Research Article
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PENAL POLICIES ON THE BASIS OF COMPETITION LAW RULES IN ELECTRONIC COMMERCE AND EUROPEAN UNION DIGITAL MARKETS LAW SAMPLE

Year 2024, Volume: 4 Issue: 2, 433 - 457, 30.10.2024
https://doi.org/10.59909/khm.1445601

Abstract

The fact that electronic commerce has developed, and its sui generis issues has made it inevitable to legislate national and international competition law regulations in this field. The electronic commerce market, which is currently handled in the field of competition law in Turkish law, has been subject to a specific competi-tion law protection within the scope of the Law No. 6563 on the Regulation of Electronic Commerce, with the amendments made in 2022. In order to prevent the acts of the major actors of the electronic commerce market, which acts can be, in particular, in the form of abuse of dominant position, anticompetitive agreements, concert-ed practices and decisions are regulated in law. These actors are tried to be kept under control by means such as license fees due to the undertaking’s share in the market, a set of trade bans, expanded violation definitions in scope and increased fines. Intervention in market conditions is among the methods of intervention in the market by the neoliberal system in order to protect the market and market conditions’ progression. Within the scope of this study, it shall be claimed that the electronic commerce market is intended to be regulated and supervised by interfering with the market conditions, and the sample regulations and practices cited support writer’s claims. In addition, when the issue is evaluated in the perspective of the European Union, we come across the European Union Digital Markets Act. As a matter of fact, it is understood that with this Act, EU has introduced heavy regulations which are based on competition law with the motive of protecting its own internal market in terms of digital markets, which are mainly in the hands of international capital and especially which is dominated by the USA and USA big-tech companies. Hence, within the scope of the study, it shall be evaluated that the regulation of the electronic commerce market through competition law, rules and practices by market conditions interven-tion, market positioning and the ways of evaluation of the rules by Competition Authority, how it is reflected in the Turkish legislation system and in the European side, by considering how the regulation of competition law of digital markets is realized. Finally, the direct relationship between the competition law, penalization policy and market created by electronic commerce, which is both independent and serving all other markets.

References

  • Akman, Pınar, Regulating Competition in Digital Platform Markets: A Critical Assess-ment of the Framework and Approach of the EU Digital Markets Act, European Law Review 85, Sayı: 47, 2022, ss. 1-30.
  • Arslan, Merve, Elektronik Ticaret ve Bu Kapsamda Akdedilen Mesafeli Elektronik Söz-leşmelerde Tüketicinin Korunması, Ankara: Seçkin Yayıncılık, 2021.
  • Ayata, Zeynep, (gazete söyleşisi), “Dr. Zeynep Ayata anlatıyor: ‘Elektronik Ticaretin Düzenlenmesi Hakkındaki Kanun’da yapılan değişiklikler neler getiriyor, müdaha-lede ölçü ne olmalı?”, 19.07.2022, https://t24.com.tr/haber/dr-zeynep-ayata-anlatiyor-elektronik-ticaretin-duzenlenmesi-hakkindaki-kanun-da-yapilan-degisiklikler-neler-getiriyor-mudahalede-olcu-ne-olmali,1047055
  • Bania, Konstantina, Fitting the Digital Markets Act in the Existing Legal Framework: The Myth of the“Without Prejudice” Clause, European Competition Journal, Vol. 19, No: 1, 2023, ss. 116–149.
  • Broadbent, Meredith, The Digital Services Act, The Digital Markets Act, and the New Competition Tool, CSIS Center for Strategic & International Studies European Initiatives to Hobble U.S. Tech Companies, 10.11.2020, (https://www.csis.org/analysis/digital-services-act-digital-markets-act-and-new-competition-tool)
  • Cabral, Luis / Haucap, Justus / Parker, Geoffrey vd., The EU Digital Markets Act – A Report from a Panel of Economic Experts, Joint Research Center European Un-ion, 2021.
  • Chirico, Filomena, Digital Markets Act: A Regulatory Perspective, Journal of European Competition Law & Practice, Vol. 12, No. 7, 2021, ss. 493 – 499.
  • Cunningham, Colleen – Ederer, Florian – MA, Song, Killer Acquisitions, Journal of Poli-tical Economy, Vol. 129, No. 3, 2021, ss. 649–702.
  • Emin, Ferhat Tuna, Ceza Hukuku Açısından İnternet Yayıncılığı, Ankara: Yetkin Yayın-ları, 2020.
  • EUROPEAN COMMISSION, Regulatory Scrutiny Board Opinion, Proposal for a Regu-lation of the European Parliament and of the Council on contestable and fair markets in the digital sector (Digital Markets Act), 10.12.2020, SEC(2020)437, https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/library/impact-assessment-digital-markets-act
  • EUROPEAN COMMISSION, Commission Staff Working Document Impact Assess-ment Report, 15.12.2020, SWD(2020)363 final, Part 1/2-Part 2/2, https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/library/impact-assessment-digital-markets-act
  • EUROPEAN COMMISSION, Commission Staff Working Document Executive Sum-mary of the Impact Assessment Report, 15.12.2020, SWD(2020)364 final, https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/library/impact-assessment-digital-markets-act
  • EUROPEAN COMMISSION, Press Release, Digital Markets Act: rules for digital gate-keepers to ensure open markets enter into force, 31.10.2022, https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/IP_22_6423 EUROSTAT Statistics Explained, Glossary: E-Commerce, https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php?title=Glossary:E-commer-ce#:~:text=E%2Dcommerce%20can%20be%20defined,mediated%20(online%20communication)%20networks
  • Garland, David, The Culture of Control: Crime and Social Order Contemporary Soci-ety, Oxford, 2002.
  • Gezder, Ümit, “Elektronik Ticaret Hukuki İşlemlerinin Ayrımı-Dijital İçerik ve Hukuki Niteliği”, Marmara Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Hukuk Araştırmaları Dergisi, Prof. Dr. Cevdet Yavuz’a Armağan, Cilt 22, Sayı: 3, 2016, ss. 1119 – 1132.
  • Gürkaynak, Gönenç, Rekabet Hukuku, Ankara: Seçkin Yayıncılık, 2022.
  • Graef, Inge, Differentiated Treatment in Platform-to-Business Relations: EU Competi-tion Law and Economic Dependence, Yearbook of European Law, Vol. 38, No. 1, 2019, pp. 448–499.
  • Holmström, Mats - Padilla, Jorge – Stitzing, Robin – Saaskilathi, Pekka, Killer Acquisiti-ons? The Debate on Merger Control for Digital Markets, 2018 Yearbook of the Finnish Competition Law Association, 2019.
  • İçel, Kayıhan, Kitle Haberleşme Hukuku, İstanbul: Beta Yayınları, 2009.
  • Karasu, Rauf – Özdemir, Semih Sırrı, “Fahiş Fiyata İlişkin Sınırlamalar ve Aykırılığın Ticaret Hukuku Açısından Sonuçları”, Ankara Hacı Bayram Veli Üniversitesi Hu-kuk Fakültesi Dergisi, Cilt 26, Sayı: 3, 2018, ss. 3 - 28.
  • Kaya, Ferman, E-Ticaret Hukuku ve Tüketici Hukukundaki Uygulamaları, Ankara: Seçkin Yayıncılık, 2021.
  • Ketizmen, Muammer – Kart, Aslıhan, “Kişisel Veri ve Rekabet Hukuku Kapsamında ‘Big Data’”, Kişisel Verileri Koruma Dergisi, Cilt 1, Sayı: 1, 2019, ss. 64 - 76.
  • Knapstad, Tone, Breakups of Digital Gatekeepers under the Digital Markets Act: Three Strikes and You’re Out?, Journal of European Competition Law & Practice, Vol. 14, No. 7, 2023, ss. 394 – 409.
  • Munyar, Vahap, Yıllık 6 Milyar Lirayı Aşan Lisans Bedeli, E-ticarette Büyümeyi Frenle-mez mi?, Dünya Gazetesi, 13.07.2022, https://www.ekonomim.com/kose-yazisi/yillik-6-milyar-lirayi-asan-lisans-bedeli-e-ticarette-buyumeyi-frenlemez-mi/663458
  • OECD, Directorate for Science, Technology and Industry Committee for Information, Computer and Communications Policy, DSTI/ICCP/IE/IIS(2012)1/FINAL, 26.07.2013.
  • OECD, Directorate for Financial and Enterprise Affairs Competition Committee, Imp-lications of E-Commerce for Competition Policy – Background Note, DAF/COMP(2018)3, 21.02.2019.
  • OECD, Directorate for Financial and Enterprise Affairs Competition Committee, Start-ups, killer acquisitions and merger control – Note by BEUC, DAF/COMP/WD(2020)30, 11.06.2020.
  • Petit, Nicolas, The Proposed Digital Markets Act (DMA): A Legal an Policy Review, Journal of European Competition Law & Practice, Vol. 12, No. 7, 2021, ss. 529 – 541.
  • REKABET KURUMU, I. Denetim ve Uygulama Dairesi, E-Pazaryeri Platformları Sek-tör İncelemesi Nihai Raporu, Nisan 2022, Ankara. https://www.rekabet.gov.tr/Dosya/sektor-raporlari/e-pazaryeri-si-raporu-pdf-20220425105139595-pdf
  • Schwemer, Sebastian Felix, Digital Services Act: A Reform of the E-Commerce Directi-ve and Much More, Research Handbook on EU Internet Law, 11. Bölüm, 2022, ss. 232 - 252.
  • Siller, Nahide, 6502 Sayılı Tüketicinin Korunması Hakkında Kanun Kapsamında Web Sitesi Aracılığıyla Sözleşmelerin Kurulması, İstanbul: Onikilevha Yayınları, 2019.
  • Tarhan, Damla Gül, Elektronik Ticaret Sektöründe Kurallar Değişti, Lexpera Blog, 26.01.2023, https://blog.lexpera.com.tr/elektronik-ticaret-sektorunde-kurallar-degisti/
  • Tunca, Mustafa Z. - Hasköse, Ahmet, “Global Elektronik Ticaret”, Erciyes Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, Sayı: 18, 2002, ss. 145 – 157.
  • Turban, Efraim – Whiteside, Judy – King, David vd., Introduction to Electronic Com-merce and Social Commerce, Fourth Edition, Springer Texts in Business and Economics, 2017.
  • Turban, Efraim - Outland, Jon - King, David vd., Electronic Commerce 2018, A Mana-gerial and Social Networks Perspective, Ninth Edition, Springer Texts in Business and Economics, 2018.
  • Yazıcı, Ayla, “Elektronik Ticaretin Ekonomik Boyutu”, Anadolu Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, Cilt 18, Sayı: 1, 2002, ss. 85 – 103.

ELEKTRONİK TİCARETTE REKABET HUKUKU ÜZERİNDEN CEZALANDIRMA POLİTİKALARI VE AVRUPA BİRLİĞİ DİJİTAL PİYASALAR YASASI ÖRNEĞİ

Year 2024, Volume: 4 Issue: 2, 433 - 457, 30.10.2024
https://doi.org/10.59909/khm.1445601

Abstract

Elektronik ticaretin gelişimi ile ortaya çıkan kendine özgü sorunlar, rekabet hukuku açısından ulusal ve uluslararası düzenlemeler getirilmesini kaçınılmaz hale getirmiştir. Türk hukukunda da 6563 sayılı Elektronik Ticaretin Düzenlenmesi Hakkında Kanun’da 2022 yılında yapılan değişiklikler ile elektronik ticaret piyasası, rekabet hukuku alanında ele alınarak spesifik bir rekabet hukuku korumasına bir tabi kılınmıştır. Elektronik ticaret piyasasının büyük aktörlerinin, hâkim durumu kötüye kullanma ile rekabeti sınırlayıcı anlaşma, uyumlu eylem ve kararlar şeklinde işleyebilecekleri rekabete aykırı fiillerinin önlenmesi saikiyle birtakım kurallar getirilmektedir. Bu aktörler, kuruluşun piyasadaki payına bağlı lisans bedelleri, birtakım ticaret yasakları, kapsamı genişletilen ihlal eylemleri ve arttırılan ceza miktarları gibi yollarla kontrol altında tutulmaya çalışılmaktadır. Neoliberal sistemin piyasanın korunması ve piyasa koşullarının devamı için piyasaya müdahale yöntemleri arasında piyasa koşullarına müdahale de yer almakta olup işbu çalışma kapsamında elektronik ticaret piyasasının piyasa koşullarına müdahale suretiyle düzenlenmeye ve denetlenmeye çalışıldığı iddiasından hareket edilmektedir ki sayılacak örnekler de bunu destekler niteliktedir. Konu, Avrupa Birliği açısından değerlendirildiğinde ise karşımıza Avrupa Birliği Dijital Piyasalar Yasası çıkmaktadır. Nitekim, Avrupa Birliği’nin bu yasa ile, esasen uluslararası sermayenin elinde olan ve özellikle ABD ve ABD’li büyük teknoloji şirketleri tarafından domine edilen dijital piyasalar bakımından kendi pazarını koruma güdüsüyle rekabet hukuku bazlı ağır düzenlemeler getirdiği değerlendirilmektedir. Bu nedenlerle çalışma kapsamında, elektronik ticaret piyasasının, piyasa koşullarına müdahale yoluyla rekabet hukuku kural ve uygulamaları üzerinden düzenlenmesi, piyasa konumlandırmasının ve kurallarının Rekabet Kurulu tarafından nasıl değerlendirildiği, bunun Türk hukuku düzenlemelerine nasıl yansıdığı ve Avrupa Birliği tarafında dijital piyasaların rekabet hukuku düzenlemesinin nasıl gerçekleştiği ele alınacaktır. En nihayetinde, elektronik ticaretin yarattığı hem bağımsız hem de aslında diğer tüm piyasalara hizmet eden piyasanın, rekabet hukuku ve cezalandırma politikaları ile doğrudan ilişkisi konusunda değerlendirmelerde bulunulacaktır.

References

  • Akman, Pınar, Regulating Competition in Digital Platform Markets: A Critical Assess-ment of the Framework and Approach of the EU Digital Markets Act, European Law Review 85, Sayı: 47, 2022, ss. 1-30.
  • Arslan, Merve, Elektronik Ticaret ve Bu Kapsamda Akdedilen Mesafeli Elektronik Söz-leşmelerde Tüketicinin Korunması, Ankara: Seçkin Yayıncılık, 2021.
  • Ayata, Zeynep, (gazete söyleşisi), “Dr. Zeynep Ayata anlatıyor: ‘Elektronik Ticaretin Düzenlenmesi Hakkındaki Kanun’da yapılan değişiklikler neler getiriyor, müdaha-lede ölçü ne olmalı?”, 19.07.2022, https://t24.com.tr/haber/dr-zeynep-ayata-anlatiyor-elektronik-ticaretin-duzenlenmesi-hakkindaki-kanun-da-yapilan-degisiklikler-neler-getiriyor-mudahalede-olcu-ne-olmali,1047055
  • Bania, Konstantina, Fitting the Digital Markets Act in the Existing Legal Framework: The Myth of the“Without Prejudice” Clause, European Competition Journal, Vol. 19, No: 1, 2023, ss. 116–149.
  • Broadbent, Meredith, The Digital Services Act, The Digital Markets Act, and the New Competition Tool, CSIS Center for Strategic & International Studies European Initiatives to Hobble U.S. Tech Companies, 10.11.2020, (https://www.csis.org/analysis/digital-services-act-digital-markets-act-and-new-competition-tool)
  • Cabral, Luis / Haucap, Justus / Parker, Geoffrey vd., The EU Digital Markets Act – A Report from a Panel of Economic Experts, Joint Research Center European Un-ion, 2021.
  • Chirico, Filomena, Digital Markets Act: A Regulatory Perspective, Journal of European Competition Law & Practice, Vol. 12, No. 7, 2021, ss. 493 – 499.
  • Cunningham, Colleen – Ederer, Florian – MA, Song, Killer Acquisitions, Journal of Poli-tical Economy, Vol. 129, No. 3, 2021, ss. 649–702.
  • Emin, Ferhat Tuna, Ceza Hukuku Açısından İnternet Yayıncılığı, Ankara: Yetkin Yayın-ları, 2020.
  • EUROPEAN COMMISSION, Regulatory Scrutiny Board Opinion, Proposal for a Regu-lation of the European Parliament and of the Council on contestable and fair markets in the digital sector (Digital Markets Act), 10.12.2020, SEC(2020)437, https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/library/impact-assessment-digital-markets-act
  • EUROPEAN COMMISSION, Commission Staff Working Document Impact Assess-ment Report, 15.12.2020, SWD(2020)363 final, Part 1/2-Part 2/2, https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/library/impact-assessment-digital-markets-act
  • EUROPEAN COMMISSION, Commission Staff Working Document Executive Sum-mary of the Impact Assessment Report, 15.12.2020, SWD(2020)364 final, https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/library/impact-assessment-digital-markets-act
  • EUROPEAN COMMISSION, Press Release, Digital Markets Act: rules for digital gate-keepers to ensure open markets enter into force, 31.10.2022, https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/IP_22_6423 EUROSTAT Statistics Explained, Glossary: E-Commerce, https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php?title=Glossary:E-commer-ce#:~:text=E%2Dcommerce%20can%20be%20defined,mediated%20(online%20communication)%20networks
  • Garland, David, The Culture of Control: Crime and Social Order Contemporary Soci-ety, Oxford, 2002.
  • Gezder, Ümit, “Elektronik Ticaret Hukuki İşlemlerinin Ayrımı-Dijital İçerik ve Hukuki Niteliği”, Marmara Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Hukuk Araştırmaları Dergisi, Prof. Dr. Cevdet Yavuz’a Armağan, Cilt 22, Sayı: 3, 2016, ss. 1119 – 1132.
  • Gürkaynak, Gönenç, Rekabet Hukuku, Ankara: Seçkin Yayıncılık, 2022.
  • Graef, Inge, Differentiated Treatment in Platform-to-Business Relations: EU Competi-tion Law and Economic Dependence, Yearbook of European Law, Vol. 38, No. 1, 2019, pp. 448–499.
  • Holmström, Mats - Padilla, Jorge – Stitzing, Robin – Saaskilathi, Pekka, Killer Acquisiti-ons? The Debate on Merger Control for Digital Markets, 2018 Yearbook of the Finnish Competition Law Association, 2019.
  • İçel, Kayıhan, Kitle Haberleşme Hukuku, İstanbul: Beta Yayınları, 2009.
  • Karasu, Rauf – Özdemir, Semih Sırrı, “Fahiş Fiyata İlişkin Sınırlamalar ve Aykırılığın Ticaret Hukuku Açısından Sonuçları”, Ankara Hacı Bayram Veli Üniversitesi Hu-kuk Fakültesi Dergisi, Cilt 26, Sayı: 3, 2018, ss. 3 - 28.
  • Kaya, Ferman, E-Ticaret Hukuku ve Tüketici Hukukundaki Uygulamaları, Ankara: Seçkin Yayıncılık, 2021.
  • Ketizmen, Muammer – Kart, Aslıhan, “Kişisel Veri ve Rekabet Hukuku Kapsamında ‘Big Data’”, Kişisel Verileri Koruma Dergisi, Cilt 1, Sayı: 1, 2019, ss. 64 - 76.
  • Knapstad, Tone, Breakups of Digital Gatekeepers under the Digital Markets Act: Three Strikes and You’re Out?, Journal of European Competition Law & Practice, Vol. 14, No. 7, 2023, ss. 394 – 409.
  • Munyar, Vahap, Yıllık 6 Milyar Lirayı Aşan Lisans Bedeli, E-ticarette Büyümeyi Frenle-mez mi?, Dünya Gazetesi, 13.07.2022, https://www.ekonomim.com/kose-yazisi/yillik-6-milyar-lirayi-asan-lisans-bedeli-e-ticarette-buyumeyi-frenlemez-mi/663458
  • OECD, Directorate for Science, Technology and Industry Committee for Information, Computer and Communications Policy, DSTI/ICCP/IE/IIS(2012)1/FINAL, 26.07.2013.
  • OECD, Directorate for Financial and Enterprise Affairs Competition Committee, Imp-lications of E-Commerce for Competition Policy – Background Note, DAF/COMP(2018)3, 21.02.2019.
  • OECD, Directorate for Financial and Enterprise Affairs Competition Committee, Start-ups, killer acquisitions and merger control – Note by BEUC, DAF/COMP/WD(2020)30, 11.06.2020.
  • Petit, Nicolas, The Proposed Digital Markets Act (DMA): A Legal an Policy Review, Journal of European Competition Law & Practice, Vol. 12, No. 7, 2021, ss. 529 – 541.
  • REKABET KURUMU, I. Denetim ve Uygulama Dairesi, E-Pazaryeri Platformları Sek-tör İncelemesi Nihai Raporu, Nisan 2022, Ankara. https://www.rekabet.gov.tr/Dosya/sektor-raporlari/e-pazaryeri-si-raporu-pdf-20220425105139595-pdf
  • Schwemer, Sebastian Felix, Digital Services Act: A Reform of the E-Commerce Directi-ve and Much More, Research Handbook on EU Internet Law, 11. Bölüm, 2022, ss. 232 - 252.
  • Siller, Nahide, 6502 Sayılı Tüketicinin Korunması Hakkında Kanun Kapsamında Web Sitesi Aracılığıyla Sözleşmelerin Kurulması, İstanbul: Onikilevha Yayınları, 2019.
  • Tarhan, Damla Gül, Elektronik Ticaret Sektöründe Kurallar Değişti, Lexpera Blog, 26.01.2023, https://blog.lexpera.com.tr/elektronik-ticaret-sektorunde-kurallar-degisti/
  • Tunca, Mustafa Z. - Hasköse, Ahmet, “Global Elektronik Ticaret”, Erciyes Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, Sayı: 18, 2002, ss. 145 – 157.
  • Turban, Efraim – Whiteside, Judy – King, David vd., Introduction to Electronic Com-merce and Social Commerce, Fourth Edition, Springer Texts in Business and Economics, 2017.
  • Turban, Efraim - Outland, Jon - King, David vd., Electronic Commerce 2018, A Mana-gerial and Social Networks Perspective, Ninth Edition, Springer Texts in Business and Economics, 2018.
  • Yazıcı, Ayla, “Elektronik Ticaretin Ekonomik Boyutu”, Anadolu Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, Cilt 18, Sayı: 1, 2002, ss. 85 – 103.
There are 36 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Information and Technology Law, Criminal Law, Competition Law
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Aslihan Kart 0000-0002-9263-630X

Early Pub Date October 26, 2024
Publication Date October 30, 2024
Submission Date March 1, 2024
Acceptance Date April 6, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2024 Volume: 4 Issue: 2

Cite

Chicago Kart, Aslihan. “ELEKTRONİK TİCARETTE REKABET HUKUKU ÜZERİNDEN CEZALANDIRMA POLİTİKALARI VE AVRUPA BİRLİĞİ DİJİTAL PİYASALAR YASASI ÖRNEĞİ”. Kırıkkale Hukuk Mecmuası 4, no. 2 (October 2024): 433-57. https://doi.org/10.59909/khm.1445601.