Abstract
Urban areas are expanding faster than urban populations. This urban expansion will heavily draw on natural resources and often consume prime agricultural land with emissions that affect negatively ecosystems and biodiversity. However, cities’ efforts including landscape projects can play a key role to protect and manage vulnerable ecosystems and biodiversity. In the recent years, individual cities have begun to take an increasing responsibility in the management of ecosystem resources and improvement the biodiversity. In this research, it has been tried to determine features and strategies of modern urban projects performed all around the world to find out how their functions address the issue. In this work, through the case analyses, some critical urban approaches for contributing and improving the ecosystem services and biodiversity are summarized which are: to preserve or rehabilitate the wetlands surrounding the cities; to conserve the forest, native green areas, and remote ecosystem; to do urban agriculture and rooftop gardening; to green and plant native plants; to educate environmentally; to connect fragmented ecosystems; to mitigate pollution by waste management. The results of this work can be beneficial for planners, designers and managers of landscape about management, design, and planning strategies in the cities and beyond cities.
References
- 1. CBD–Convention on Biological Biodiversity, Global Biodiversity Outlook 3. CBD Secretariat, 2010.Montreal. 2. Yokohari, M., Takeuchi, K.,Watanabe, T. & Yokota, S. A framework for the conservation of rural ecological landscapes in the urban fringe area in Japan, Landscape and Urban Planning, 29, 2000, pp. 103–116. 3. Grimm, N. B., Faeth, S. H., Golubiewski, N. E., Redman, C. L., Wu, J., Bai, X., & Briggs, J. M. Global change and the ecology of cities. Science, 319, 2008. 756–760. 4. McKinney, M. L. Urbanization as a major cause of biotic homogenization. Biological Conservation, 127, 2006. 247–260. 5. Whitford, V., Ennos, A.R., and Handley, J.F., ‘‘City form and natural process’’ indicators for the ecological performance of urban areas and their application to Merseyside, UK. Landscape and urban planning, 57, 2001. 91-103. 6. Bryant, M.M., Urban landscape conservation and the role of ecological greenways at local and metropolitan scales. Landscape and urban planning, 76, 2006. 23-44. 7. Farinha-Marques P., Lameiras J.M. , Fernandes C., Silva S. & Guilherme F., Urban biodiversity: a review of current concepts and contributions to multidisciplinary approaches , Innovation: The European Journal of Social Science Research, Vol. 24, No. 3, 2011. 247-271. 8. De Groot, R. S., Alkemade, R., Braat, L., Hein, L., & Willemen, L. Challenges in integrating the concept of ecosystem services and values in landscape planning, management and decision making. Ecological Complexity, 7(3), 2010. 260–272. 9. SCBD (Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity), City and biodiversity outlook; Actions and Policy, Montreal. 2012. 10. Elmqvist, T., Seta¨ la¨, H, SN Handel, van der Ploeg, V., Aronson, J., Blignaut, JN., Go´ mez-Baggethun, E., Nowak, DJ., Kronenberg, J., and de Groot, R., Benefits of restoring ecosystem services in urban areas, Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability 2015, 14, 2015. 101–108. 11. World Summit on Sustainable development, Water, Energy, Health, Agriculture and Biodiversity (WEHAB) Working Group, A Framework for Action on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Management. 2002. 12. UNEP, Convention on Biological Diversity (Nairobi, UNEP Environmental Law and Institutions Programme Activity Centre). 1992. 13. URL1: (2016), http://unusualplaces.org/wildlife-crossing-in-netherlands/ 14. LDA Design with Peter Neal Consulting and George Bull, Mayesbrook Park Green Infrastructure Case Study; Creating the UK’s first climate change park in east London, Natural England; www6.naturalengland.org.uk. 2012. 15. URL 2. https://landscapeiskingston.wordpress.com/2016/11/28/mayesbrook-climate-change-park/ 16. IUCN; World Conservation Union, NAKIVUBO SWAMP,UGANDA: managing natural wetlands for their ecosystem services, CASE STUDIES IN WETLAND VALUATION. 2003, 17. EPCD; Environment Planning and Climate protection department, (2015). Buffelsdraai Landfill Site Community Reforestation Project Community, Climate and Biodiversity Standard Project Design Document, Durban, South Africa. 18. Roberts W. J. P., Salas J., H.,Reiff M., F.,Libhaber M.,, Labbe A., Thomson C., J.,Marine, Wastewater Outfalls and Treatment Systems, Binding: Hardback. 2010. 19. Kansiime, F., & Maimuna, N. Wastewater treatment by a natural wetland: the Nakivubo swamp, Uganda. CRC Press. 1999. 20. URL 3. https://www.zoochat.com/community/media/brocket-deer-and-macaws-exhibit-san-juan-de-aragon-zoo.304590/ 21. Gopal, D., & Nagendra, H., Vegetation in Bangalore’s Slums: boosting livelihoods, well-being and social capital. Sustainability, 6(5), 2014. 2459-2473. 22. IFC; International Finance Corporation, Curitiba Solid Waste Management, Project Booklet. 2015. 23. Lovasi S. G., Quinn W. J., Neckerman M. K., Perzanowski S. M., Rundle A., Children living in areas with more street trees have lower prevalence of asthma J Epidemiol Community Health. 62(7), 2008. 647–649. 24. Municipal Corporation of greater Mumbai, Solid Waste Management Department, Gorai Dumpsite Closure. 2008. 25. URL 4. https://yemek.mynet.com/taksimin-ortasinda-yeni-bir-ekosistem-ek-bic-ye-ic-1155050 26. URL5.http://www.zinco-greenroof.com/EN/news/press_releases/press_release_details.php?id=93
Abstract
Kentsel alanlar, kent nüfusundan daha hızlı genişmektedir. Bu kentsel genişleme, doğal kaynakları büyük oranda etkilemekte ve başlıca tarım arazilerini tüketmektedir, dolaysıla emisyonları, ekosistemleri ve biyoçeşitliliği olumsuz yönde etkilemektedir. Ancak, şehircilerin çabaları ve peyzaj projeleri, savunmasız ekosistemlerin ve biyolojik çeşitliliğin koruması ve yönetmesi için önemli bir rol oynayabilir. Kent parkları, medyan yeşil şeritleri ve ağaç dikme çalışmaları, kent sakinlerine daha huzurlu ortamlar sunup ve yaban hayatı için bir sığınak sağlayabilir. Son yıllarda, bireysel şehirler, ekosistem kaynakların yönetiminde ve biyoçeşitliliğin geliştirmesinde, bölgesel ve hatta küresel ölçekte artan bir sorumluluk almaya başlamışlardır. Bu makalenin amacı, ekosistem yönetimine katkıda bulunabilir ve biyolojik çeşitliliğini geliştirebilir kentsel projelere ait bazı tekniklerin açıklanmasıdır. Bu araştırmada, dünya çapında, gerçekleştirilmiş olan modern projelerinin, özelliklerini ve stratejilerini belirlemeye çalışılarak, işlevleri ile meseleyi nasıl ele aldığını ortaya koymuştur. Örnekler hakkında verileri elde etmek için masa araştırması yanı ikincil veriler olarak, internet, kütüphane, devlet kurumları ve belediyeler tarafından yayınlanan raporlardan yararlanmıştır. Sonunda, ekosistem hizmetlerine ve biyolojik çeşitliliğe katkı sağlamak ve iyileştirmek için bazı kritik kentsel yaklaşımları özetlenmıştır; Kentleri çevreleyen sulak alanların korunması veya iyileştirilmesi; ormanı, yerli yeşil alanları ve uzak ekosistemin koruması, Kentsel tarım ve çatı bahçeciliğin yapılması; yerli bitki yetiştirilmesi; Çevrenin eğitilmesi; parçalanmış ekosistemleri birbirine bağlanması; Atık yönetimi ile kirliliğin azaltılması gibi. Bu çalışmanın sonuçları, planlamacılar, tasarımcılar ve peyzaj yöneticileri için şehir ve şehir dışı yönetim, tasarım ve planlama stratejileri konusunda yararlı olabilir.
References
- 1. CBD–Convention on Biological Biodiversity, Global Biodiversity Outlook 3. CBD Secretariat, 2010.Montreal. 2. Yokohari, M., Takeuchi, K.,Watanabe, T. & Yokota, S. A framework for the conservation of rural ecological landscapes in the urban fringe area in Japan, Landscape and Urban Planning, 29, 2000, pp. 103–116. 3. Grimm, N. B., Faeth, S. H., Golubiewski, N. E., Redman, C. L., Wu, J., Bai, X., & Briggs, J. M. Global change and the ecology of cities. Science, 319, 2008. 756–760. 4. McKinney, M. L. Urbanization as a major cause of biotic homogenization. Biological Conservation, 127, 2006. 247–260. 5. Whitford, V., Ennos, A.R., and Handley, J.F., ‘‘City form and natural process’’ indicators for the ecological performance of urban areas and their application to Merseyside, UK. Landscape and urban planning, 57, 2001. 91-103. 6. Bryant, M.M., Urban landscape conservation and the role of ecological greenways at local and metropolitan scales. Landscape and urban planning, 76, 2006. 23-44. 7. Farinha-Marques P., Lameiras J.M. , Fernandes C., Silva S. & Guilherme F., Urban biodiversity: a review of current concepts and contributions to multidisciplinary approaches , Innovation: The European Journal of Social Science Research, Vol. 24, No. 3, 2011. 247-271. 8. De Groot, R. S., Alkemade, R., Braat, L., Hein, L., & Willemen, L. Challenges in integrating the concept of ecosystem services and values in landscape planning, management and decision making. Ecological Complexity, 7(3), 2010. 260–272. 9. SCBD (Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity), City and biodiversity outlook; Actions and Policy, Montreal. 2012. 10. Elmqvist, T., Seta¨ la¨, H, SN Handel, van der Ploeg, V., Aronson, J., Blignaut, JN., Go´ mez-Baggethun, E., Nowak, DJ., Kronenberg, J., and de Groot, R., Benefits of restoring ecosystem services in urban areas, Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability 2015, 14, 2015. 101–108. 11. World Summit on Sustainable development, Water, Energy, Health, Agriculture and Biodiversity (WEHAB) Working Group, A Framework for Action on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Management. 2002. 12. UNEP, Convention on Biological Diversity (Nairobi, UNEP Environmental Law and Institutions Programme Activity Centre). 1992. 13. URL1: (2016), http://unusualplaces.org/wildlife-crossing-in-netherlands/ 14. LDA Design with Peter Neal Consulting and George Bull, Mayesbrook Park Green Infrastructure Case Study; Creating the UK’s first climate change park in east London, Natural England; www6.naturalengland.org.uk. 2012. 15. URL 2. https://landscapeiskingston.wordpress.com/2016/11/28/mayesbrook-climate-change-park/ 16. IUCN; World Conservation Union, NAKIVUBO SWAMP,UGANDA: managing natural wetlands for their ecosystem services, CASE STUDIES IN WETLAND VALUATION. 2003, 17. EPCD; Environment Planning and Climate protection department, (2015). Buffelsdraai Landfill Site Community Reforestation Project Community, Climate and Biodiversity Standard Project Design Document, Durban, South Africa. 18. Roberts W. J. P., Salas J., H.,Reiff M., F.,Libhaber M.,, Labbe A., Thomson C., J.,Marine, Wastewater Outfalls and Treatment Systems, Binding: Hardback. 2010. 19. Kansiime, F., & Maimuna, N. Wastewater treatment by a natural wetland: the Nakivubo swamp, Uganda. CRC Press. 1999. 20. URL 3. https://www.zoochat.com/community/media/brocket-deer-and-macaws-exhibit-san-juan-de-aragon-zoo.304590/ 21. Gopal, D., & Nagendra, H., Vegetation in Bangalore’s Slums: boosting livelihoods, well-being and social capital. Sustainability, 6(5), 2014. 2459-2473. 22. IFC; International Finance Corporation, Curitiba Solid Waste Management, Project Booklet. 2015. 23. Lovasi S. G., Quinn W. J., Neckerman M. K., Perzanowski S. M., Rundle A., Children living in areas with more street trees have lower prevalence of asthma J Epidemiol Community Health. 62(7), 2008. 647–649. 24. Municipal Corporation of greater Mumbai, Solid Waste Management Department, Gorai Dumpsite Closure. 2008. 25. URL 4. https://yemek.mynet.com/taksimin-ortasinda-yeni-bir-ekosistem-ek-bic-ye-ic-1155050 26. URL5.http://www.zinco-greenroof.com/EN/news/press_releases/press_release_details.php?id=93
Details
| Subjects | Forest Industry Engineering |
|---|---|
| Journal Section | Descriptive Article |
| Authors | |
| Publication Date | September 15, 2017 |
| Submission Date | August 15, 2017 |
| Published in Issue | Year 2017 Volume: 10 Issue: 31 |
International Refereed and Indexed Journal of Urban Culture and Management | Kent Kültürü ve Yönetimi Uluslararası Hakemli İndeksli Dergi
Information, Communication, Culture, Art and Media Services (ICAM Network) | www.icamnetwork.net
Address: Ahmet Emin Fidan Culture and Research Center, Evkaf Neigh. No: 34 Fatsa Ordu
Tel: +90452 310 20 30 Faks: +90452 310 20 30 | E-Mail: (int): info@icamnetwork.net | (TR) bilgi@icamnetwork.net