<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.4 20241031//EN"
        "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.4/JATS-journalpublishing1-4.dtd">
<article  article-type="research-article"        dtd-version="1.4">
            <front>

                <journal-meta>
                                                                <journal-id>kastamonu education journal</journal-id>
            <journal-title-group>
                                                                                    <journal-title>Kastamonu Education Journal</journal-title>
            </journal-title-group>
                                        <issn pub-type="epub">2147-9844</issn>
                                                                                            <publisher>
                    <publisher-name>Kastamonu University</publisher-name>
                </publisher>
                    </journal-meta>
                <article-meta>
                                        <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.24106/kefdergi.2990</article-id>
                                                                                                                                                                                            <title-group>
                                                                                                                        <article-title>Uzamsal Yetenek Belirlemek İçin Hangi Tür Sorular Kullanılmalıdır?</article-title>
                                                                                                                                                                                                <trans-title-group xml:lang="en">
                                    <trans-title>Which Types of Questions Must Be Used In Order To Determine Spatial Ability?</trans-title>
                                </trans-title-group>
                                                                                                    </title-group>
            
                                                    <contrib-group content-type="authors">
                                                                        <contrib contrib-type="author">
                                                                <name>
                                    <surname>Kepceoğlu</surname>
                                    <given-names>İbrahim</given-names>
                                </name>
                                                                    <aff>KASTAMONU ÜNİVERSİTESİ, EĞİTİM FAKÜLTESİ</aff>
                                                            </contrib>
                                                    <contrib contrib-type="author">
                                                                <name>
                                    <surname>Ercan</surname>
                                    <given-names>Niyazi Öner</given-names>
                                </name>
                                                                    <aff>SİNOP BOYABAT HAMİT TEKİN ORTAOKULU</aff>
                                                            </contrib>
                                                                                </contrib-group>
                        
                                        <pub-date pub-type="pub" iso-8601-date="20181115">
                    <day>11</day>
                    <month>15</month>
                    <year>2018</year>
                </pub-date>
                                        <volume>26</volume>
                                        <issue>6</issue>
                                        <fpage>2189</fpage>
                                        <lpage>2201</lpage>
                        
                        <history>
                                    <date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="20180414">
                        <day>04</day>
                        <month>14</month>
                        <year>2018</year>
                    </date>
                                                    <date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="20180430">
                        <day>04</day>
                        <month>30</month>
                        <year>2018</year>
                    </date>
                            </history>
                                        <permissions>
                    <copyright-statement>Copyright © 1995, Kastamonu Education Journal</copyright-statement>
                    <copyright-year>1995</copyright-year>
                    <copyright-holder>Kastamonu Education Journal</copyright-holder>
                </permissions>
            
                                                                                                <abstract><p>İki ve üçboyutlu nesnelerin birbirleriyle ve çevreyle ilişkilerinin anlaşılmasında,geometriyle ilişkili önemli kavramların başında gelen uzamsal yeteneğin payıkuşkusuz büyüktür. Uzamsal yeteneği ortak tanımlara bakıldığında uzamsalyetenek üç boyutlu uzayda cisimleri ve bileşenlerini zihinde hareketettirebilme ve canlandırabilme yeteneği olarak tanımlanmıştır. Öğrencileringeometrik düşünme düzeylerini geliştirmek, matematik eğitiminin en kritikamaçlarından biri olmalıdır. Bu araştırmanın amacı ortaokul öğrencilerinin açıkuçlu sorular ve çoktan seçmeli sorular oluşan testlerin uzamsal yetenekdüzeyini belirlemede etkililiğinin karşılaştırılmasıdır. Bu iki test yöntemininöğrencilerin uzamsal yetenek becerilerini belirlemede nasıl farklılıklar ortayaçıkardığı belirlenmiştir. Bu amaç doğrultusunda bu araştırma nitelyaklaşımlardan durum çalışması olarak desenlenmiştir. Araştırmanın amacınauygun olarak amaçlı örnekleme yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Geometri konusundaortaokul seviyesinde en fazla bilgi düzeyine sahip olan 8.sınıf öğrencileriseçilmiştir. Araştırmanın çalışma grubunu Türkiye’nin kuzeyinde bir devletortaokulunun 8.sınıfında öğrenim gören 77 öğrenci oluşturmuştur. Araştırmadaveri toplama aracı olarak alan yazında kabul gören MGMP isimli uzamsal yetenektestinden seçilen 10 soru hem açık uçlu olarak hem de çoktan seçmeli olarakkullanılmıştır. Araştırma bulgularına göre 77 öğrencinin 10 soruya çoktanseçmeli olarak verdikleri yanıtların %68’i doğru olurken, bu 10 soruya açıkuçlu olarak verdikleri yanıtların sadece %45’i doğru olarak kodlanmıştır. Buna göre öğrencilerin uzamsal yeteneğinibelirlemek için tercih edilen çoktan seçmeli testte öğrencilerin daha başarılısonuç gösterdikleri anlaşılabilir. Ancak buna karşın öğrencilerin özellikleçizim becerisi gerektiren sorularda (soru11, 20, 22 ve 23) öğrencilerin çoktanseçmeli sorularda daha başarılı oldukları görülmüştür.</p></abstract>
                                                                                                                                    <trans-abstract xml:lang="en">
                            <p>Theunderstanding of two-dimensional and three-dimensional objects in theenvironment, the spatial ability is an important concept. Spatial ability havebeen defined in different ways by many researchers when looking at the fieldliterature. Given the common definitions, spatial ability is defined as the abilityto move and visualize three-dimensional space objects and components in theirminds. For this reason, the aims of this research is to determine the extent towhich the 8th grade students have open-ended questions and multiple choicetests and spatial skill levels. Another goal is to compare two different testmethods that measure spatial skills. For this purpose, this research wasdesigned as a case study from qualitative approaches. A purposeful samplingmethod was used for the purpose of the study. 8th grade students with thehighest level of knowledge in geometry at secondary school level were selected.The working group of the study is composed of 77 students studying in a highschool of Northern Turkey. The 10 questions selected from the MGMP spatialability test, which was accepted in the field as a data collection tool in thesurvey, were used both as open ended and multiple choice. According to researchfindings, 68% of the answers given by 77 students as multiple choice werecorrect, only 45% of the answers given as open ended were correctly coded.Accordingly, it can be understood that students are more successful in themultiple-choice test, which is the preferred method for determining the spatialcompetence of the students. On the other hand, however, it has been seen thatstudents are more successful in multiple-choice questions, especially when itcomes to drawing skills (questions 11, 20, 22 and 23).</p></trans-abstract>
                                                            
            
                                                            <kwd-group>
                                                    <kwd>uzamsal yetenek</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  test türleri</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  çizim becerisi</kwd>
                                            </kwd-group>
                                                        
                                                                            <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
                                                    <kwd>spatial ability</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  test types</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  drawing skill</kwd>
                                            </kwd-group>
                                                                                                            </article-meta>
    </front>
    <back>
                            <ref-list>
                                    <ref id="ref1">
                        <label>1</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Aktaş, M. ve Aktaş, D. Y. (2011). 8. Sınıf öğrencilerinin dörtgenleri köşegen özelliklerinden yararlanarak tanıma sürecinin incelenmesi, 10. Matematik Sempozyumu. İstanbul, Işık Üniversitesi.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref2">
                        <label>2</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Aktaş, M. C., ve Aktaş, D. Y. (2012). Öğrencilerin dörtgenleri anlamaları: paralelkenar örneği. Eğitim ve Öğretim Araştırmaları Dergisi, 1(2), 319–329.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref3">
                        <label>3</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Altun, M. (2008). İlköğretim İkinci Kademede (6, 7 ve 8. sınıflarda) Matematik Öğretimi. Erkam Matbaacılık, 6. Baskı, Bursa.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref4">
                        <label>4</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Arcavi, A. (2003). The role of visual representations in the learning of mathematics. Educational Studies in Mathematics, 52, 215-241.
Baki, A. (2008). Kuramdan uygulamaya matematik eğitimi. Ankara: Harf Eğitim Yayıncılığı.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref5">
                        <label>5</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Baki,A ., Kösa, T., ve Güven, B. (2011). A comparative study of the effects of using dynamic geometry software and physical manipulatives on the spatial visualisation skills of pre-service mathematics teachers. British Journal of Educational Technology, 42(2), 291-310.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref6">
                        <label>6</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Başaran-Şimşek, E. (2012). Dinamik Geometri Yazılımı Kullanmanın İlköğretim 6. Sınıf Öğrencilerinin Matematik Dersindeki Akademik Başarılarına ve Uzamsal Yeteneklerine Etkisi. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Gazi Üniversitesi Eğitim Bilimleri Enstitüsü. Ankara.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref7">
                        <label>7</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Battista, C. (2007). Applications of mental rotation figures of the Shepard and Metzler type and description of a mental rotation stimulus library. Brain and cognition, 66(3), 260-264.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref8">
                        <label>8</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Battista, M., Wheatley, G. ve Talsma, G. (1989). Spatial visualization, formal reasoning, and geometric problem-solving strategies of preservice elementary teachers. Focus on Learning Problems in Mathematics, 11(4), 17-30.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref9">
                        <label>9</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Baykul, Y. (2005). İlköğretimde Matematik Öğretimi (1-5. Sınıflarda). Ankara: Pegem Yayıncılık.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref10">
                        <label>10</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Bishop AJ (1980) Spatial abilities and mathematics education: A review. Educational Studies in Mathematics, 11(1980), 257-269.
Bodner, G. M., &amp; Guay, R. B. (1997). The Purdue visualization of rotations test. The Chemical Educator, 2(4), 1-17.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref11">
                        <label>11</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Bridgeman, B. (1992). A comparison of quantitative questions in open‐ended and multiple‐choice formats. Journal of Educational Measurement, 29(3), 253-271.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref12">
                        <label>12</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Bulut S. ve Köroğlu S., 2000, On Birinci Sınıf Öğrencilerinin ve Matematik Öğretmen Adaylarının Uzaysal Yeteneklerinin İncelenmesi. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 18, 56-61.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref13">
                        <label>13</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Burnett, S. A., ve Lane, D. M. (1980). Effects of academic instruction on spatial visualization. Intelligence, 4(3), 233-242.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref14">
                        <label>14</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Carpenter, P. A., ve Just, M. A. (1986). Spatial ability: An information processing approach to psychometrics. Advances in the psychology of human intelligence, 3, 221-253.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref15">
                        <label>15</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Carroll, J. B. (1993). Human cognitive abilities:A survey of factor-analytic studies. New York: Cambridge University Press.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref16">
                        <label>16</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Casey, M. B., Nuttall, R. L., ve Pezaris, E. (2001). Spatial-mechanical reasoning skills versus mathematics self-confidence as mediators of gender differences on mathematics subtests using cross-national gender-based items. Journal for Research in Mathematics Education, 28-57.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref17">
                        <label>17</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Chang, Y. (2014). 3D-CAD effects on creative design performance of different spatial abilities students. Journal of ComputerAssisted Learning, 30, 397-407</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref18">
                        <label>18</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Clements, D. H. ve Battista, M.T. (1992). Geometry and Spatial Reasoning. In D. Grouws (Ed.), Handbook of Research on Mathematics Teaching and Learning, 420-464. New York:Macmillan Publishing Company.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref19">
                        <label>19</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Clements, D.H. ve McMillen, S. (1996). Rethinking “Concrete” Manipulatives. Teaching Children Mathematics, 2(5), 270-279.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref20">
                        <label>20</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Clements, D.H., ve Sarama, J. (2007). Early childhood mathematics learning. In F. Lester (Ed.), Handbook of Research on Teaching and Learning Mathematics (2nd ed.). Greenwich, CT: Information Age Publishing</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref21">
                        <label>21</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Dane, A. ve Başkurt, H. (2011). İlköğretim 6,7 ve 8. Sınıf Öğrencilerinin Doğru Parçası, Doğrusallık, Işın ve Açı Kavramlarını Algılama Düzeyleri. Erzincan Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi,13(2). 23-35.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref22">
                        <label>22</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Del Grande, J. (1990). Spatial sense. The Arithmetic Teacher, 37(6), 14.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref23">
                        <label>23</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Dere, E. (2017). Web Tabanlı 3B Tasarım Uygulamalarının Ortaokul Öğrencilerinin Uzamsal Görselleştirme ve Zihinsel Döndürme Becerilerine Etkisi. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Başkent Üniversitesi Eğitim Bilimleri Enstitüsü. Ankara.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref24">
                        <label>24</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">De Villiers, M. (1994). The role and function of a hierarchical classification of quadrilaterals. For the learning of mathematics,(17). 11-18.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref25">
                        <label>25</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Downs, R., ve DeSouza, A. (2006). Learning to think spatially: GIS as a support system in the K–12 curriculum. National Academies Press.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref26">
                        <label>26</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Durmuş, S. (2012). Geometrik Düşünme ve Geometrik Kavramlar. J. A. Walle, K. S. Karp, &amp; J. M. Bay-Williams içinde, İlkokul ve Ortaokul Matematiği Gelişimsel Yaklaşımla Öğretim (s. 400). Ankara: Nobel.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref27">
                        <label>27</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Ergün, S. (2010). İlköğretim 7. Sınıf Öğrencilerinin Çokgenleri Algılama, Tanımlama ve Sınıflama Biçimleri, Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi, Eğitim Bilimleri Enstitüsü, İzmir.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref28">
                        <label>28</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Fennema, E., ve Tartre, L. A. (1985). The use of spatial visualization in mathematics by girls and boys. Journal for Research in Mathematics Education, 184-206.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref29">
                        <label>29</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Gutiérrez, A. (1996). Visualization in 3-dimensional geometry: In search of a framework. Proceedings of the 18th International Conference for the Psychology of Mathematics Education (Vol.1, p. 328), USA.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref30">
                        <label>30</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Gün, E. (2014). Artırılmış Gerçeklik Uygulamalarının Öğrencilerin Uzamsal Yeteneklerine Etkisi. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Gazi Üniversitesi Eğitim Bilimleri Enstitüsü. Ankara.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref31">
                        <label>31</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Hannafin, R. D., Truxaw, M. P., Vermillion, J. R., &amp; Liu, Y. (2008). Effects of spatial ability and instructional program on geometry achievement. The Journal of Educational Research, 101(3), 148-157.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref32">
                        <label>32</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Heigham, J. ve Croker, R.A. (2009). Qualitative Research in Applied Linguistics A Practical İntroduction. Palgrave Macmillan, New York.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref33">
                        <label>33</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">İça Turhan, E. (2010). Bilgisayar Destekli Perspektif Çizimlerin Sekizinci Sınıf Öğrencilerinin Uzamsal Yeteneklerine, Matematik, Teknoloji ve Geometriye Karşı Tutumlarına Etkisi. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü. Eskişehir.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref34">
                        <label>34</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Jackson, C., Lamar, M., Wilhelm, J. A., ve Cole, M. (2015). Gender and Racial Differences: Development of Sixth Grade Students’ Geometric Spatial Visualization within an Earth/Space Unit. School Science and Mathematics 115(7), 330-343.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref35">
                        <label>35</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Jones, K. (2002). Issues in the Teaching and Learning of Geometry. In: Linda Haggarty (Ed), Aspects of Teaching Secondary Mathematics: perspectives on practice. London: RoutledgeFalmer. Chapter 8, pp 121-139. ISBN: 0-415-26641-6).</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref36">
                        <label>36</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Kalay, H. (2015). 7. Sınıf Öğrencilerinin Uzamsal Yönelim Becerilerini Geliştirmeye Yönelik Tasarlanan Öğrenme Ortamının Değerlendirilmesi. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Karadeniz Teknik Üniversitesi Eğitim Bilimleri Enstitüsü. Trabzon.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref37">
                        <label>37</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Kimura, D. (1999). Sex and cognition. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref38">
                        <label>38</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Kösa, T. (2016). Uzamsal Yetenek: Tanımı ve Bileşenleri. E. Bingölbali, S. Arslan, &amp; İ. Ö. Zembat içinde, Matematik Eğitiminde Teoriler (s. 337-338). Ankara: Pegem Akademi.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref39">
                        <label>39</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Linn, M. C., ve Petersen, A. C. (1985). Emergence and characterization of sex differences in spatial ability: A meta-analysis. Child development, 1479-1498.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref40">
                        <label>40</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Lohman, D. F. (1993). Spatial ability. Human abilities: Their nature and measurement, 97, 116.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref41">
                        <label>41</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Malara, N. (1998). On the difficulties of visualization and representation of 3D objects in middle school teachers. In A. Olivier &amp; K. Newstead (Eds.), Proceedings of the 22nd PME International Conference, 3, 239-246.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref42">
                        <label>42</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Martin-Guiterrez, J., Gil, F. A., Contero, M., ve Saorin, J. l. (2010). Dynamic Three-Dimensional Illustrator for Teaching Descriptive Geometry and Training Visualisation Skills.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref43">
                        <label>43</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">McGee, M.G. (1979). Human spatial abilities: psychometric studies and environmental , genetic, hormonal and influences. Psychological Bulletin, 86(5), 889-918.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref44">
                        <label>44</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">MEB (2015a). Ortaokul matematik dersi 5-8. Sınıflar öğretim programı. Ankara: MEB Talim ve Terbiye Kurulu Başkanlığı.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref45">
                        <label>45</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">MEB (2015b). Ortaöğretim matematik dersi 9-12. Sınıflar öğretim programı. Ankara: MEB Talim ve Terbiye Kurulu Başkanlığı.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref46">
                        <label>46</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Monaghan, F. (2000). What difference does it make? Children’s views of the differences between some  guadrilaterals. Educational studies in mathematics, 42(2), 179-196.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref47">
                        <label>47</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Morse, J. M. (2003). Principles of mixed methods and multimethod research design. Handbook of mixed methods in social and behavioral research, 1, 189-208.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref48">
                        <label>48</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">NCTM (National Council of Teachers of Mathematics) (2000). Principles and standards for school mathematics, Reston, VA: Author
Okagaki, L., ve Frensch, P. A. (1996). Effects of video game playing on measures of spatial performance: Gender effects in late adolescence. Interacting with video, 11, 115-140.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref49">
                        <label>49</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Olkun, S. (2003). Making Connections: Improving Spatial Abilities with Engineering Drawing Activities. International Journal of Mathematics Teaching and Learning, 4(2), 86-91.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref50">
                        <label>50</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Ozuru, Y., Briner, S., Kurby, C. A., &amp; McNamara, D. S. (2013). Comparing comprehension measured by multiple-choice and open-ended questions. Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology/Revue canadienne de psychologie expérimentale, 67(3), 215.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref51">
                        <label>51</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Özkan, M. (2015). 7. sınıf öğrencilerinin çokgenlerde ve özel dörtgenlerde yaptıkları kavram yanılgılarının incelenmesi. Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi. Çukurova Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Adana.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref52">
                        <label>52</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Parzysz, B. (1988). Problems of the plane representation of space geometry figures. Educational Studies in Mathematics, 19(1), 79–92.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref53">
                        <label>53</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Parzysz, B. (1991). Representations of space and students’ conceptions at high school level. Educational Studies in Mathematics, 22(6), 575–593.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref54">
                        <label>54</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Sowder, J. T., ve Wearne, D. (2006). What do we know about eighth-grade student achievement? Mathematics Teaching in the Middle School.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref55">
                        <label>55</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Stockdale, C., ve Possin, C. (1998). Spatial Relations and Learning. ARK Foundation, Allenmore Medical Center.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref56">
                        <label>56</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Strong, S., ve Smith, R. (2002). Spatial visualization: Fundamentals and trends in engineering graphics. Journal of industrial technology, 18(1), 1-6.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref57">
                        <label>57</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Tan, Ş. (2009). Öğretimde ölçme ve değerlendirme: KPSS el kitabı. Pegem Akademi</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref58">
                        <label>58</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Tartre, L.A. (1990). Spatial Orientation Skill and Mathematical Problem Solving. Journal for Research in Mathematics Education, 21, 216-229.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref59">
                        <label>59</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Titus, S., &amp; Horsman, E. (2009). Characterizing and improving spatial visualization skills. Journal of Geoscience Education, 57(4), 242-254.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref60">
                        <label>60</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Thurstone, L. L.(1938) Primary Mental Abilities, Psychometric Monographs, 1–121.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref61">
                        <label>61</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Turğut, M. ve Nagy-Kondor, R. (2013). Spatial visualization skills of Hungarian and Turkish prospective mathematics teachers. International Journal for Studies in Mathematics Education, 6(1), 168-183.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref62">
                        <label>62</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Turğut, M. (2007). İlköğretim II. Kademede Öğrencilerin Uzamsal Yeteneklerinin İncelenmesi. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Eğitim Bilimleri Enstitüsü. İzmir.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref63">
                        <label>63</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Turgut, M. F. ve Baykul, Y. (2012). Eğitimde ölçme ve değerlendirme. Ankara: Pegem Akademi</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref64">
                        <label>64</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Tversky, B. (2005). Visuospatial reasoning. The Cambridge handbook of thinking and reasoning, (13), 209-240.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref65">
                        <label>65</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Ubuz, B. ve Üstün, I. (2003). Figural and conceptual aspects in identifying polygons. Proceedings of the 27th International Conference for the Psychology of Mathematics Education (Vol.1, p. 328), USA.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref66">
                        <label>66</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Usiskin, Z. (1987). Why elementary algebra can, should, and must be an eighth-grade course for average students. The Mathematics Teacher, 80(6), 428-438.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref67">
                        <label>67</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Wai, J., Lubinski, D., ve Benbow, C. P. (2009). Spatial ability for STEM domains: Aligning over 50 years of cumulative psychological knowledge solidifies its importance. Journal of Educational Psychology, 101(4), 817.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref68">
                        <label>68</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Yıldırım, A. ve Şimşek, H. (2006). Sosyal Bilimlerde Nitel Araştırma Yöntemleri. 6. Baskı. Ankara: Seçkin Yayıncılık.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref69">
                        <label>69</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Yıldız, B. (2009). Üç-Boyutlu Sanal Ortam ve Somut Materyal Kullanımının Uzamsal Görselleştirme ve Zihinsel Döndürme Becerilerine Etkisi. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Hacettepe Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü. Ankara.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref70">
                        <label>70</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Yolcu, B. (2008). Altıncı Sınıf Öğrencilerinin Uzamsal Yeteneklerini Somut Modeller ve Bilgisayar Uygulamaları ile Geliştirme Çalışmaları. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü. Eskişehir.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref71">
                        <label>71</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Yurt, E. (2011). Sanal Ortam ve Somut Nesneler Kullanılarak Gerçekleştirilen Modellemeye Dayalı Etkinliklerin Uzamsal Düşünme ve Zihinsel Çevirme Becerilerine Etkisi. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Selçuk Üniversitesi Eğitim Bilimleri Enstitüsü. Konya.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref72">
                        <label>72</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Yüksel, N. S. (2013). Uzamsal Yetenek, Bileşenleri ve Uzamsal Yeteneğin Geliştirilmesi Üzerine. Doktora Tezi, Hacettepe Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü. Ankara.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref73">
                        <label>73</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Zimmerman, W. (1991). Editors&#039; introduction: What is mathematical visualization? In W. Zimmerman ve S. Cunningham (Eds.), Visualization in teaching and learning mathematics (pp. 1—7). Washington, DC: Mathematical Association of America .</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                            </ref-list>
                    </back>
    </article>
