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“Önce Amerika” Çağında Balkanlar

Year 2020, Volume: 9 Issue: 2, 151 - 166, 30.09.2020

Bülent Ağır , Shpend Krasnıqı

Abstract

Donald Trump’ın ‘önce Amerika’ politikası, uluslararası politikanın hemen hemen tüm alanlarını etkilerken, Birleşik Devletlerin liderliğinin eksikliği Balkanlar’daki bölgesel siyasette de hissedilmeye başlamıştır. Bununla birlikte, üç temel bölgesel sorun (Bosna-Hersek, Kosova ve Makedonya) bölgenin normalleşmeye yönelik yönünü olumsuz etkileme potansiyeline sahiptir. Bölgedeki bu üç sorun, Rusya’nın artan faaliyetleri ve Avrupa’nın göreceli tereddütü nedeniyle Balkanlar’daki sorumluluk bir kez daha Amerika Birleşik Devletleri’ne kalmış görünmektedir. Bu makale, Balkanlar bölgesine yönelik Trump dönemi Birleşik Devletler dış politikasını incelemeyi amaçlamaktadır.

Keywords

Balkans Donald Trump Amerika Birleşik Devletleri küresel güçler

References

  • Ağır, B. S. (2019). The European Union’s involvement in addressing of human security issues in the peace-building process of Kosovo. In Bülent Sarper Ağır (Ed.), Kosovo: past, present and future (pp. 59-83). New York: Nova Science Publishers.
  • Ağır, B. S. and Akçay, E. Y. (2017). An evaluation of the structural violence in the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia’s human security in the post-Ohrid Era. In Svetlana Stanarević, Ivica Đorđević and Vanja Rokvić (Eds.), Third international conference on human security (pp. 19-25). Belgrade: University of Belgrade Publications.
  • Ağır, B. S. and Gürsoy, B. (2016). The European Union’s state-building efforts in the case of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Ankara Avrupa Çalışmaları Dergisi, 15(1), 1-27.
  • Albayrakoğlu, E. P. (2011). US foreign policy towards the Balkans. In Cüneyt Yenigün and Ferdinand Gjana (Eds.), Balkans: Foreign affairs, politics and socio-cultures (pp. 619-646). Tirana: Epoka University Publications.
  • Al-Jazeera. (2019). Pompeo cautions Balkan leaders about Chinese economic influence. Retrieved from https://www.aljazeera.com/ajimpact/pompeo-cautions-balkan-leaders-chinese-economic-influence-191004201428920.html.
  • AP News. (2018). Trump urges Serbia to make ‘historic’ deal with Kosovo. Retrieved from https://apnews.com/2b82473e517f4821971f1cb2641fdc3f.
  • Bechev, D. (2020). Russia: playing a weak hand well. In Florian Bieber and Nikolaos Tzifakis (Eds.), The Western Balkans in the World: Linkages and relations with non-Western countries (pp. 187-204). Basingstoke: Routledge.
  • Bieber, F. and Tzifakis, N. (2019). The Western Balkans as a chessboard? Myths, realities and policy options. Retrieved from http://biepag.eu/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/The_Western_Balkans_as_a_Geopolitical_Chessboard.pdf.
  • Bugajski, J. (2010). Regional overview. Western Balkans Policy Review, 1-10.
  • European Commission. (2018). A credible enlargement perspective for and enhanced EU engagement with the Western Balkans. COM(2018) 65 final, Strasbourg. Retrieved from https://ec.europa.eu/commission/sites/beta-political/files/communication-credible-enlargement-perspective-western-balkans_en.pdf.
  • European Stability Initiative. (2019). The hypnotist - Alexander Vucic, John Bolton and the return of the past. Berlin. Retrieved from https://www.esiweb.org/?lang=en&id=156&document_ID=194.
  • Garcia, V. (2020, June 19). Grenell trashes Bolton, claims ex-security adviser ‘saved salacious stories in order to sell books’. Fox News. Retrieved from https://www.foxnews.com/media/grenell-bolton-saved-salacious-stories-sell-books.
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  • Kim, J. (2005). Macedonia (FYROM): Post-conflict situation and US policy. CRS Report for Congress. Retrieved from https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL32172.pdf.
  • Kim, J. and Whoerel, S. (2008). Kosovo and US policy - Background to independence. CRS Report for Congress. Retrieved from https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL31053.pdf.
  • Klare, M. T. (1999). The Clinton Doctrine. The Nation, April 19. Retrieved from https://www.thenation.com/article/archive/clinton-doctrine/.
  • Kovacevic, F. (2015). Victoria Nuland and the Balkans. 30 April. Retrieved from https://blogactiv.eu/blog/2015/04/30/victoria-nuland-and-the-balkans-2/.
  • Krasniqi, S. (2019). The European Union-sponsored dialogue between Kosovo and Serbia: Brussels Agreement and the implementation process. In Bülent Sarper Ağır (Ed.), Kosovo: past, present and future (pp. 85-103), New York: Nova Science Publishers.
  • Larrabee, S. F. (2001). The Balkans. Santa Monica: RAND.
  • Limo, M. R. (2006). On U.S. foreign policy in the Balkans in the 1990s: Spotlight on Croatia. Transition Studies Review, 13(3), 524-540.
  • Poulain, L. and Teleki, I. (2020). U.S. policy toward the Western Balkans. Western Balkans Policy Review, 26-33.
  • Reuters. (2017). Serbia begins construction of Chinese-funded railway to Budapest. Retrieved from https://www.reuters.com/article/serbia-china-railway/serbia-starts-construction-of-chinese-funded-railway-to-budapest-idUSL8N1NY4RR.
  • Samokhvalov, V. (2019). Russia in the Balkans: Great power politics and local response. Insight Turkey, 21(2), 189-210.
  • Samorukov, M. (2019). Double or quits: A Russian approach to North Macedonia and NATO. Carnegie Moscow Center. Retrieved from https://carnegie.ru/2019/05/14/double-or-quits-russian-approach-to-north-macedonia-and-nato-pub-79123.
  • The Guardian. (2018). ‘Very aggressive’: Trump suggests Montenegro could cause world war three. Retrieved from https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2018/jul/19/very-aggressive-trump-suggests-montenegro-could-cause-world-war-three.
  • The Guardian. (2019). Alleged Russian spies sent to jail over Montenegro ‘coup plot’. Retrieved from https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/may/09/montenegro-convicts-pro-russia-politicians-of-coup-plot.
  • The White House. (1996). A national security strategy of engagement and enlargement. Washington, DC., U.S. Government Printing Office.
  • U.S. Embassy in Ukraine. (2018). National Security Advisor, Ambassador John Bolton’s press conference at Ukrainian Crisis Media Center. Retrieved from https://ua.usembassy.gov/tag/john-bolton/.
  • Whoerel, S. (2009). Future of the Balkans and U.S. policy concern. CRS Report for Congress. Retrieved from https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL32136.pdf.
  • Whoerel, S. (2019). Kosovo - current issues and US policy. CRS Report for Congress. Retrieved from https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RS21721.pdf.

Balkans In The Era of “America First”

Year 2020, Volume: 9 Issue: 2, 151 - 166, 30.09.2020

Bülent Ağır , Shpend Krasnıqı

Abstract

While Donald Trump’s ‘America first’ policy has been effecting almost every aspects of international politics, the lack of United States leadership has also been felt even in regional politics of the Balkans region. However, three major regional issues (Bosnia-Herzegovina, Kosovo and Macedonia) have potential to undermine the region’s path towards ‘normality’. Due to these three problems in region, growing activities of Russia and hesitation of Europe, the heavy lifting in the Balkans once again seems to fall to the United States of America. This article intends to examine the Trump’s era foreign policy of the United States towards the Balkans region.

Keywords

The United States of America Donald Trump Balkans global powers

References

  • Ağır, B. S. (2019). The European Union’s involvement in addressing of human security issues in the peace-building process of Kosovo. In Bülent Sarper Ağır (Ed.), Kosovo: past, present and future (pp. 59-83). New York: Nova Science Publishers.
  • Ağır, B. S. and Akçay, E. Y. (2017). An evaluation of the structural violence in the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia’s human security in the post-Ohrid Era. In Svetlana Stanarević, Ivica Đorđević and Vanja Rokvić (Eds.), Third international conference on human security (pp. 19-25). Belgrade: University of Belgrade Publications.
  • Ağır, B. S. and Gürsoy, B. (2016). The European Union’s state-building efforts in the case of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Ankara Avrupa Çalışmaları Dergisi, 15(1), 1-27.
  • Albayrakoğlu, E. P. (2011). US foreign policy towards the Balkans. In Cüneyt Yenigün and Ferdinand Gjana (Eds.), Balkans: Foreign affairs, politics and socio-cultures (pp. 619-646). Tirana: Epoka University Publications.
  • Al-Jazeera. (2019). Pompeo cautions Balkan leaders about Chinese economic influence. Retrieved from https://www.aljazeera.com/ajimpact/pompeo-cautions-balkan-leaders-chinese-economic-influence-191004201428920.html.
  • AP News. (2018). Trump urges Serbia to make ‘historic’ deal with Kosovo. Retrieved from https://apnews.com/2b82473e517f4821971f1cb2641fdc3f.
  • Bechev, D. (2020). Russia: playing a weak hand well. In Florian Bieber and Nikolaos Tzifakis (Eds.), The Western Balkans in the World: Linkages and relations with non-Western countries (pp. 187-204). Basingstoke: Routledge.
  • Bieber, F. and Tzifakis, N. (2019). The Western Balkans as a chessboard? Myths, realities and policy options. Retrieved from http://biepag.eu/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/The_Western_Balkans_as_a_Geopolitical_Chessboard.pdf.
  • Bugajski, J. (2010). Regional overview. Western Balkans Policy Review, 1-10.
  • European Commission. (2018). A credible enlargement perspective for and enhanced EU engagement with the Western Balkans. COM(2018) 65 final, Strasbourg. Retrieved from https://ec.europa.eu/commission/sites/beta-political/files/communication-credible-enlargement-perspective-western-balkans_en.pdf.
  • European Stability Initiative. (2019). The hypnotist - Alexander Vucic, John Bolton and the return of the past. Berlin. Retrieved from https://www.esiweb.org/?lang=en&id=156&document_ID=194.
  • Garcia, V. (2020, June 19). Grenell trashes Bolton, claims ex-security adviser ‘saved salacious stories in order to sell books’. Fox News. Retrieved from https://www.foxnews.com/media/grenell-bolton-saved-salacious-stories-sell-books.
  • Holbrooke, R. (1998). To end a war. New York: Random House.
  • House of Lords. (2018). The UK and the future of the Western Balkans. London. Retrieved from https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld201719/ldselect/ldintrel/53/53.pdf.
  • Kim, J. (2005). Macedonia (FYROM): Post-conflict situation and US policy. CRS Report for Congress. Retrieved from https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL32172.pdf.
  • Kim, J. and Whoerel, S. (2008). Kosovo and US policy - Background to independence. CRS Report for Congress. Retrieved from https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL31053.pdf.
  • Klare, M. T. (1999). The Clinton Doctrine. The Nation, April 19. Retrieved from https://www.thenation.com/article/archive/clinton-doctrine/.
  • Kovacevic, F. (2015). Victoria Nuland and the Balkans. 30 April. Retrieved from https://blogactiv.eu/blog/2015/04/30/victoria-nuland-and-the-balkans-2/.
  • Krasniqi, S. (2019). The European Union-sponsored dialogue between Kosovo and Serbia: Brussels Agreement and the implementation process. In Bülent Sarper Ağır (Ed.), Kosovo: past, present and future (pp. 85-103), New York: Nova Science Publishers.
  • Larrabee, S. F. (2001). The Balkans. Santa Monica: RAND.
  • Limo, M. R. (2006). On U.S. foreign policy in the Balkans in the 1990s: Spotlight on Croatia. Transition Studies Review, 13(3), 524-540.
  • Poulain, L. and Teleki, I. (2020). U.S. policy toward the Western Balkans. Western Balkans Policy Review, 26-33.
  • Reuters. (2017). Serbia begins construction of Chinese-funded railway to Budapest. Retrieved from https://www.reuters.com/article/serbia-china-railway/serbia-starts-construction-of-chinese-funded-railway-to-budapest-idUSL8N1NY4RR.
  • Samokhvalov, V. (2019). Russia in the Balkans: Great power politics and local response. Insight Turkey, 21(2), 189-210.
  • Samorukov, M. (2019). Double or quits: A Russian approach to North Macedonia and NATO. Carnegie Moscow Center. Retrieved from https://carnegie.ru/2019/05/14/double-or-quits-russian-approach-to-north-macedonia-and-nato-pub-79123.
  • The Guardian. (2018). ‘Very aggressive’: Trump suggests Montenegro could cause world war three. Retrieved from https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2018/jul/19/very-aggressive-trump-suggests-montenegro-could-cause-world-war-three.
  • The Guardian. (2019). Alleged Russian spies sent to jail over Montenegro ‘coup plot’. Retrieved from https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/may/09/montenegro-convicts-pro-russia-politicians-of-coup-plot.
  • The White House. (1996). A national security strategy of engagement and enlargement. Washington, DC., U.S. Government Printing Office.
  • U.S. Embassy in Ukraine. (2018). National Security Advisor, Ambassador John Bolton’s press conference at Ukrainian Crisis Media Center. Retrieved from https://ua.usembassy.gov/tag/john-bolton/.
  • Whoerel, S. (2009). Future of the Balkans and U.S. policy concern. CRS Report for Congress. Retrieved from https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL32136.pdf.
  • Whoerel, S. (2019). Kosovo - current issues and US policy. CRS Report for Congress. Retrieved from https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RS21721.pdf.
There are 31 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Bülent Ağır 0000-0003-4774-7438

Shpend Krasnıqı This is me

Publication Date September 30, 2020
Published in Issue Year 2020 Volume: 9 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Ağır, B., & Krasnıqı, S. (2020). Balkans In The Era of “America First”. Kırklareli Üniversitesi İktisadi Ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 9(2), 151-166.
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