ksu j. agric nat. Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Tarım ve Doğa Dergisi 2619-9149 Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam University 10.18016/ksutarimdoga.vi.1455020 Botany (Other) Bitki Bilimi (Diğer) Antioxidant, Antimicrobial, and Antialzheimer Activities of Tagetes patula (Asteraceae) Tagetes patula'nın (Asteraceae) Antioksidan, Antimikrobiyal ve Antialzheimer aktiviteleri https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2743-6245 Seğmenoğlu Mansur Seymen OSMANIYE KORKUT ATA UNIVERSITY https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0104-7586 Koçer Oğuzhan OSMANIYE KORKUT ATA UNIVERSITY https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7223-2220 Sevindik Mustafa OSMANIYE KORKUT ATA UNIVERSITY https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8299-910X Korkmaz Nuh OSMANIYE KORKUT ATA UNIVERSITY https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0245-751X Yüzbaşıoğlu Mehmet Ali GAZIANTEP UNIVERSITY https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0942-9658 Uysal İmran OSMANIYE KORKUT ATA UNIVERSITY 12 25 2024 27 Ek Sayı 1 (Suppl 1) 205 212 03 20 2024 06 23 2024 Copyright © 1997, Journal Of Agriculture and Nature 1997 Journal Of Agriculture and Nature

Plants are natural products used in the prevention and treatment of many diseases. In this study, antioxidant, antimicrobial, anticholinesterase activities and total phenolic and flavonoid contents of Tagetes patula L. samples collected from Iraq were determined. The aerial parts of the plant were extracted with ethanol in a soxhlet device. The antioxidant potential of the extracts was measured with Rel Assay kits. Antimicrobial activity was determined by the agar dilution method against standard bacterial and fungal strains. To determine anticholinesterase activity acetyl and butyrylcholinesterase inhibitions were tested. The total phenolic content of the samples was carried out using the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent. The quantification of flavonoids was conducted using an aluminum chloride assay. As a result of the analyses, the total antioxidant value of the plant extract was determined as 5.386±0.142 mmol Trolox equiv./L, the total oxidant value was 8.287±0.146 μmol H2O2 equiv./L and the oxidative stress index was determined as 0.154±0.003. Plant extracts showed the highest activity against Candida species. It was also effective against bacterial and fungal strains at concentrations between 50-400 µg/mL. Acetylcholinesterase activity of the plant extract was determined as 24.97±0.98, and butyrylcholinesterase activity was determined as 35.65±0.94. Additionally, its total phenolic content was determined as 63.64±0.74 mgGAE/g and its total flavonoid content was 108.9±1.55 mgQE/g. It has been determined that the plant has antioxidant, antimicrobial, and antiallergic potential.

Bitkiler birçok hastalığın önlenmesinde ve tedavisinde kullanılan doğal ürünlerdir. Bu çalışmada Tagetes patula’nın Irak’dan toplanan örneklerinin antioksidan, antimikrobiyal, antikolinesteraz aktiviteleri ve toplam fenolik ve flavonoid içerikleri belirlenmiştir. Bu kapsamda bitkinin toprak üstü kısmının etanol ile soxhlet cihazında özütleme işlemi yapıldı. Özütlerin antioksidan potansiyeli Rel Assay kitleri ile ölçüldü. Antimikrobiyal aktivite standart bakteri ve fungus suşlarına karşı agar dilüsyon metodu ile belirlendi. Antikolinesteraz aktivite için asetil ve bütirilkolinesteraz inhibisyonları test edildi. Numunelerin toplam fenolik içeriğinin miktarının belirlenmesi, Folin-Ciocalteu reaktifi kullanılarak gerçekleştirildi. Flavonoidlerin miktarının belirlenmesi, bir alüminyum klorür tahlili kullanılarak gerçekleştirildi. Yapılan analizler sonucunda bitki özütünün toplam antioksidan değeri 5.386±0.142 mmol Trolox equiv./L, toplam oksidan değeri 8.287±0.146 μmol H2O2 equiv./L ve oksidatif stress indeksi 0.154±0.003 olarak belirlendi. Bitki özütleri en yüksek aktiviteyi Candida türlerine karşı gösterdi. Ayrıca bakteri ve fungus suşlarına karşı 50-400 µg/mL arasındaki konsantrasyonlarda etkili olduğu tespit edildi. Bitki özütünün asetilkolinesteraz aktivitesi 24.97±0.98 μg/mL, bütirilkolinesteraz aktivitesi 35.65±0.94 μg/mL olarak belirlendi. Ayrıca toplam fenolik içeriği 63.64±0.74 mgGAE/g, toplam flavonoid içeriği 108.9±1.55 mgQE/g olarak tespit edildi. Bu kapsamda bitkinin antioksidan, antimikrobiyal ve Antialzheimer potansiyelinin olduğu tespit edilmiştir.

 Antialzeihmer Antimicrobial Antioxidant French marigold Medicinal plants Antialzeihmer Antimikrobiyal Antioksidan Fransız kadife çiçeği Şifalı Bitkiler Baba, H., Sevindik, M., Dogan, M. & Akgül, H. (2020) Antioxidant, antimicrobial activities and heavy metal contents of some Myxomycetes. Fresenius Environmental Bulletin, 29(09), 7840-7846. Bal, C., Eraslan, E. C. & Sevindik, M. (2023). Antioxidant, Antimicrobial Activities, Total Phenolic and Element Contents of Wild Edible Mushroom Bovista nigrescens. Prospects in Pharmaceutical Sciences, 21(2), 37-41. https://doi.org/10.56782/pps.139 Bal, C., Sevindik, M., Akgul, H. & Selamoglu, Z. (2019). Oxidative stress index and antioxidant capacity of Lepista nuda collected from Gaziantep/Turkey. Sigma Journal of Engineering and Natural Sciences, 37(1), 1-5. Bal, C., Baba, H., Akata, I., Sevindik, M., Selamoglu, Z. & Akgül, H. (2022). Biological activities of wild poisonous mushroom Entoloma sinuatum (Bull.) P. Kumm (Boletales). Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Tarım ve Doğa Dergisi, 25(1), 83-87. http://doi.org/10.18016/ksutarimdoga.vi.880151 Comlekcioglu, N., Dağlı, F., Çömlekcioğlu, U. & Aygan, A. (2022). Cornus mas ve Rosa canina meyvelerinin antioksidan kapasitesi ve bazı fitokimyasal özellikleri. Turkish Journal of Agriculture-Food Science and Technology, 10(9), 1724-1731. http://dx.doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v10i9.1724-1731.5434 Doğan, M., Mohammed, F. S., Uysal, İ., Mencik, K., Kına, E., Pehlivan, M. & Sevindik, M. Total antioxidant status, antimicrobial and antiproliferative potentials of Viola odorata (fragrant violet). Journal of Faculty of Pharmacy of Ankara University, 47(3), 784-791. https://doi.org/10.33483/jfpau.1161440 El-Chaghaby, G. A., Mohammed, F. S., Rashad, S., Uysal, I., Koçer, O., Lekesiz, Ö., Dogan, M., Şabik, A.E., & Sevindik, M. (2024). Genus Hypericum: General properties, chemical contents and biological activities. Egyptian Journal of Botany, 64(1), 1-26. https://dx.doi.org/10.21608/ejbo.2023.217116.2378 Ellman, G.L., Courtney, K. D., Anders, V. J. & Featherstone, R. M. (1961). A new and rapid colorimetric determination of acetylcholinesterase activity. Biochemical Pharmacology, 7(88), 951-961. https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-2952(61)90145-9 Eraslan, E. C., Altuntas, D., Baba, H., Bal, C., Akgül, H., Akata, I. & Sevindik, M. (2021). Some biological activities and element contents of ethanol extract of wild edible mushroom Morchella esculenta. Sigma Journal of Engineering and Natural Sciences, 39(1), 24-28. Erel, O. (2004). A novel automated direct measurement method for total antioxidant capacity using a new generation, more stable ABTS radical cation. Clinical biochemistry, 37(4), 277-285. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2003.11.015 Erel, O. (2005). A new automated colorimetric method for measuring total oxidant status. Clinical biochemistry, 38(12), 1103-1111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2005.08.008 Faizi, S., Siddiqi, H., Bano, S., Naz, A., Lubna, Mazhar, K., Nasim, S., Riaz, T., Kamal, S., Ahmad, A., & Khan, S. A. (2008). Antibacterial and antifungal activities of different parts of T. patula: Preparation of patuletin derivatives. Pharmaceutical Biology, 46(5), 309-320. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13880200801887476 Gongalla, A. R. (2020). Literature review of Tagetus patula. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, 8(2), 1-3. Gürgen, A., Sevindik, M., Yıldız, S. & Akgül, H. (2020). Determination of Antioxidant and Oxidant Potentials of Pleurotus citrinopileatus Mushroom Cultivated on Various Substrates. Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Tarım ve Doğa Dergisi, 23(3), 586-591. https://doi.org/10.18016/ksutarimdoga.vi.626803 Ismail, M. S. M., Tag, H. M. & Rizk, M. A. (2019). Acaricidal, ovicidal, and repellent effects of Tagetes patula leaf extract against Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae). Journal of Plant Protection Research, 59(2), 151-159. https://doi.org/10.24425/jppr.2019.129285 Kafaltiya, M., Lohani, H., Haider, S. Z. Chauhan, N. K. & Joshi, N. (2019). Chemical composition of the essential oils of Tagetes patula L. during different phenological stages. Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 12(4), 117-122. http://dx.doi.org/10.30558/jchps.20191204002 Kalkan, M., Aygan, A., Çömlekçioglu, N. & Çömlekçioğlu, U. (2023). Olea europaea yapraklarının bazı biyoaktif özelliklerinin araştırılması, antimikrobiyal ve enzim inhibisyon etkinliğinin incelenmesi. Turkish Journal of Agriculture-Food Science and Technology, 11(3), 496-504. http://dx.doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v11i3.496-504.5828 Kashif, M., Bano, S., Naqvi, S., Faizi, S., Lubna, Ahmed Mesaik, M., Azeemi, K. S. & Farooq, A. D. (2015). Cytotoxic and antioxidant properties of phenolic compounds from T. patula flower. Pharmaceutical Biology, 53(5), 672-681. https://doi.org/10.3109/13880209.2014.936471 Konrath, E. L., Passos, C. D. S., Klein-Júnior, L. C. & Henriques, A. T. (2013). Alkaloids as a source of potential anticholinesterase inhibitors for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 65(12), 701-1725. https://doi.org/10.1111/jphp.12090 Korkmaz, N., Dayangaç, A. & Sevindik, M. (2021). Antioxidant, antimicrobial and antiproliferative activities of Galium aparine. Journal of Faculty of Pharmacy of Ankara University, 45(3), 554-564. http://dx.doi.org/10.33483/jfpau.977776 Korkmaz, N., Mohammed, F. S., Uysal, I. & Sevindik, M. (2023). Antioxidant, antimicrobial and anticholinesterase activity of Dittrichia graveolens. Prospects in Pharmaceutical Sciences, 21(4), 48-53. https://doi.org/10.56782/pps.169 Krupodorova, T. & Sevindik, M. (2020). Antioxidant potential and some mineral contents of wild edible mushroom Ramaria stricta. AgroLife Scientific Journal, 9(1), 186-191. Kuddus, M. R., Alam, M. S., Chowdhury, S. R., Rumi, F., Sikder, M. A. A. & Rashid, M. A. (2012). Evaluation of membrane stabilizing activity, total phenolic content, brine shrimp lethality bioassay, thrombolytic and antimicrobial activities of T. patula L. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, 1(4), 57-62. Kurt, B. Z., Durdagi, S., Celebi, G., Salmas, R. E., & Sonmez, F. (2020). Synthesis, anticholinesterase activity and molecular modeling studies of novel carvacrol-substituted amide derivatives. J Biomol Struct Dyn, 38, 841-59. Kushwaha, D. & Verma, Y. (2017). Evaluation of antioxidant and free radical scavenging activity of T. patula. Annual Research & Review in Biology, 13(6), 1-8. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ARRB/2017/34349 Latifian, E., Otur, C., Abanoz-Secgin, B., Arslanoglu, S. F. & Aslıhan, K. K. (2021). Evaluation of antimicrobial activity in extracts of different parts of three Tagetes species. Turkish Journal Of Field Crops, 26(1), 117-122. https://doi.org/10.17557/tjfc.950272 Lomberg, M., Krupodorova, T., Krasinko, V. & Mykchaylova, О. (2023). The antibacterial activity of culture filtrates and mycelia of selected strains of macromycetes from the genus Hericium. Botanica Serbica, 47(2), 241-249. https://doi.org/10.2298/BOTSERB2302241L Madani, M., Zinelabidine, H., Hafid, A., Khouili, M. & Bouissane, L. (2022). Ethnopharmacology and biological activities of Aristolochia longa: A review. Current Chemical Biology, 16(2), 106-122. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/2212796816666220307104606 Manda, G., Nechifor, M. T. & Neagu, T. M. (2009). Reactive oxygen species, cancer and anti-cancer therapies. Current Chemical Biology, 3(1), 22-46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/2212796810903010022 Mohammed, F. S., Karakaş, M., Akgül, H. & Sevindik, M. (2019a). Medicinal properties of Allium calocephalum collected from Gara Mountain (Iraq). Fresenius Environmental Bulletin, 28(10), 7419-7426. Mohammed, F. S., Pehlivan, M. & Sevindik, M. (2019b). Antioxidant, antibacterial and antifungal activities of different extracts of Silybum marianum collected from Duhok (Iraq). International Journal of Secondary Metabolite, 6(4), 317-322. https://dx.doi.org/10.21448/ijsm.581500 Mohammed, F. S., Günal, S., Şabik, A. E., Akgül, H. & Sevindik, M. (2020a). Antioxidant and Antimicrobial activity of Scorzonera papposa collected from Iraq and Turkey. Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Tarım ve Doğa Dergisi, 23(5), 1114-1118. https://dx.doi.org/10.18016/ksutarimdoga.vi.699457 Mohammed, F. S., Günal, S., Pehlivan, M., Doğan, M., Sevindik, M. & Akgül, H. (2020b). Phenolic content, antioxidant and antimicrobial potential of endemic Ferulago platycarpa. Gazi University Journal of Science, 33(4), 670-677. https://doi.org/10.35378/gujs.707555 Mohammed, F. S., Kına, E., Sevindik, M., Doğan, M. & Pehlivan, M. (2021a). Antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of ethanol extract of Helianthemum salicifolium (Cistaceae). Indian Journal of Natural Products and Resources, 12(3), 459-462. Mohammed, F. S., Korkmaz, N., Doğan, M., Şabik, A. E. & Sevindik, M. (2021b). Some medicinal properties of Glycyrrhiza glabra (Licorice). Journal of Faculty of Pharmacy of Ankara University, 45(3), 524-534. https://doi.org/10.33483/jfpau.979200 Mohammed, F. S., Uysal, I. & Sevindik, M. (2023). A review on antiviral plants effective against different virus types. Prospects in Pharmaceutical Sciences, 21(2), 1-21. https://doi.org/10.56782/pps.128 Munhoz, V. M., Longhini, R., Souza, J. R., Zequi, J. A., Mello, E. V., Lopes, G. C. & Mello, J. C. (2014). Extraction of flavonoids from T. patula: process optimization and screening for biological activity. Revista Brasileira de Farmacognosia, 24, 576-583. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bjp.2014.10.001 Mushtaq, W., Baba, H., Akata, İ. & Sevindik, M. (2020). Antioxidant potential and element contents of wild edible mushroom Suillus granulatus. Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Tarım ve Doğa Dergisi, 23(3), 592-595. https://doi.org/10.18016/ksutarimdoga.vi.653241 Negi, J. S., Bisht, V. K., Bhandari, A. K. & Sundriyal, R. C. (2013). Essential oil contents and antioxidant activity of T. patula L. Journal of Essential Oil Bearing Plants, 16(3), 364-367. https://doi.org/10.1080/0972060X.2013.794003 Ramakrishnan, P. Chandrasekhar, T. & Muralidharan, P. (2015). Cognitive enhancing, anti‐acetylcholinesterase, and antioxidant properties of T. patula on scopolamine‐induced amnesia in mice. International Journal of Green Pharmacy, 9(3), 167-174. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0973-8258.161234 Riaz, M., Ahmad, R., Rahman, N. U., Khan, Z., Dou, D., Sechel, G. & Manea, R. (2020). Traditional uses, Phyto-chemistry and pharmacological activities of T. patula L. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 255, 112718. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2020.112718 Romagnoli, C., Bruni, R., Andreotti, E., Rai, M. K., Vicentini, C. B. & Mares, D. (2005). Chemical characterization and antifungal activity of essential oil of capitula from wild Indian T. patula L. Protoplasma, 225, 57-65. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00709-005-0084-8 Rueda, E. M. S., Ruiz, Y. L. R., Chamorro, N. L. & Landazuri, P. (2018). Extracts of T. patula L. (Asteraceae): a bactericidal potential against Moko. Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Agrícolas, 9(5), 949-959. https://doi.org/10.29312/remexca.v9i5.1504 Safar, A. A., Ghafoor, A. O. & Dastan, D. (2020). Chemical composition, antibacterial and antioxidant activities of T. patula L. essential oil raised in Erbil, Iraq. Journal of reports in pharmaceutical sciences, 9(1), 59-67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/jrptps.JRPTPS_68_19 Salachna, P., Wesołowska, A., Meller, E. & Piechocki, R. (2021). Mushroom waste biomass alters the yield, total phenolic content, antioxidant activity and essential oil composition of T. patula L. Industrial Crops and Products, 171, 113961. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2021.113961 Selamoglu, Z., Sevindik, M., Bal, C., Ozaltun, B., Sen, İ. & Pasdaran, A. (2020). Antioxidant, antimicrobial and DNA protection activities of phenolic content of Tricholoma virgatum (Fr.) P. Kumm. Biointerface Research in Applied Chemistry, 10(3), 5500-5506 https://doi.org/10.33263/BRIAC103.500506 Sevindik, M. (2019). The novel biological tests on various extracts of Cerioporus varius. Fresenius Environmental Bulletin, 28(5), 3713-3717. Sevindik, M., Akgul, H., Pehlivan, M. & Selamoglu, Z. (2017). Determination of therapeutic potential of Mentha longifolia ssp. longifolia. Fresenius Environmental Bulletin, 26(7), 4757-4763. Sevindik, M., Mohammed, F. S. & Uysal, I. (2023). Autism: plants with neuro-psychopharmacotherapeutic potential. Prospects in Pharmaceutical Sciences, 21(3), 38-48. https://doi.org/10.56782/pps.143 Sevindik, M., Akgül, H., Bal, C., & Selamoglu, Z. (2018). Phenolic contents, oxidant/antioxidant potential and heavy metal levels in Cyclocybe cylindracea. Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, 52(3), 437-441. https://doi.org/10.5530/ijper.52.3.50 Świątek, Ł., Sieniawska, E., Sinan, K. I., Maciejewska-Turska, M., Boguszewska, A., Polz-Dacewicz, M., Senkardes, I., Guler, G.O., Sadeer, N.B., Mahomoodally, M.F. & Zengin, G. (2021). LC-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS analysis, cytotoxic, antiviral, antioxidant, and enzyme inhibitory properties of four extracts of Geranium pyrenaicum Burm. f.: A good gift from the natural treasure. International journal of molecular sciences, 22(14), 7621. https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fijms22147621 Tiwari, R., Jain, R., Agrawal, O. P., & Shukla, A. K. (2023). Evaluation of total phenolic and flavonoids content and their relation with antioxidant properties of T. patula flower using in vitro assay method. BEPLS, 12(5), 204-208. Tutus, A., Comlekcioglu, N., Karaman, S. & Alma, M. H. (2010). Chemical composition and fiber properties of Crambe orientalis and C. tataria. International Journal of Agriculture and Biology, 12(2), 286-290. Türkmen, M. & Koçer, O. (2021). Variation of components in laurel (Laurus nobilis L.) fixed oil extracted by different methods. International Journal of Chemistry and Technology, 5(2), 167-171. https://doi.org/10.32571/ijct.1006137 Unal, O., Eraslan, E. C., Uysal, I., Mohammed, F. S., Sevindik, M. & Akgul, H. (2022). Biological activities and phenolic contents of Rumex scutatus collected from Turkey. Fresenius Environmental Bulletin, 31(7), 7341-7346. Uysal, I., Koçer, O., Mohammed, F. S., Lekesiz, Ö., Doğan, M., Şabik, A. E., Sevindik, E., Gerçeker, F.Ö. & Sevindik, M. (2023). Pharmacological and nutritional properties: Genus Salvia. Advances in Pharmacology and Pharmacy, 11(2), 140-155. https://doi.org/10.13189/app.2023.110206 Xu, L., Chen, J., Qi, H. & Shi, Y. (2012). Phytochemicals and their biological activities of plants in Tagetes L. Chinese Herbal Medicines, 4(2), 103-117.