Kent Gürültüsüne İşitsel Peyzaj Yaklaşımı ile Bir Bakış: Kentin Sesini Dinle, Kendi Sesini Sestele “Eskişehir”

Year 2023, Volume: 16 Issue: 1, 477 - 495, 20.03.2023

Gülşen Akın Güler Aslı Özçevik Bilen

https://doi.org/10.35674/kent.1074848

Cited By: 1

Abstract

Sesleri duymanın öneminin dünyanın her yerinde anlaşılması ümidiyle 2020 yılı, Uluslararası Ses Yılı olarak ilan edilmiştir. Bu doğrultuda, Eskişehir’de düzenlenen ”Kentin Sesini Dinle, Kendi Sesini Bestele’’çalıştayının sonuçları, gürültü ile mücadelede işitsel peyzaj yaklaşımı üzerinden ses türü tercih eğilimlerinin örnek bir kentsel ses ortamda sorgulanması ve bu sorgulama üzerinden ses türlerinin işitsel kimlik ile ilişkisinin araştırılması amacıyla tartışılmıştır. 38 kişilik katılımcı grubuyla, çalışma alanı olarak seçilen Eskişehir kentinin yoğun ve önemli ticaret ve turizm bölgesinde belirlenen üç farklı rotada ses yürüyüşü yöntemiyle yapılan alan çalışmasında elde edilen veriler doğrultusunda katılımcıların, kentin sesleriyle ilgili deneyimleri ve değerlendirmeleri paylaşılarak tartışılmıştır. Katılımcıların kentsel alanlarda doğal sesler ile birlikte insan ve günlük yaşam sesleri ile teknolojik seslerin de var olmasını bekledikleri görülmüştür. Buna göre ses kaynağı türü itibariyle mevzuatta gürültü olarak kabul edilen ya da düzeyi kabul edilebilir sınırların üzerine çıkan sesler; kentsel ses ortamın kimliğine ait (yere ait) olduğunda istenilen/tercih edilen sesler olarak değerlendirilebilmektedir.

Keywords

İşitsel peyzaj, Gürültü, Eskişehir, Kentin Sesi

A View to Urban Noise with Soundscape Approach: Listen to the Sound of the City, Compose Your Own Sound “Eskisehir”

Abstract

The year 2020 has been declared as the International Year of Sound with hoping that the importance of hearing sounds will be understood all over the world in 2020. On this matter, the results of the "Listen to the Sound of the City, Compose Your Own Sound" workshop organized in Eskişehir were discussed in order to the preference tendencies of sound type in an urban sound environment sample through the soundscape approach in the fight against noise and investigating the relationship of sound types with acoustic identity through this questioning. In this article, the experiences and evaluations of the participants about the sounds of the city were shared and discussed in line with the data obtained in the field study with a participant group of 38 people by the sound walk method in three different routes determined in the urban area which is the busy and important trade and tourism region of Eskisehir city. It has been observed that the participants expected the presence of natural sounds, human and daily life sounds, and technological sounds in urban areas. According to this sounds that are accepted as noise in the legislation or whose level exceeds the acceptable limits due to the type of sound source; can be evaluated as desired/preferred sounds when the sounds belong to the urban identity.

Keywords

Soundscape, Noise, Eskisehir, Sound of the city

References

• Abbott, L., Taff, D., Newman, P., Benfield, J., Mowen, A. (2016). The influence of natural sounds on attention restoration. Journal of Park & Recreation Administration, 34 (3), 5-15.
• Aletta, F., Kang, J., Axelsson, Ö. (2016). Soundscape descriptors and a conceptual framework for developing predictive soundscape models. Landscape and Urban Planning. 149. 65–74.
• Bornmann, L. (2013). What is societal impact of research and how can it be assessed? A literature survey. J. Am. Soc. Inf. Sci. Technol., 64, 217–233.
• Broadbent, D. E. (1972). Individual differences in annoyance by noise. Sound 6. 56–61.
• Brown, A. L. (2012). A review of progress in soundscapes and an approach to soundscape planning. International Journal of Acoustics and Vibration. 17(2).73-81.
• Çakır Aydın, D., Uysal, E., ve Özbudak Akça, B. (2017). Diyarbakır tarihi Suriçi bölgesi akustik mirasının değerlendirilmesi. Dicle Üniversitesi Mühendislik Fakültesi Mühendislik Dergisi, 8(2), 255–266.
• ÇGDYY, (2010). Çevresel Gürültünün Değerlendirilmesi ve Yönetimi Yönetmeliği.
• ÇGEP, (2020). Çevresel Gürültü Eylem Planı 2009-2020.
• Davies, W. J., Adams, M. D., Bruce, N. S., Cain, R., Carlyle, A., Cusack, P., Plack, C. J. (2007). The Positive Soundscape Project. 9th International Congress On Acoustics. Madrid. 2-7 September.
• Doğan, H. A., ve Özçevik Bilen, A. (2019). Kent Kimliği Kavramına Farklı Bir Bakış Kentlerde Ses Faktörünün İşitsel Peyzaj Yaklaşımı İle İncelenmesi. Presented at the 13. Ulusal Akustik Kongresi Ve Sergisi, Diyarbakır.
• Dökmeci Yörükoğlu, P. N., ve Onur, A. Z. (2019). Semiotic interpretation of a city soundscape. Semiotica, 2019(226), 73–87.
• EC. (2002). Directive (2002/49/EC) of the European Parliament and the Council of 25 June 2002 Relating to the Assessment and Management of Environmental Noise.
• EEA. (2014). Good practice guide on quiet areas. EEA Technical report No 4/2014, European Environment Agency. s.22-25.
• Elden, S. (2004). Rhythmanalysis: An introduction. H. Lefebvre. Rhythmanalysis: Space, Time and Everyday Life. Trans. Stuart Elden, Gerald Moore. London, New York: Continuum.
• Genuit, K., Fiebig, A. (2014). The measurement of soundscapes – Is it standardizable? Inter-noise 2014, Melbourne, Australia.
• Hong, J. Y., Ong, Z. T., Lam, B., Ooi, K., Gan W. S., Kang, J., Feng, J., Tan, S. T., (2020). Effects of adding natural sounds to urban noises on the perceived loudness of noise and soundscape quality, Science of the Total Environment, 711, 1-12.
• ISO/TS 12913-1:2014, (2014). Acoustics — Soundscape — Part 1: Definition and conceptual framework.
• ISO/TS 12913-2:2018, (2018). Acoustics — Soundscape — Part 2: Data collection and reporting requirements.
• ISO/TS 12913-3:2019, (2019). Acoustics — Soundscape — Part 3: Data analysis.
• Jeon, J., Lee, P., You, J., Kang, J. (2012). Acoustical characteristics of water sounds for soundscape enhancement in urban open spaces. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 131, 2101–2109.
• Kang, J. (2017). From dBA to soundscape indices: Managing our sound environment. Front. Eng. Manag. 2017. 4(2): 184–192 10.15302/J-FEM-2017026, Published by Higher Education Press.
• Kang, J., Aletta, F., Oberman, T., Erfanian, M., Kachlicka, M., Lionello, M., Mitchell, A., (2019). Towards soundscape indices, Proceedings of the 23rd International Congress on Acoustics, 9 to 13 September 2019 in Aachen, Germany.
• Kang, J., ve Aletta, F., (2018). The Impact and Outreach of Soundscape Research, Environments, 5, 58; 10.3390/environments5050058.
• Krzywicka, P., ve Byrka, K. (2017). Restorative qualities of and preference for natural and urban soundscapes. Frontiers in Psychology, 8, 1705.
• Kytö, M., Uimonen ve H., Jarviluoma, H. (2007). Soundscape and emplaced pasts – Analyzing one hundred Finnish Soundscapes. Internoise 2007. İstanbul/Türkiye.
• Öhrström, E., Björkman, M., Rylander, R., (1988). Noise annoyance with regard to neurophysiological sensitivity, subjective noise sensitivity and personality variables. Psychological Medicine. 18(03). 605.
• Pijanowski, B. C., Villanueva-Rivera, L. J., Dumyahn, S. L., Farina, A. Vd, (2011). Soundscape Ecology: The Science of Sound in the Landscape. BioScience, 61(3). 203–216.
• Radsten-Ekman, M., Axelsson, O., ve Nilsson, M. (2013). Effects of Sounds from Water on Perception of Acoustic Environments Dominated by Road-Traffic Noise. Acta Acustica united with Acustica, 99, 218–225.
• Raimbault, M., Dubois D. (2005). Urban soundscapes: experiences and knowledge. Cities, Vol. 22, No. 5, 22. 339–50.
• Schafer R. M., (1977a). The Tuning of the World. McClelland&Stewart, Toronto.
• Schafer, R. M., (1977b). Our sonic environment and the soundscape: the tuning of the World. DestinyBooks. Rochester. Vermont.
• Schafer, R. M., (1993) The soundscape: our sonic environment and the tuning of the World. Destiny Books. Rochester. Vermont.
• Southworth, M., (1969).The sonic environment of cities. Environ. Behav. 49–70.
• Stansfeld, S.A., (1992). Noise, noise sensitivity and psychiatric disorder: epidemiological and pychophysical studies. Psychol Med. Monograph Supplement 22.
• URL 1 http://www.silence-ip.org/noise-abatement-strategies/
• URL 2 http://www.positivesoundscapes.org/
• URL 3 https://exploresound.org/international-noise-awareness-day-2019
• URL 4 https://euracoustics.org/INAD2017/
• URL 5 https://exploresound.org/international-noise-awareness-day-2019/#Workshop
• URL 6 https://sound2020.org/
• URL 7 https://sound2020.org/event/brief-history/
• URL 8 https://sound2020.org/news/declaration-of-2020-as-international-year-of-sound/
• URL 9 https://sound2020.org/event3/
• URL 10 https://www.yazgandesign.com/hamamyolu-urban-deck
• Van Renterghema, T., Vanheckea, K., Filipana, K., Suna,K., De Pessemiera, T., De Coensela, B., Josepha, W., Botteldoorena, D., (2020). Interactive soundscape augmentation by natural sounds in a noise polluted urban park, Landscape and Urban Planning, 194, 11.
• Viollon, S., Lavandier, C., Drake, C. (2002). Influence of visual setting on sound ratings in an urban environment. Applied Acoustics, 63, 493–511.
• Wallace, M. Y. (2013). İzmir İşitsel Kent Kimliğinde Dönüşen Sespeyzajları. Presented at the Peyzaj Mimarlığı 5. Kongresi, Adana.
• Weinstein, N. P. (1978). Individual differences in relation to noise: a longitudinal study in a college dormitory. Journal of Applied Psychology 63. 458–466.
• WHO, (2018). Environmental Noise Guidelines for the European Region. World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe. http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0008/383921/noise-guidelines-eng.pdf?ua=1 Erişim tarihi: Mayıs 9, 2020.
• Wunderlich, F. M. (2008) Symphonies of Urban Places: Urban Rhythms as Traces of Time in Space. A Study of ‘Urban Rhythms’. KOHT ja PAIK / PLACE and LOCATION Studies in Environmental Aesthetics and Semiotics VI,VI pp. 91-111.
• Xiao, J.; Lavia, L.; Kang, J. (2018). Towards an agile participatory urban soundscape planning framework. J. Environ. Plan. Manag. 61, 677–698.
• Xu, X., Cai, J., Yu, N., Yang, Y., Li, X., (2020). Effect of loudness and spectral centroid on the music masking of low frequency noise from road traffic, Applied Acoustics Volume 166, September 2020, 107343.
• Zhang, S., Zhao, X., Zeng, Z., Qiu, X. (2019). The influence of audio-visual interactions on psychological responses of young people in urban green areas: A case study in two parks in China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16, 1845.