MRSA'YA KARŞI BİTKİSEL ÇAY ÖRNEKLERİNİN SİPROFLOKSASİN İLE SİNERJİK ETKİSİ VE ANTİOKSİDAN AKTİVİTELERİ

Year 2024, Volume: 25 Issue: 4, 476 - 483, 21.10.2024

Asli Can Agca , Sezen Yılmaz Sarıaltın , Nurnehir Baltacı Bozkurt , Sunasibel Rızvanoğlu , Betül Sever Yılmaz , Müjde Eryılmaz

https://doi.org/10.18229/kocatepetip.1449846

Abstract

AMAÇ: Sambucus nigra L. (mürver), Salvia sclarea L. (adaçayı), Rosmarinus officinalis L. (biberiye) ve Coriandrum sativum L. (kişniş) bitkileri gıdalarda tatlandırıcı ajan olarak kullanılmakta ve dünyada çeşitli hastalıkların tedavisinde halk hekimliğinde iyi bilinmektedir. Bu bitkiler ayrıca, enfeksiyonlarda özellikle öksürük, ateş ve soğuk algınlığı semptomlarını hafifletmek amacıyla yaygın olarak kullanılırlar. Bu çalışma, Türkiye'de S. nigra, S. sclarea, R. officinalis ve C. sativum 'un ticari örneğinden elde edilen üç farklı ekstrenin toplam fenol içeriğini ve antioksidan aktivite potansiyelini taramayı ve karşılaştırmayı amaçlamaktadır. Ayrıca, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213 (metisiline duyarlı- MSSA) ve Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 43300'e (metisiline dirençli- MRSA) karşı Minimum İnhibitör Konsantrasyonu (MİK) değerlerini ve bir antibiyotik olan siprofloksasin ile sinerjistik aktivite gösterip göstermediği araştırılmıştır.
GEREÇ VE YÖNTEM: S. nigra ve C. sativum'un meyveleri, S. sclarea'nın toprak üstü kısımları ve R. officinalis'in yaprakları Türkiye'de bitki çayı pazarlayan bir ticari şirketten satın alınmıştır. Bu örneklerden elde edilen ekstrelerin toplam fenolik içeriği ve antioksidan potansiyeli araştırılmıştır. Ayrıca bitki örneklerinin metisiline dirençli Staphylococcus aureus 'a (MRSA) karşı siprofloksasin ile sinerjik etkisi belirlenmiştir.
BULGULAR: R. officinalis (biberiye) ve S.sclarea (misk adaçayı) ekstreleri yüksek fenolik içerik ve antioksidan aktivite gösterirken, C. sativum (kişniş) ve S.nigra (mürver) ekstreleri daha düşük fenolik madde içerdiği ve daha zayıf antioksidan aktivite gösterdiği tespit edilmiştir. Ayrıca, S. sclarea'nın etanol ekstresi ile birlikte siprofloksasinin, S. aureus ATCC 43300'e karşı additif antibakteriyel aktivite gösterdiği bulunmuştur.
SONUÇ: R. officinalis (biberiye) ve S.sclarea (misk adaçayı) ticari örneklerinden hazırlanan bitki çaylarının yüksek fenolik içeriğiyle antioksidan aktiviteyi destekleyebileceği ve siprofloksasinin misk adaçayının etanol ekstresi ile birlikte metisiline dirençli S. aureus ATCC 43300'e karşı additif antibakteriyel aktivite gösterdiği bulunmuştur. Söz konusu etkiye ait mekanizmanın ayrıntılı olarak anlaşılması için daha ileri çalışmalara ihtiyaç vardır.

Keywords

Antioksidanlar, İlaç sinerjisi, Bitki preparatları.

Ethical Statement

-

Supporting Institution

-

Project Number

-

Thanks

-

SYNERGISTIC EFFECT OF HERBAL TEA SAMPLES WITH CIPROFLOXACIN AGAINST MRSA AND THEIR ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITIES

Abstract

OBJECTIVE: Sambucus nigra L. (elderberry), Salvia sclarea L. (clary sage), Rosmarinus officinalis L. (rosemary), and Coriandrum sativum L. (coriander) are all consumed as flavoring agents for food and are well-known in traditional medicine for the treating various diseases worldwide. These herbs are also commonly used for microbial infections, especially to relieve cough, fever, and cold symptoms. This study aims to screen and compare the content of total phenols and antioxidant activity potential of three different extracts from each commercial sample of S. nigra, S. sclarea, R. officinalis and C. sativum from Türkiye. We also investigated the (Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) values against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213 (methicillin-susceptible, MSSA) and Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 43300 (methicillin-resistant, MRSA) and the synergistic activity with an antibiotic, ciprofloxacin, by checkerboard assay.
MATERIAL AND METHODS: The fruits of S. nigra and C. sativum, the aerial parts of S. sclarea, and the leaves of R. officinalis were purchased from a trading company that marketed them as herbal tea in Türkiye. This study investigated the total phenolic content and antioxidant potential of extracts from commercial samples. We also determined the synergistic effect of herbal tea samples with ciprofloxacin against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA).
RESULTS: R. officinalis (rosemary) and Salvia sclarea (clary sage) extracts showed high phenolic content and antioxidant activity, whereas it was determined that C.sativum (coriander) and S. nigra (elderberry) extracts exhibited lower antioxidant activity and low phenolic compounds. Moreover, ciprofloxacin in combination with the ethanolic extract of S. sclarea showed additive antibacterial activity against S. aureus ATCC 43300.
CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that herbal tea prepared from commercial R. officinalis (rosemary) and S.sclarea (clary sage) samples can support the antioxidant activity with high phenolic content and that ciprofloxacin combined with the ethanolic extract of clary sage showed additive antibacterial activity against methicillin-resistant S. aureus ATCC 43300. Further studies are needed to understand the mechanism of additive action in detail.

Keywords

Antioxidants, Drug synergism, Plant preparations.

Project Number

-

References

• 1.Yu F, Li T, Huang X, et.al. Virulence gene profiling and molecular characterization of hospital-acquired Staphylococcus aureus isolates associated with bloodstream infection. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 2012;74:363-8.
• 2. Algammal AM, Hetta HF, Elkelish A, et.al. Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA): One Health Perspective Approach to the Bacterium Epidemiology, Virulence Factors, Antibiotic-Resistance, and Zoonotic Impact. Infect Drug Resist. 2020;13:3255–65.
• 3. World Health Organization (2015). Antibiotic resistance:Multi-country public awareness survey. Website:https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/194460/9789241509817_eng.pdf? sequence=1&isAllowed=y, Accessed date: 24.09. 2023
• 4. Ünal S. (Editör). Erişkin Hastada Antibiyotik Kullanımına Akılcı Yaklaşım. In: Aksoy M, Hızal ÖG. Antibiyotikler ve Antibiyotik Direnci. 1nci askı, Ankara: Sağlık Bakanlığı Yayın No: 1188, 2020:1-7.5.
• 5. Shahrajabian MH, Sun W, Cheng Q. Traditional Herbal Medicine for the Prevention and Treatment of Cold and Flu in the Autumn of 2020, Overlapped With COVID-19- Review. Nat Prod Commun. 2020;15(8):1–10.
• 6. Vlachojannis JE, Cameron M, Chrubasik S. A Systematic Review on the Sambuci fructus Effect and Efficacy Profiles. Phytother Res. 2010;24:1–8.
• 7. Vogl S, Picker P, Mihaly-Bison J, et. al. Ethnopharmacological in vitro studies on Austria’s folk medicine An unexplored lore in vitro anti-inflammatory activities of 71 Austrian traditional herbal drugs. J Ethnopharmacol. 2013; 49:750–71.
• 8. Kamatoua GPP, Makunga NP, Ramogola WPN, Viljoena AM. South African Salvia species: A review of biological activities and phytochemistry. J Ethnopharmacol. 2008;119:664-72.
• 9. Jasicka-Misiak I, Poliwoda A, Petecka M, Buslovych O, Shlyapnıkov VA, Wıeczorek PP. Antioxidant Phenolic Compounds in Salvia officinalis L. and Salvia sclarea L. Ecol Chem Eng S. 2018;25(1):133-42.
• 10. Karadağ AE, Demirci B, Çaşkurlu A, et.al. In vitro antibacterial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and analgesic evaluation of Rosmarinus officinalis L. flower extract fractions. S Afr J Bot. 2019;125:214-20.
• 11. Andrade JM, Faustino C, Garcia C, et al. Rosmarinus officinalis L.: an update review of its phytochemistry and biological activity. Future Sci. OA 2018;4(4):FSO283.
• 12. Singletary K. Coriander: Overview of Potential Health Benefits. Nutr. 2016;51(3):151-61.
• 13. Tuzlacı E. (Editör). Türkiye Bitkileri Geleneksel İlaç Rehberi. 1nci Baskı, İstanbul: İstanbul Medikal Yayıncılık. 2016:406-18.
• 14. Mahleyuddin NN, Moshawih S, Ming LC, et.al. Coriandrum sativum L.: A Review on Ethnopharmacology, Phytochemistry, and Cardiovascular Benefits. Molecules. 2022;27(1):209.
• 15. Aćimović M, Kiprovski B, Rat M, et.al. Salvia sclarea: chemıcal composıtıon and bıologıcal actıvıty. JATEM 2018;1(1):18-28.
• 16. Pascariu OE, Israel-Roming F. Bioactive Compounds from Elderberry: Extraction, Health Benefits, and Food Applications. Processes 2022;10(11):2288.
• 17. Spanos GA, Wrolstad RE. Influence of processing and storage on the phenolic composition of Thompson seedless grape juice. J Agric Food Chem. 1990;38(7):1565-71.
• 18. Zhishen J, Mengcheng T, Jianming W. The determination of flavonoid contents in mulberry and their scavenging effects on superoxide radicals. Food Chem. 1999;64:555-9.
• 19. Prieto P, Pineda M, Aguilar M. Spectrophotometric quantitation of antioxidant capacity through the formation of a phosphomolybdenum complex: specific application to the determination of vitamin E. Anal. Biochem. 1999;269(2):337-41.
• 20. Benzie IF, Strain JJ. The ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP) as a measure of “antioxidant power”: the FRAP assay. Anal. Biochem. 1996;239(1):70-6.
• 21. Re R, Pellegrini N, Proteggente A, et al. Antioxidant activity applying an improved ABTS radical cation decolorization assay. Anal. Biochem. 1999;26(9-10):1231-7.
• 22. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). Methods for dilution antimicrobial susceptibility tests for bacteria that grow aerobically. Approved standard. 8th ed. M07-A8 Wayne CLSI Publication. 2009:1-63.
• 23. European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing. Breakpoint tables for interpretation of MICs and zone diameters. Version 3.1., valid from 2013-02-11. https://www.pasteur.fr/fr/file/3253/download? token=TA8dRjyx , Accessed date:21.01. 2024
• 24. Özger HS, Cuhadar T, Yildiz SS, et al. In vitro activity of eravacycline in combination with colistin against carbapenem-resistant A. baumannii isolates. J. Antibiot. 2019;72:600–4.
• 25. Sy CL, Huang TH, Chen CS, et.al. Synergy of β-lactams with vancomycin against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: correlation of disk diffusion and checkerboard methods. J. Clin. Microbiol. 2016;54(3):565-8.
• 26. Netopilova M, Houdkova M, Urbanova K, et al. Validation of qualitative broth volatilization checkerboard method for testing of essential oils: Dual-column GC–FID/MS analysis and in vitro combinatory antimicrobial effect of Origanum vulgare and Thymus vulgaris against Staphylococcus aureus in liquid and vapor phases. Plants. 2021;18(10):393.
• 27. Cantürk Z. Evaluation of synergistic anticandidal and apoptotic effects of ferulic acid and caspofungin against Candida Albicans. JFDA. 2018;26(1):439-43.
• 28. Bakirel T, Bakirel U, Keles OU, Ulgen SG, Yardibi H. In vivo assessment of antidiabetic and antioxidant activities of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) in alloxan-diabetic rabbits. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2008;116(1):64– 73.
• 29. Klancnik A, Guzej B, Kolar MH, Abramovic H, Mozina SS. In vitro antimicrobial and antioxidant activity of commercial rosemary extract formulations. JFP 2009;72(8):1744-52.
• 30. Cuvelier ME, Richard H, Berset C. Antioxidative Activity and Phenolic Composition of Pilot-Plant and Commercial Extracts of Sage and Rosemary. JAOCS. 1996;73(5):645-52.
• 31. Dini I, Grumetto L. Recent Advances in Natural Polyphenol Research. Molecules. 2022;11(27):8777.
• 32. Manso T, Lores M, de Miguel T. Antimicrobial Activity of Polyphenols and Natural Polyphenolic Extracts on Clinical Isolates. Antibiotics. 2022;11(1): 46.
• 33. Toma M, Vinatoru M, Paniwnyk L, Mason TJ. Investigation of the effect of ultrasound on vegetal tissues during solvent extraction. Ultrason. Sonochem. 2001;8(2):137-42.