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            <front>

                <journal-meta>
                                    <journal-id></journal-id>
            <journal-title-group>
                                                                                    <journal-title>Konservatoryum</journal-title>
            </journal-title-group>
                                        <issn pub-type="epub">2618-5695</issn>
                                                                                            <publisher>
                    <publisher-name>Istanbul University</publisher-name>
                </publisher>
                    </journal-meta>
                <article-meta>
                                        <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.26650/CONS2020-0012</article-id>
                                                                <article-categories>
                                            <subj-group  xml:lang="en">
                                                            <subject>Music</subject>
                                                    </subj-group>
                                            <subj-group  xml:lang="tr">
                                                            <subject>Müzik</subject>
                                                    </subj-group>
                                    </article-categories>
                                                                                                                                                        <title-group>
                                                                                                                        <article-title>Makrokosmos I: George Crumb’in Eserinde Gelişmiş Piyano Teknikleri</article-title>
                                                                                                                                                                                                <trans-title-group xml:lang="en">
                                    <trans-title>Makrokosmos I: Extended Piano Techniques in George Crumb’s Work</trans-title>
                                </trans-title-group>
                                                                                                    </title-group>
            
                                                    <contrib-group content-type="authors">
                                                                        <contrib contrib-type="author">
                                                                    <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">
                                        https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4861-1356</contrib-id>
                                                                <name>
                                    <surname>Büyükyıldırım</surname>
                                    <given-names>Barış Lütfi</given-names>
                                </name>
                                                                    <aff>İstanbul Üniversitesi Devlet Konservatuvarı, Müzik Bölümü, İstanbul, Türkiye</aff>
                                                            </contrib>
                                                                                </contrib-group>
                        
                                        <pub-date pub-type="pub" iso-8601-date="20201201">
                    <day>12</day>
                    <month>01</month>
                    <year>2020</year>
                </pub-date>
                                        <volume>7</volume>
                                        <issue>2</issue>
                                        <fpage>105</fpage>
                                        <lpage>126</lpage>
                        
                        <history>
                                    <date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="20200914">
                        <day>09</day>
                        <month>14</month>
                        <year>2020</year>
                    </date>
                                                    <date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="20201130">
                        <day>11</day>
                        <month>30</month>
                        <year>2020</year>
                    </date>
                            </history>
                                        <permissions>
                    <copyright-statement>Copyright © 2011, Conservatorium</copyright-statement>
                    <copyright-year>2011</copyright-year>
                    <copyright-holder>Conservatorium</copyright-holder>
                </permissions>
            
                                                                                                <abstract><p>Bu  makalede,  George  Crumb’ın  Makrokosmos  I  eserinde  kullanılan  ‘gelişmiş  piyano    teknikleri’ne    odaklanılmakta,    bu    tekniğin    uygulanmasıyla    ilgili    bestecinin   yorumlarını   aktararak   icra   esnasında   dikkat   edilmesi   gereken   noktalara ışık tutmak istenmektedir. Eserin ithaf edildiği piyanist ve icracıların yorumlarıyla   birlikte,   yazar   tarafından   eserin   icrası   yoluyla   edinilen   çeşitli   edimler aktarılmaktadır. Bestecinin müziksel geçmişi; sıradışı tınılar, numeroloji, notasyon,  simetrik  ilişkiler  üzerinden  incelenirken,  eserde  karşımıza  çıkacak  olan pizzicato,    telleri    susturarak    çalma,    glissandolar,    doğuşkanlar,    ses    tahtasında  çıkan  perküsif  efektler,  zincir,  yüksük,  pena,  ıslık  ve  vokal  efektler  gibi alışılagelmişin dışında olan çalış teknikleri, önerilen yöntem ve materyaller aktarılmıştır.   Bu   konuda   David   Burge’nin   makale,   kitap,   söyleşilerinden   faydalanılmıştır.  Eserin  performans  notları  öncelikli  kaynak  olmakla  birlikte,  Crumb hakkında yapılan çalışmalardan derlenen bilgiler ışığında, eserin icrası sırasında  oluşabilecek  teknik  sorunlar  aktarılmaktadır.  Bu  aktarımları,  eserin  çeşitli  piyanolarda  ve  salonlarda  icrası  sayesinde  edinilen  öznel  deneyimlerle,  hem  nota  hem  de  performans  üzerine  yapılan  teknik  analizler  vasıtasıyla  elde  edilen  sonuç  ve  öneriler  oluşturmaktadır.  Böylelikle  eseri  yorumlamak  için  gerekli  olan  gelişmiş  piyano  tekniklerinde  icra  sırasında  karşılaşılabilecek  performansa   ilişkin   sorunlara   yönelik   bir   öngörü   sunmak   amaçlanmıştır.   Eserin   nitelikli   icrası   için;   eserin   nota   ve   performans   notlarının   beraber   değerlendirilmesi,  işaretlemeler,  esere  uygun  piyano  seçimi,  obje  ve  materyal  seçimlerinde önem gerektiren hususlara dikkat çekilmekte; dramatik efektlerin icrasında özen ve amplifikasyonun önemi vurgulanmaktadır.</p></abstract>
                                                                                                                                    <trans-abstract xml:lang="en">
                            <p>This  article  purposes  to  elucidate  the  advanced  piano  techniques  used  in  Crumb’s Makrokosmos  I  and  to  illuminate  features  to  be  considered  while  working  the  piece.  The  study  is  primarily  grounded  in  articles  by  David  Burge,  to  whom  the  piece  was  dedicated,  and  the  author’s  personal  notes  and  experience  of  performing  this  work.  The  composer’s  musical  context  is  discussed  in  terms  ofnumeric  symbolism  ,  notation,  and  symmetrical  relationships.  Extended  piano  techniques  have  been  examined  through  unusual  sounds  such  as  pizzicato,  muted  strings,  glissandos,  overtones,  percussion effects on the soundboard, chain, thimble, plectrum, whistle, and vocal effects. Technical problems that may occur during the performance are also examined. Arguments are presented through subjective experiences attained from the performance of the work on various models of pianos and in diverse halls.  The  present  study  aims  to  offer  insight  into  the  performative  problems  of  extended  piano  techniques.  For  the  qualified performance of the work; it is recommended to work on the score and performance notes, appropriate piano selection, and the choice of suitable objects and materials for the skilled performance of this oeuvre. It also emphasizes the importance of the amplification of dramatic effects in the work’s performance.</p></trans-abstract>
                                                            
            
                                                            <kwd-group>
                                                    <kwd>Crumb</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Makrokosmos</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Gelişmiş Piyano Teknikleri</kwd>
                                            </kwd-group>
                                                        
                                                                            <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
                                                    <kwd>Crumb</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Makrokosmos</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Extended Piano Techniques</kwd>
                                            </kwd-group>
                                                                                                            </article-meta>
    </front>
    <back>
                            <ref-list>
                                    <ref id="ref1">
                        <label>1</label>
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                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref2">
                        <label>2</label>
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                    </ref>
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                    </ref>
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                        <label>5</label>
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                        <label>6</label>
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                    </back>
    </article>
