<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.4 20241031//EN"
        "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.4/JATS-journalpublishing1-4.dtd">
<article  article-type="research-article"        dtd-version="1.4">
            <front>

                <journal-meta>
                                                                <journal-id>konjes</journal-id>
            <journal-title-group>
                                                                                    <journal-title>Konya Journal of Engineering Sciences</journal-title>
            </journal-title-group>
                                        <issn pub-type="epub">2667-8055</issn>
                                                                                            <publisher>
                    <publisher-name>Konya Technical University</publisher-name>
                </publisher>
                    </journal-meta>
                <article-meta>
                                        <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36306/konjes.577958</article-id>
                                                                <article-categories>
                                            <subj-group  xml:lang="en">
                                                            <subject>Engineering</subject>
                                                    </subj-group>
                                            <subj-group  xml:lang="tr">
                                                            <subject>Mühendislik</subject>
                                                    </subj-group>
                                    </article-categories>
                                                                                                                                                        <title-group>
                                                                                                                        <article-title>ZAYIF KAYA MALZEMELERİNİN YERİNDE DAYANIMININ BELİRLENMESİNDE İNDEKS DENEYLERİN KULLANIMI İLE İLGİLİ BİR YAKLAŞIM</article-title>
                                                                                                                                                                                                <trans-title-group xml:lang="en">
                                    <trans-title>An approach to the use of index tests in determining of in-situ strength of weak rock materials</trans-title>
                                </trans-title-group>
                                                                                                    </title-group>
            
                                                    <contrib-group content-type="authors">
                                                                        <contrib contrib-type="author">
                                                                    <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">
                                        https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8268-3188</contrib-id>
                                                                <name>
                                    <surname>Özkan</surname>
                                    <given-names>İhsan</given-names>
                                </name>
                                                                    <aff>KONYA TEKNİK ÜNİVERSİTESİ</aff>
                                                            </contrib>
                                                    <contrib contrib-type="author">
                                                                    <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">
                                        https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1546-8592</contrib-id>
                                                                <name>
                                    <surname>Kaya</surname>
                                    <given-names>Meriç</given-names>
                                </name>
                                                                    <aff>KONYA TEKNİK UNİVERSİTESIİ</aff>
                                                            </contrib>
                                                                                </contrib-group>
                        
                                        <pub-date pub-type="pub" iso-8601-date="20200305">
                    <day>03</day>
                    <month>05</month>
                    <year>2020</year>
                </pub-date>
                                        <volume>8</volume>
                                        <issue>1</issue>
                                        <fpage>135</fpage>
                                        <lpage>150</lpage>
                        
                        <history>
                                    <date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="20190614">
                        <day>06</day>
                        <month>14</month>
                        <year>2019</year>
                    </date>
                                                    <date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="20190719">
                        <day>07</day>
                        <month>19</month>
                        <year>2019</year>
                    </date>
                            </history>
                                        <permissions>
                    <copyright-statement>Copyright © 2004, Konya Journal of Engineering Sciences</copyright-statement>
                    <copyright-year>2004</copyright-year>
                    <copyright-holder>Konya Journal of Engineering Sciences</copyright-holder>
                </permissions>
            
                                                                                                <abstract><p>Bu çalışma, TKİ-GLİ-Ömerler yeraltı maden ocağında hazırlık çalışmalarının yürütüldüğü A6 uzunayak panosunda gerçekleştirilmiştir. Kalın kömür damarı tabanında konumlanan zayıf ve tabakalı kiltaşı dayanımının belirlenmesi hedeflenmiştir. A6 panosuna ait nakliye galeri arını ve uzunayak kazı arını olacak kılavuz galeri arınında kiltaşı kaya birimi ile karşılaşılmıştır. Yerinde büyük ölçekli kazı arınlarında Schmidt sertlik (SH) ve nokta yükleme dayanımı (NYD) indeks deneylerinin yapılması planlanmıştır. Bu amaç doğrultusunda, 9 adet kazı arınında SH deneyleri, 3 adetinde ise NYD indeks deneyleri gerçekleştirilmiştir. Toplam 66,75 m2 olan deney bölgeleri, kendi içlerinde herbiri 0,25 m2 olacak şekilde 267 birim ölçüm hücresine bölünmüştür. Birim hücrelerin orta noktasında en az üç kez tekrarlanmak kaydı ile SH deneyleri yapılmıştır. Ayrıca, aynı birim hücrelerden alınan üç adet düzensiz örnek üzerinde NYD indeks deneyleri gerçekleştirilmiştir. Laboratuar ölçekte deneylere yönelik öneriler veren ISRM (2007) ve ASTM (1993), saha uygulamalarının nasıl yapılacağı konusunda açık bir öneri vermemektedir. Karşılaşılan bu sorunun aşılmasına yönelik çalışmalar bu makalede sunulmuştur. Bu çalışmada, toplam 801 adet SH deney sonucu ve aynı zamanda gerçekleştirilen 336 adet NYD indeks deney sonucu birlikte değerlendirilmiştir. Sonuç olarak yapılan analizler ışığında; (i) optimum deney sonucunu verecek deney alanı büyüklükleri ve birim ölçüm hücre adetleri belirlenmiştir, (ii) deney sonuçları arasındaki mekanik ilişkiler incelenmiştir, ve (iii) indeks deney sonuçlarına dayalı önerilen amprik yaklaşımlar kullanılarak, tek eksenli basma dayanımı (TEBD) değerleri belirlenmiş ve karşılaştırılmıştır.  İndeks deneyleri için (SH ve NYD) optimum birim hücre sayısının (S), seçilen yüzey alanının 4 katı olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Tüm çalışma sahası için genel olarak SH, NYD ve TEBD deney sonuçları sırası ile N = 21,35 ± 1,86, Is(50) = 0,704 ± 0,133 MPa, σc = 7,84 ± 3,69 MPa olarak belirlenmiştir. Dolaylı indeks deneyleri (SH ve NYD) ile belirlenen amprik TEBD sonuçlarının, gerçek TEBD deney sonuçları ile örtüşmediği tespit edilerek kiltaşı için düzeltme katsayıları (kSH = 0,22 ve kNYD = 0,51) önerilmiştir.</p></abstract>
                                                                                                                                    <trans-abstract xml:lang="en">
                            <p>This study was carried out in the A6 longwall panel, where preparations are in progress in TKİ-GLİ-Ömerler underground mine. In this study, it is aimed to determine the strength of the weak and stratified claystone located in floor of thick coal seam. It was encountered with claystone in excavations carried out in the transportation roadway face and in the guide roadway face, which will be used for A6 panel. It was planned to carry out in situ Schmidt hardness (SH) and point load (NYD) index tests in large scale excavation faces. For this purpose, SH tests were performed in 9 excavation faces and also NYD index tests were carried out in 3 of them. The test areas, which has totaling 66,75 m2, were divided into 267 units of measuring cells, of which has 0.25 m2 each area. SH tests were performed at the midpoint of the unit cells with at least three repeats. In addition, NYD index tests were carried out on three irregular samples taken from the same unit cells. ISRM (2007) and ASTM (1993), which provide recommendations for laboratory-scale experiments, do not provide a clear recommendation on how to perform field applications. Studies carried out to overcome this problem are presented in this article. In this study, a total of 801 SH test results and 336 NYD index test results were evaluated together. As a result of the analysis made; (i) the size of the test area and the number of units of measurement cells were determined to give the optimum test result, (ii) the mechanical relationships between the test results were examined, and (iii) uniaxial compressive strength (TEBD) values were determined and compared using suggested empirical approaches for index test results. It was determined for index tests that the optimum unit cell number (S) was determined to be 4 times the selected surface area. In general, SH, NYD and TEBD test results for all experimental areas were determined as N = 21.35 ± 1.86, Is (50) = 0.704 ± 0.133 MPa, σc = 7.84 ± 3.69 MPa, respectively. It was determined that the empirical TEBD results determined by indirect index tests (SH and NYD) did not match the actual TEBD test results. Therefore, in this study, correction coefficients (kSH = 0.22 and kNYD = 0.51) were proposed for the claystone rock unit.</p></trans-abstract>
                                                            
            
                                                            <kwd-group>
                                                    <kwd>Kaya mekaniği</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Yerinde indeks deneyler</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Kiltaşı</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Schmidt sertlik</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Nokta yükleme dayanım</kwd>
                                            </kwd-group>
                                                        
                                                                            <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
                                                    <kwd>Rock mechanics</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  In-situ index tests</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Claystone</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Schmidt hardness</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Point load strength</kwd>
                                            </kwd-group>
                                                                                                        <funding-group specific-use="FundRef">
                    <award-group>
                                                    <funding-source>
                                <named-content content-type="funder_name">TUBİTAK ve TKİ-GLİ-Tunçbilek Kömür İşletmesi</named-content>
                            </funding-source>
                                                                            <award-id>116M698 TUBİTAK Projesi</award-id>
                                            </award-group>
                </funding-group>
                                </article-meta>
    </front>
    <back>
                            <ref-list>
                                    <ref id="ref1">
                        <label>1</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Akbay, D., 2018, Nokta yükleme deneyinde yapılan hataların giderilmesi için yeni bir deney düzeneğinin tasarlanması, Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi-FBE, Maden Mühendisliği ABD, Doktora Tezi, 218s.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref2">
                        <label>2</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">ASTM, 1993, Rock Testing Handbook, Test Standards, ASTM Publication, 947 p.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref3">
                        <label>3</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Barton, N., 1973, Review of a new shear strength criterion for rock joints, Engineering Geology, Elsevier, Amsterdam, Cilt 7, ss. 287-332. Also NGI Publ. 105, 1974.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref4">
                        <label>4</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Bieniawski, Z. T., 1975, Point load in geotechnical practice, Eng. Geol. 9: 1–11.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref5">
                        <label>5</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Broch, E., Franklin, J. A., 1972, The point load strength test”, Int. J. Rock Mech. Mining Sci. 9: 669–697.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref6">
                        <label>6</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Chau, K.T., Wong, R. H. C., 1996, Unixial compressive strength and point load strength, Int. J. Rock. Mech. Min. Sci, 33: 183–189.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref7">
                        <label>7</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Deere, DU, Miller, RP, 1966. Engineering classifications and index properties of intact rock, Tech. Report No. AFWL-TR 65-116, Universty of Illinois</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref8">
                        <label>8</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Hawkins, A. B., 1998, Aspects of rock strength, Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment, Bull Eng Geol Env., 57 : 17–30</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref9">
                        <label>9</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">ISRM, 2007, The complete ISRM suggested methods for rock characterization, testing and monitoring: 1974-2006, International Soc. for Rock Mechanics, Commission on Testing Methods, Editor: R. Ulusay and John A. Hudson , ISBN: 978-975-93675-4-1, 628p.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref10">
                        <label>10</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Kahraman, S., 2001, Evalution of simple methods for assesing the unixial compressive strength of rock, International Journal of Rock Mechanics, 981-994.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref11">
                        <label>11</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Mesutoğlu M., Özkan İ., 2019, In-situ application of Schmidt hammer test on a coal face with large-scale, ISRM 14th International Congress on Rock Mechanics, 13-18 Eylül 2019, Foz do Igaçu-Brasil, Code:14287, 8p.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref12">
                        <label>12</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Özkan, I., Bilim, N., 2008, A new approach for applying the in-situ Schmidt hammer test on a coal face, International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences,   Cilt 45,  No 6, ss. 888-898.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref13">
                        <label>13</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Özkan, İ., 1989, Determination of classification parameters for weak and stratified rocks based on RMR and Q-systems, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, ODTÜ, 156s.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref14">
                        <label>14</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Öztürk, C. A., Özbakır, A. D., Nasuf, E., 2004, Nokta yük ve tek eksenli basınç dayanımları arasındaki ilişkinin değerlendirilmesi, 6. Ulusal Kaya Mekaniği Sempozyumu.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref15">
                        <label>15</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Peng, S. S. and Chiang, H. S., 1984. Longwall Mining. John Wiley &amp; Sons, New York.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref16">
                        <label>16</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Tsiambaos, G., Sabatakakis, N., 2004. Considerations on strength of intact sedimentary rocks. Engineering Geology 72, 261–273. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2003.10.001</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref17">
                        <label>17</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Ulusay, R., Özkan, İ. ve Ünal, E., 1995, Characterization of weak, stratified and clay bearing rock masses for engineering applications. Fractured and Jointed Rock Masses Conference, June 3-5, 1992, L.R. Mayer, N.W. Cook, R.E. Goodman and C.F. Tsang (eds.), Lake Tahoe, California, A.A. Balkema, ss. 233-240.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref18">
                        <label>18</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Yenice, H., 2002. Bazı Kayaçlarin Tek Eksenli Basınç Dayanımları ile Diğer Malzeme Özellikleri Arasındaki İlişkiler. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Mühendislik Fakültesi Fen ve Mühendislik Dergisi 4, 65–71.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                            </ref-list>
                    </back>
    </article>
