
  • Marx, K., & Engels, F. (1998). The German Ideology. Prometheus Book.
  • McCarthy, E. D. (1996). Knowledge As Culture The new sociology of knowledge. Routledge.
  • Notroff, J., Dietrich, O., & Schmidt, K. (2014). Building Monuments, Creating Communities. Early Monumental Architecture at Pre Pottery Neolithic Göbekli Tepe. İçinde J. Osborne (Ed.), Approaching Monumentality in Archaeology (ss. 83-105). SUNY Press.
  • Özdoğan, M. (2003). Güneydoğu Anadolu’nun Kültür Tarihindeki Yerine Farklı Bir Bakış. Tübitak Matbaası.
  • Percy, W. (1958). Symbol, Consciousness and Intersubjectivity. Journal of Philosophy, 55, 631-641.
  • Renfrew, C. (1986). Peer polity interaction and social change. İçinde C. Renfrew & J. F. Cherry (Ed.), Introduction: Peer polity interaction and social change (ss. 1-18). Cambridge University Press.
  • Renfrew, C. (2008). Neuroscience, evolution and the sapient paradox: the factuality of value and of the sacred. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, London, B: Biological Sciences, 363(1499), 2041-2047.
  • Renfrew, C., Dixon, J. E., & Cann, E. R. (1966). Obsidian and early cultural contact in the Near East. Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society, 32, 30-72.
  • Restelli, F. B. (2021). Group Perception and Identity Markers in the Neolithic Communities of Western Asia The Case of Husking Trays in 7th Millennium Upper Mesopotamia. İçinde innenkollektiv (Ed.), Pearls, Politics and Pistachios (ss. 33-45). Herausgeber.
  • Sahlins, M. (2016). Taş Devri Ekonomisi (T. Doğan & Ş. Özgün, Çev.; 2. bs). bgst Yayınları.
  • Schmidt, K. (2005). “Ritual Centers” and the Neolithisation of Upper Mesopotamia. 2, 13-21.
  • Schmidt, K. (2006). Sie bauten die ersten Tempel Das rätselhafte Heiligtum am Göbekli Tepe. Verlag C.H.Beck oHG.
  • Schmidt, K. (2010). Göbekli Tepe – the Stone Age Sanctuaries. New results of ongoing excavations with a special focus on sculptures and high reliefs. Documenta Praehistorica XXXVII, 37, 239-256.
  • Sterelny, K. (2012). The Evolved Apprentice: How Evolution Made Humans Unique. MIT Press.
  • Sütterlin, C., & Eibl-Eibesfeldt, I. (2013). Human Cultural Defense: Means and Monuments of Ensuring Collective Territory. Neo-Lithics, 13(2), 42-48.
  • Verhoeven, M. (2002). Ritual and Ideology in the PrePottery Neolithic B of the Levant and Southeast Anatolia. Cambridge Archaeological Journal, 12(2), 233-258.
  • Watkins, T. (2008). Supra-Regional Networks in the Neolithic of Southwest Asia. J World Prehist, 21, 139-171.
  • Watkins, T. (2013). Neolithisation Needs Evolution, as Evolution Needs Neolithisation. Neo-Lithics, 13(2), 5-10.
  • Watkins, T. (2020). Monumentality in Neolithic Southwest Asia: Making memory in time and space. İçinde G. Anne Birgitte, L. Sørensen, A. Teather, & C. Valera (Ed.), Monumentalising Life In The Neolithic Narratives Of Change And Continuity. Oxbow Books.
  • Weber, M. (2002). Protestan Ahlakı ve Kapitalizmin Ruhu (Z. Gürata, Çev.). Ayraç Yayınevi.
  • Williams, R. (1981). The Sociology of Culture. Schocken Books. http://press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/chicago/S/bo3624858.html
  • Zeder, M. A. (2011). Religion and The Revolution: The Legacy of Jacques Cauvin. Paléorient, 37(1), 39-60.

ПОДЪЕМ КУЛЬТУРЫ ГЁБЕКЛЫ ТЕПЕ: ЭКОНОМИКА ОХОТНИЧЕСТВА И РОЛЬ СПЕКУЛЯТИВНОГО “МЫШЛЕНИЯ”

Year 2022, Issue: 56, 143 - 160, 27.12.2022
https://doi.org/10.17498/kdeniz.1189781

Abstract

В начале периода раннего голоцена группы охотников-собирателей в районе Верхней Месопотамии оставили после себя беспрецедентные постоянные поселения в сложных сооружениях, монументальных каменных колоннах, различных скульптурах и неолитических культурных ареалах, которые выделяются богатой сопровождающей их символикой. Новые неолитические холмы были раскопаны в рамках проекта “Каменные холмы (Taş Tepeler)” в культурном регионе Гёбекли-Тепе, известный памятниками периода неолита Гёбекли-Тепе. Кем, как и почему эта ранняя неолитическая цивилизация, которая переворачивает некоторые основные предположения о человеческой истории, остается самой важной областью обсуждения. Раскопки и поверхностные исследования, проведённые в неолитических стоянках этого культурного региона, дают подробные данные о социальных и экономических основах, которые способствовали возникновению этой цивилизации. Особенно широко распространенные и огромные охотничьи угодья/ловушки, обнаруженные в этом регионе, выделяются как самая важная экономическая база, на которой была построена эта цивилизация. Более того, находки, указывающие на обмен материалами и сеть ремесленников, которые имели место на обширной территории, выступают в качестве ещё одного социально-экономического фактора. Хотя в это исследований внимание уделяется на социально-экономические основы, однако, в нём выдвигаются спекулятивные “знания”, подчеркивающие психокультурный аспект людей того периода, как главную движущую силу в подъеме этой цивилизации. В результате он попытается дать разумную интерпретацию по поводу возникновения культуры Гёбекли-Тепе, начиная с социологической точки зрения. Даёт информацию по поводу его автономии по сравнению с другими социально-экономическими условиями.

References

  • Bar-Yosef, O. (2010). Warfare in Levantine Early Neolithic. A Hypothesis to be Considered. Neo-Lithics, 10(1), 6-10.
  • Benz, M., & Bauer, J. (2013). Symbols of Power – Symbols of Crisis? A Psycho-Social Approach to Early Neolithic Symbol Systems. Neo-Lithics, 13(2), 11-23.
  • Berger, P. L. (2015). Kutsal Şemsiye Dinin Sosyolojik Teorisinin Ana Unsurları (A. Coşkun, Çev.; 5. bs). Rağbet Yayınları.
  • Bottéro, J. (2020). Mezopotamya Yazı, Akıl ve Tanrılar (M. E. Özcan & A. Er, Çev.; 3. bs). Dost Kitabevi.
  • Cauvin, J. (2000). The Birth of the Gods and the Origins of Agriculture (T. Watkins, Çev.). Cambridge University Press.
  • Clare, L. (2020). Göbekli Tepe, Turkey. A brief summary of research at a new World Heritage Site (2015– 2019). e-Forschungsberichte, 2, 81-88.
  • Clare, L., Dietrich, O., Gresky, J., Notroff, J., Peters, J., & Pöllath, N. (2019). Ritual Practices and Conflict Mitigation at Early Neolithic Körtik Tepe and Göbekli Tepe, Upper Mesopotamia. İçinde I. Hodder (Ed.), Violence and the Sacred in the Ancient Near East: Girardian Conversations at Çatalhöyük (ss. 96-128). Cambridge University Press.
  • Clare, L., & Kinzel, M. (2020). Response to comments by Ian Hodder and Christian Jeunesse with notes on a potential Upper Mesopotamian “Late PPNA Hunter-Crisis”. İçinde G. Anne Birgitte, L. Sørensen, A. Teather, & C. Valera (Ed.), Monumentalising Life In The Neolithic Narratives Of Change And Continuity. Oxbow Books.
  • Cochran, G., & Harpending, H. (2009). 10,000 Year Explosion: How Civilization Accelerated Human Evolution. Basic Books.
  • Çelik, B. (2000). An Early Neolithic Settlement in the Center of Şanlıurfa, Turkey. Neo-Lithics, 2(3), 4-6.
  • Çelik, B. (2011). Karahan Tepe: A new cultural centre in Urfa area in Turkey. Documenta Praehistorica XXXVII, 38, 241-253.
  • Çelik, B. (2017). A new Pre-Pottery Neolithic site in Southeastern Turkey: Ayanlar Höyük (Gre Hut). Documenta Praehistorica XLIV, 44, 36367.
  • Çelik, B. (2018). 35. Araştırma Sonuçları Toplantısı, 22-26 Mayıs 2017, Bursa I. Cilt, 203-223.
  • Çelik, B. (2019). Neolitik Dönem Kült Merkezi: Harbetsuvan Tepesi. Karadeniz Uluslararası Bilimsel Dergi, 43, 24-38.
  • Dietrich, L., Meister, J., Dietrich, O., Notroff, J., Kiep, J., Heeb, J., Beuger, A., & Schütt, B. (2019). Cereal processing at Early Neolithic Göbekli Tepe, southeastern Turkey. PlOS ONE, 14(5), 1-34.
  • Dietrich, O., Heun, M., Notroff, J., Schmidt, K., & Zarnkow, M. (2012). The role of cult and feasting in the emergence of Neolithic communities. New evidence from Gobekli Tepe, ¨ south-eastern Turkey. Antiquity, 86, 674-695.
  • Dietrich, O., & Notroff, J. (2015). A sanctuary, or so fair a house? In defense of an archaeology of cult at Pre-Pottery Neolithic Göbekli Tepe. İçinde N. Laneri (Ed.), An offprint from Defining the Sacred Approaches to the Archaeology of Religion in the Near East (ss. 75-89). Oxbow Books.
  • Dunbar, R. (2010). How Many Friends Does One Person Need? Harvard University Press.
  • Durkheim, E. (2019). Dini Hayatın İlk Biçimleri (Y. Aktay & K. Çapık, Çev.). Ataç Yayınları.
  • Finlayson, B. (2014). Houses of the Holy: The Evolution of Ritual Buildings. İçinde B. Finlayson & C. Makarewicz (Ed.), Settlement, Survey, and Stone. Essays on near eastern prehistory in Honour of Gary Rollefson (ss. 133-143). Oriente.
  • Gebel, H. G. K. (2013). The Territoriality of Early Neolithic Symbols and Ideocracy. Neo-Lithics, 13(2), 39-41.
  • Geertz, C. (1973). The Interpretation of Cultures. Basic Book.
  • Güler, G., Çelik, B., & Güler, M. (2013). New Pre-Pottery Neolithic sites and cult centres in the Urfa Region. Documenta Praehistorica XXXVII, 40(1), 291-303.
  • Hodder, I. (2020). From communal to segmentary: An alternative view of Neolithic “monuments” in the Middle East. Comments on Chapters 2 and 3. İçinde G. Anne Birgitte, L. Sørensen, A. Teather, & C. Valera (Ed.), Monumentalising Life In The Neolithic Narratives Of Change And Continuity. Oxbow Books.
  • Hodder, I. (2021). Çatalhöyük Leoparın Öyküsü (D. Şendil, Çev.; 5. bs). Yapı Kredi Yayınları.
  • Hoppal, M. (2021). Şamanlar ve Semboller Kaya Resmi ve Göstergebilim (F. Sel, Çev.; 6. bs). Yapı Kredi Yayınları.
  • Jeunesse, C. (2020). Elite houses or specialised buildings? Some comments about the special buildings of Göbekli Tepe in relation to Chapters 2 and 3. İçinde G. Anne Birgitte, L. Sørensen, A. Teather, & C. Valera (Ed.), Monumentalising Life In The Neolithic Narratives Of Change And Continuity. Oxbow Books.
  • Karul, N. (2020). The beginning of the Neolithic in southeast Anatolia: Upper Tigris Basin. Documenta Praehistorica XXXVII, 47, 76-95.
  • Karul, N. (2022). Şanlıurfa Neolitik Çağ Araştırmaları Projesi: Taş Tepeler. Arkeoloji ve Sanat, 169.
  • Kinzel, M., & Clare, L. (2020). Monumental—Compared to what? A perspective from Göbekli Tepe. İçinde G. Anne Birgitte, L. Sørensen, A. Teather, & C. Valera (Ed.), Monumentalising Life In The Neolithic Narratives Of Change And Continuity. Oxbow Books.
  • Kuijt, I. (2008). The Regeneration of Life Neolithic Structures of Symbolic Remembering and Forgetting. Current Antropology, 49(2), 171-197.
  • Lévi-Strauss, C. (2013). Mit ve Anlam (G. Y. Demir, Çev.). İthaki.
  • Marx, K., & Engels, F. (1998). The German Ideology. Prometheus Book.
  • McCarthy, E. D. (1996). Knowledge As Culture The new sociology of knowledge. Routledge.
  • Notroff, J., Dietrich, O., & Schmidt, K. (2014). Building Monuments, Creating Communities. Early Monumental Architecture at Pre Pottery Neolithic Göbekli Tepe. İçinde J. Osborne (Ed.), Approaching Monumentality in Archaeology (ss. 83-105). SUNY Press.
  • Özdoğan, M. (2003). Güneydoğu Anadolu’nun Kültür Tarihindeki Yerine Farklı Bir Bakış. Tübitak Matbaası.
  • Percy, W. (1958). Symbol, Consciousness and Intersubjectivity. Journal of Philosophy, 55, 631-641.
  • Renfrew, C. (1986). Peer polity interaction and social change. İçinde C. Renfrew & J. F. Cherry (Ed.), Introduction: Peer polity interaction and social change (ss. 1-18). Cambridge University Press.
  • Renfrew, C. (2008). Neuroscience, evolution and the sapient paradox: the factuality of value and of the sacred. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, London, B: Biological Sciences, 363(1499), 2041-2047.
  • Renfrew, C., Dixon, J. E., & Cann, E. R. (1966). Obsidian and early cultural contact in the Near East. Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society, 32, 30-72.
  • Restelli, F. B. (2021). Group Perception and Identity Markers in the Neolithic Communities of Western Asia The Case of Husking Trays in 7th Millennium Upper Mesopotamia. İçinde innenkollektiv (Ed.), Pearls, Politics and Pistachios (ss. 33-45). Herausgeber.
  • Sahlins, M. (2016). Taş Devri Ekonomisi (T. Doğan & Ş. Özgün, Çev.; 2. bs). bgst Yayınları.
  • Schmidt, K. (2005). “Ritual Centers” and the Neolithisation of Upper Mesopotamia. 2, 13-21.
  • Schmidt, K. (2006). Sie bauten die ersten Tempel Das rätselhafte Heiligtum am Göbekli Tepe. Verlag C.H.Beck oHG.
  • Schmidt, K. (2010). Göbekli Tepe – the Stone Age Sanctuaries. New results of ongoing excavations with a special focus on sculptures and high reliefs. Documenta Praehistorica XXXVII, 37, 239-256.
  • Sterelny, K. (2012). The Evolved Apprentice: How Evolution Made Humans Unique. MIT Press.
  • Sütterlin, C., & Eibl-Eibesfeldt, I. (2013). Human Cultural Defense: Means and Monuments of Ensuring Collective Territory. Neo-Lithics, 13(2), 42-48.
  • Verhoeven, M. (2002). Ritual and Ideology in the PrePottery Neolithic B of the Levant and Southeast Anatolia. Cambridge Archaeological Journal, 12(2), 233-258.
  • Watkins, T. (2008). Supra-Regional Networks in the Neolithic of Southwest Asia. J World Prehist, 21, 139-171.
  • Watkins, T. (2013). Neolithisation Needs Evolution, as Evolution Needs Neolithisation. Neo-Lithics, 13(2), 5-10.
  • Watkins, T. (2020). Monumentality in Neolithic Southwest Asia: Making memory in time and space. İçinde G. Anne Birgitte, L. Sørensen, A. Teather, & C. Valera (Ed.), Monumentalising Life In The Neolithic Narratives Of Change And Continuity. Oxbow Books.
  • Weber, M. (2002). Protestan Ahlakı ve Kapitalizmin Ruhu (Z. Gürata, Çev.). Ayraç Yayınevi.
  • Williams, R. (1981). The Sociology of Culture. Schocken Books. http://press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/chicago/S/bo3624858.html
  • Zeder, M. A. (2011). Religion and The Revolution: The Legacy of Jacques Cauvin. Paléorient, 37(1), 39-60.

GÖBEKLİ TEPE KÜLTÜRÜNÜN YÜKSELİŞİ: AVLAK EKONOMİSİ VE SPEKÜLATİF “BİLGİ”NİN ROLÜ

Year 2022, Issue: 56, 143 - 160, 27.12.2022
https://doi.org/10.17498/kdeniz.1189781

Abstract

Erken Holosen dönemin başlarında Yukarı Mezopotamya bölgesinde avcı toplayıcı gruplar arkalarında daha önce benzerine rastlanmayan kalıcı yerleşim birimleri içinde karmaşık yapılar, anıtsal taş sütunlar, çeşitli heykeller ve onlara eşlik eden zengin bir sembolizmle öne çıkan Neolitik kültür alanları bıraktılar. Daha çok Göbekli Tepe Neolitik Dönem sitesiyle tanınan Göbekli Tepe kültür bölgesinde “Taş Tepeler” projesi kapsamında yeni Neolitik tepeler kazılmaya başlandı. İnsanlık tarihine dair bazı temel kabulleri ters yüz eden bu erken Neolitik medeniyetin kimler tarafından, nasıl ve niçin yapıldığı en önemli tartışma alanları olarak yerini korumaktadır. Bu kültür bölgesine ait Neolitik sitelerde ilerleyen kazılar ve yapılan yüzey araştırmaları bu medeniyetin yükselişine imkân tanıyan sosyal ve ekonomik temeller hakkında ayrıntılı veriler sunmaktadır. Özellikle bu bölgede keşfedilen yaygın ve devasa Avlaklar/Tuzak Alanları bu medeniyetin üzerinde yükseldiği en önemli ekonomik temel olarak öne çıkmaktadır. Dahası geniş bir alanda gerçekleşen materyal değiş-tokuşuna ve zanaatkâr ağına işaret eden buluntular bir diğer sosyo-ekonomik faktör olarak ortaya çıkmaktadır. Bu çalışma sosyo-ekonomik temelleri kabul etmekle birlikte bu medeniyetin yükselişinde temel tetikleyici güç olarak merkeze o dönem insanının psiko-kültürel yönüne vurgu yapan spekülatif “bilgiyi” koyacaktır. Sonuç olarak bilgiyi diğer sosyo-ekonomik koşullar karşısında özerk bir yere yerleştiren sosyolojik bakıştan hareketle Göbekli Tepe kültürünün nasıl yükselişe geçtiğinin makul bir yorumunu yapmaya çalışacaktır.

References

  • Bar-Yosef, O. (2010). Warfare in Levantine Early Neolithic. A Hypothesis to be Considered. Neo-Lithics, 10(1), 6-10.
  • Benz, M., & Bauer, J. (2013). Symbols of Power – Symbols of Crisis? A Psycho-Social Approach to Early Neolithic Symbol Systems. Neo-Lithics, 13(2), 11-23.
  • Berger, P. L. (2015). Kutsal Şemsiye Dinin Sosyolojik Teorisinin Ana Unsurları (A. Coşkun, Çev.; 5. bs). Rağbet Yayınları.
  • Bottéro, J. (2020). Mezopotamya Yazı, Akıl ve Tanrılar (M. E. Özcan & A. Er, Çev.; 3. bs). Dost Kitabevi.
  • Cauvin, J. (2000). The Birth of the Gods and the Origins of Agriculture (T. Watkins, Çev.). Cambridge University Press.
  • Clare, L. (2020). Göbekli Tepe, Turkey. A brief summary of research at a new World Heritage Site (2015– 2019). e-Forschungsberichte, 2, 81-88.
  • Clare, L., Dietrich, O., Gresky, J., Notroff, J., Peters, J., & Pöllath, N. (2019). Ritual Practices and Conflict Mitigation at Early Neolithic Körtik Tepe and Göbekli Tepe, Upper Mesopotamia. İçinde I. Hodder (Ed.), Violence and the Sacred in the Ancient Near East: Girardian Conversations at Çatalhöyük (ss. 96-128). Cambridge University Press.
  • Clare, L., & Kinzel, M. (2020). Response to comments by Ian Hodder and Christian Jeunesse with notes on a potential Upper Mesopotamian “Late PPNA Hunter-Crisis”. İçinde G. Anne Birgitte, L. Sørensen, A. Teather, & C. Valera (Ed.), Monumentalising Life In The Neolithic Narratives Of Change And Continuity. Oxbow Books.
  • Cochran, G., & Harpending, H. (2009). 10,000 Year Explosion: How Civilization Accelerated Human Evolution. Basic Books.
  • Çelik, B. (2000). An Early Neolithic Settlement in the Center of Şanlıurfa, Turkey. Neo-Lithics, 2(3), 4-6.
  • Çelik, B. (2011). Karahan Tepe: A new cultural centre in Urfa area in Turkey. Documenta Praehistorica XXXVII, 38, 241-253.
  • Çelik, B. (2017). A new Pre-Pottery Neolithic site in Southeastern Turkey: Ayanlar Höyük (Gre Hut). Documenta Praehistorica XLIV, 44, 36367.
  • Çelik, B. (2018). 35. Araştırma Sonuçları Toplantısı, 22-26 Mayıs 2017, Bursa I. Cilt, 203-223.
  • Çelik, B. (2019). Neolitik Dönem Kült Merkezi: Harbetsuvan Tepesi. Karadeniz Uluslararası Bilimsel Dergi, 43, 24-38.
  • Dietrich, L., Meister, J., Dietrich, O., Notroff, J., Kiep, J., Heeb, J., Beuger, A., & Schütt, B. (2019). Cereal processing at Early Neolithic Göbekli Tepe, southeastern Turkey. PlOS ONE, 14(5), 1-34.
  • Dietrich, O., Heun, M., Notroff, J., Schmidt, K., & Zarnkow, M. (2012). The role of cult and feasting in the emergence of Neolithic communities. New evidence from Gobekli Tepe, ¨ south-eastern Turkey. Antiquity, 86, 674-695.
  • Dietrich, O., & Notroff, J. (2015). A sanctuary, or so fair a house? In defense of an archaeology of cult at Pre-Pottery Neolithic Göbekli Tepe. İçinde N. Laneri (Ed.), An offprint from Defining the Sacred Approaches to the Archaeology of Religion in the Near East (ss. 75-89). Oxbow Books.
  • Dunbar, R. (2010). How Many Friends Does One Person Need? Harvard University Press.
  • Durkheim, E. (2019). Dini Hayatın İlk Biçimleri (Y. Aktay & K. Çapık, Çev.). Ataç Yayınları.
  • Finlayson, B. (2014). Houses of the Holy: The Evolution of Ritual Buildings. İçinde B. Finlayson & C. Makarewicz (Ed.), Settlement, Survey, and Stone. Essays on near eastern prehistory in Honour of Gary Rollefson (ss. 133-143). Oriente.
  • Gebel, H. G. K. (2013). The Territoriality of Early Neolithic Symbols and Ideocracy. Neo-Lithics, 13(2), 39-41.
  • Geertz, C. (1973). The Interpretation of Cultures. Basic Book.
  • Güler, G., Çelik, B., & Güler, M. (2013). New Pre-Pottery Neolithic sites and cult centres in the Urfa Region. Documenta Praehistorica XXXVII, 40(1), 291-303.
  • Hodder, I. (2020). From communal to segmentary: An alternative view of Neolithic “monuments” in the Middle East. Comments on Chapters 2 and 3. İçinde G. Anne Birgitte, L. Sørensen, A. Teather, & C. Valera (Ed.), Monumentalising Life In The Neolithic Narratives Of Change And Continuity. Oxbow Books.
  • Hodder, I. (2021). Çatalhöyük Leoparın Öyküsü (D. Şendil, Çev.; 5. bs). Yapı Kredi Yayınları.
  • Hoppal, M. (2021). Şamanlar ve Semboller Kaya Resmi ve Göstergebilim (F. Sel, Çev.; 6. bs). Yapı Kredi Yayınları.
  • Jeunesse, C. (2020). Elite houses or specialised buildings? Some comments about the special buildings of Göbekli Tepe in relation to Chapters 2 and 3. İçinde G. Anne Birgitte, L. Sørensen, A. Teather, & C. Valera (Ed.), Monumentalising Life In The Neolithic Narratives Of Change And Continuity. Oxbow Books.
  • Karul, N. (2020). The beginning of the Neolithic in southeast Anatolia: Upper Tigris Basin. Documenta Praehistorica XXXVII, 47, 76-95.
  • Karul, N. (2022). Şanlıurfa Neolitik Çağ Araştırmaları Projesi: Taş Tepeler. Arkeoloji ve Sanat, 169.
  • Kinzel, M., & Clare, L. (2020). Monumental—Compared to what? A perspective from Göbekli Tepe. İçinde G. Anne Birgitte, L. Sørensen, A. Teather, & C. Valera (Ed.), Monumentalising Life In The Neolithic Narratives Of Change And Continuity. Oxbow Books.
  • Kuijt, I. (2008). The Regeneration of Life Neolithic Structures of Symbolic Remembering and Forgetting. Current Antropology, 49(2), 171-197.
  • Lévi-Strauss, C. (2013). Mit ve Anlam (G. Y. Demir, Çev.). İthaki.
  • Marx, K., & Engels, F. (1998). The German Ideology. Prometheus Book.
  • McCarthy, E. D. (1996). Knowledge As Culture The new sociology of knowledge. Routledge.
  • Notroff, J., Dietrich, O., & Schmidt, K. (2014). Building Monuments, Creating Communities. Early Monumental Architecture at Pre Pottery Neolithic Göbekli Tepe. İçinde J. Osborne (Ed.), Approaching Monumentality in Archaeology (ss. 83-105). SUNY Press.
  • Özdoğan, M. (2003). Güneydoğu Anadolu’nun Kültür Tarihindeki Yerine Farklı Bir Bakış. Tübitak Matbaası.
  • Percy, W. (1958). Symbol, Consciousness and Intersubjectivity. Journal of Philosophy, 55, 631-641.
  • Renfrew, C. (1986). Peer polity interaction and social change. İçinde C. Renfrew & J. F. Cherry (Ed.), Introduction: Peer polity interaction and social change (ss. 1-18). Cambridge University Press.
  • Renfrew, C. (2008). Neuroscience, evolution and the sapient paradox: the factuality of value and of the sacred. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, London, B: Biological Sciences, 363(1499), 2041-2047.
  • Renfrew, C., Dixon, J. E., & Cann, E. R. (1966). Obsidian and early cultural contact in the Near East. Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society, 32, 30-72.
  • Restelli, F. B. (2021). Group Perception and Identity Markers in the Neolithic Communities of Western Asia The Case of Husking Trays in 7th Millennium Upper Mesopotamia. İçinde innenkollektiv (Ed.), Pearls, Politics and Pistachios (ss. 33-45). Herausgeber.
  • Sahlins, M. (2016). Taş Devri Ekonomisi (T. Doğan & Ş. Özgün, Çev.; 2. bs). bgst Yayınları.
  • Schmidt, K. (2005). “Ritual Centers” and the Neolithisation of Upper Mesopotamia. 2, 13-21.
  • Schmidt, K. (2006). Sie bauten die ersten Tempel Das rätselhafte Heiligtum am Göbekli Tepe. Verlag C.H.Beck oHG.
  • Schmidt, K. (2010). Göbekli Tepe – the Stone Age Sanctuaries. New results of ongoing excavations with a special focus on sculptures and high reliefs. Documenta Praehistorica XXXVII, 37, 239-256.
  • Sterelny, K. (2012). The Evolved Apprentice: How Evolution Made Humans Unique. MIT Press.
  • Sütterlin, C., & Eibl-Eibesfeldt, I. (2013). Human Cultural Defense: Means and Monuments of Ensuring Collective Territory. Neo-Lithics, 13(2), 42-48.
  • Verhoeven, M. (2002). Ritual and Ideology in the PrePottery Neolithic B of the Levant and Southeast Anatolia. Cambridge Archaeological Journal, 12(2), 233-258.
  • Watkins, T. (2008). Supra-Regional Networks in the Neolithic of Southwest Asia. J World Prehist, 21, 139-171.
  • Watkins, T. (2013). Neolithisation Needs Evolution, as Evolution Needs Neolithisation. Neo-Lithics, 13(2), 5-10.
  • Watkins, T. (2020). Monumentality in Neolithic Southwest Asia: Making memory in time and space. İçinde G. Anne Birgitte, L. Sørensen, A. Teather, & C. Valera (Ed.), Monumentalising Life In The Neolithic Narratives Of Change And Continuity. Oxbow Books.
  • Weber, M. (2002). Protestan Ahlakı ve Kapitalizmin Ruhu (Z. Gürata, Çev.). Ayraç Yayınevi.
  • Williams, R. (1981). The Sociology of Culture. Schocken Books. http://press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/chicago/S/bo3624858.html
  • Zeder, M. A. (2011). Religion and The Revolution: The Legacy of Jacques Cauvin. Paléorient, 37(1), 39-60.
There are 54 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Archaeology
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Bahattin Çelik 0000-0003-2630-3379

Orhan Ayaz 0000-0001-8599-0485

Publication Date December 27, 2022
Submission Date October 15, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2022 Issue: 56

Cite

APA Çelik, B., & Ayaz, O. (2022). RISE OF GÖBEKLI TEPE CULTURE: “HUNTING GROUND ECONOMY” AND THE ROLE OF SPECULATIVE “KNOWLEDGE”. Karadeniz Uluslararası Bilimsel Dergi, 1(56), 143-160. https://doi.org/10.17498/kdeniz.1189781