Syphilis Co-infection in HIV-Infected Individuals
Yıl 2023,
Cilt: 18 Sayı: 3, 95 - 98, 20.11.2023
Ahmet Şahin
,
Selda Aslan
,
Esin Doğantekin
,
Akif Doğantekin
Öz
Material and Methods: The data of primary health care institutions in our province were included in our study. The results of the “Venereal Disease Research Laboratory” (VDRL) and “Treponema pallidum hemagglutination” (TPHA) tests were evaluated in HIV-positive patients who were confirmed between January 2019 and December 2022 retrospectively. Conventional algorithm method was used while diagnosing syphilis.
Results: In total, anti HIV was performed to 344067 patients. After confirmation, HIV infection was detected in 44 patients, 30 male and 14 female. Syphilis co-infection was detected in 11 (25%) patients, nine male and two female, of HIV-positive patients. Five (55.5%) of nine male patients were men who have sex with men (MSM). In general, syphilis was found in five (41.6%) of 12 MSM cases. Syphilis co-infection was observed in four (22.2%) of 18 patients without MSM. Male gender and MSM were risk factors for co-infection.
Conclusion: HIV infection and syphilis cases are increasing every year in our country. Screening for syphilis in HIV-positive patients and HIV infection in those with syphilis will contribute to detecting coinfections. The results of our study were found to be compatible with the literature. Since the common transmission routes are sexual intercourse, the increase in the level of knowledge about sexually transmitted diseases will help to reduce the seroprevalence of these diseases. Especially screening activities in primary health care institutions are extremely important.
Kaynakça
- HIV-AIDS İstatistik [Internet]. Ankara: T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı Halk SağlığıGenel Müdürlüğü; [12 Mayıs 2023]. Available from: https://hsgm.saglik.gov.tr/tr/bulasici-hastaliklar/hiv-aids/hiv-aids-liste/hiv-aids-istatislik.html.
- Smith CJ, Ryom L, Weber R, Morlat P, Pradier C, Reiss P, et al. Trends in underlying causes of death in people with HIV from 1999 to 2011 (D:A:D): a multicohort collaboration. Lancet. 2014;384(9939):241-248.
- Hook EW, 3rd. Syphilis. Lancet. 2017;389(10078):1550-7. Epub 20161218. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(16)32411-4. PubMed PMID: 27993382.
- Newman L, Rowley J, Vander Hoorn S, Wijesooriya NS, Unemo M, Low N, et al. Global Estimates of the Prevalence and Incidence of Four Curable Sexually Transmitted Infections in 2012 Based on Systematic Review and Global Reporting. PLoS One. 2015;10(12):e0143304.
- Sifilis İstatistik [Internet]. Ankara: T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı Halk Sağlığı Genel Müdürlüğü; [cited 2023 12 Mayıs 2023]. Available from: https://hsgm.saglik.gov.tr/tr/bulasici-hastaliklar/sifiliz/sifiliz-liste/sifiliz-istatistik.html.
- Quinn TC, Cannon RO, Glasser D, Groseclose SL, Brathwaite WS, Fauci AS, et al. The association of syphilis with risk of human immunodeficiency virus infection in patients attending sexually transmitted disease clinics. Arch Intern Med. 1990;150(6):1297-302.
- Cantor AG, Pappas M, Daeges M, Nelson HD. Screening for Syphilis: Updated Evidence Report and Systematic Review for the US Preventive Services Task Force. Jama. 2016;315(21):2328-37.
- Burchell AN, Allen VG, Gardner SL, Moravan V, Tan DH, Grewal R, et al. High incidence of diagnosis with syphilis co-infection among men who have sex with men in an HIV cohort in Ontario, Canada. BMC Infect Dis. 2015;15:356.
- Souza CF, Bornhausen-Demarch E, Prata AG, de Andrade FC, Fernandes MP, Lopes MR, et al. Syphilis, leprosy, and human immunodeficiency virus coinfection: a challenging diagnosis. Cutis. 2013;92(2):71-76.
- Solomon MM, Mayer KH, Glidden DV, Liu AY, McMahan VM, Guanira JV, et al. Syphilis predicts HIV incidence among men and transgender women who have sex with men in a preexposure prophylaxis trial. Clin Infect Dis. 2014;59(7):1020-6.
- Thurnheer MC, Weber R, Toutous-Trellu L, Cavassini M, Elzi L, Schmid P, et al. Occurrence, risk factors, diagnosis and treatment of syphilis in the prospective observational Swiss HIV Cohort Study. AIDS. 2010;24(12):1907-1916.
- Wong W, Chaw JK, Kent CK, Klausner JD. Risk factors for early syphilis among gay and bisexual men seen in an STD clinic: San Francisco, 2002-2003. Sex Transm Dis. 2005;32(7):458-63.
- Sarıgül F, Üser Ü, Öztoprak N. Seroprevalence and risk factors in HIV/AIDS patients coinfected with syphilis. Klimik Dergisi. 2019;32:161-164.
- Çabalak M, Bal T. HIV pozitif olgularda viral hepatit ve sifiliz koinfeksiyonu seroprevalansının irdelenmesi. Flora İnfeksiyon Hastalıkları ve Klinik Mikrobiyoloji Dergisi, 2020:25(3);354-360.
- Köksal MO, Beka H, Evlice O, Çiftçi S, Keskin F, Başaran S, et al. Syphilis seroprevalence among HIV-infected males in Istanbul, Turkey. Rev Argent Microbiol. 2020;52(4):266-71.
- Sarigül F, Sayan M, İnan D, Deveci A, Ceran N, Çelen MK, et al. Current status of HIV/AIDS-syphilis co-infections: a retrospective multicentre study. Cent Eur J Public Health. 2019;27(3):223-228.
- Öztürk S. HIV ile Yaşayan Bireylerde Sifilis Koinfeksiyonu: Üçüncü Basamak Hastane Verileri. Klimik Journal/Klimik Dergisi. 2023;36(1).
- Sayan M, Willke A, Ozgunes N, Sargın F. HIV-1 subtypes and primary antiretroviral resistance mutations in antiretroviral therapy naive HIV-1 infected individuals in Turkey. Jpn J Infect Dis. 2013;66(4):306-11.
- Sayan M, Sargin F, Inan D, Sevgi DY, Celikbas AK, Yasar K, et al. HIV-1 Transmitted Drug Resistance Mutations in Newly Diagnosed Antiretroviral-Naive Patients in Turkey. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses. 2016;32(1):26-31.
- Lee E, Kim J, Bang JH, Lee JY, Cho SI. Association of HIV-syphilis coinfection with optimal antiretroviral adherence: a nation-wide claims study. AIDS Care. 2020;32(5):651-655.
- Fan L, Yu A, Zhang D, Wang Z, Ma P. Consequences of HIV/Syphilis Co-Infection on HIV Viral Load and Immune Response to Antiretroviral Therapy. Infect Drug Resist. 2021;14:2851-62.
- F DIT, Mandel VD, Cuomo G, Coppini M, Guaraldi G, Mussini C, et al. HIV and syphilis: incidence rate of coinfection and syphilis reinfection in a cohort of newly diagnosed HIV patients. Ital J Dermatol Venerol. 2022;157(2):158-63.
- Kenyon CR, Osbak K, Tsoumanis A. The Global Epidemiology of Syphilis in the Past Century - A Systematic Review Based on Antenatal Syphilis Prevalence. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2016;10(5):e0004711.
- Wu Y, Zhu W, Sun C, Yue X, Zheng M, Fu G, et al. Prevalence of syphilis among people living with HIV and its implication for enhanced coinfection monitoring and management in China: A meta-analysis. Front Public Health. 2022;10:1002342.
HIV ile Enfekte Bireylerde Sifilis Koenfeksiyonu
Yıl 2023,
Cilt: 18 Sayı: 3, 95 - 98, 20.11.2023
Ahmet Şahin
,
Selda Aslan
,
Esin Doğantekin
,
Akif Doğantekin
Öz
Amaç: HIV ve Treponema pallidum ortak bulaş yolları olan ve günümüzde seroprevalansı giderek artan mikroorganizmalardır. Çalışmamızda HIV pozitif hasta grubunda sifilis koenfeksiyonu seroprevalansını değerlendirmeyi amaçladık.
Gereç ve Yöntemler: Çalışmamıza ilimiz birinci basamak sağlık kuruluşlarının verileri dahil edildi. Ocak 2019 ve Aralık 2022 tarihleri arasında doğrulaması yapılmış HIV pozitif hastalarda “Venereal Disease Research Laboratory” (VDRL) ve “Treponema pallidum hemaglütinasyon” (TPHA) testlerinin sonuçları retrospektif olarak değerlendirildi. Sifilis tanısı konulurken konvansiyonel algoritma yöntemi kullanıldı.
Bulgular: Toplam 344.067 hastadan anti HIV testi istendi. Doğrulama sonucunda 30’u erkek, 14’ü kadın 44 hastada HIV enfeksiyonu tespit edildi. HIV pozitif hastaların dokuzu erkek, ikisi kadın 11 (%25) hastada sifilis koenfeksiyonu saptandı. Dokuz erkek hastanın beşi (%55.5) erkeklerle seks yapan erkekler (ESE) olguları idi. Genel olarak 12 ESE olgusunun beşinde (%41.6) sifilis saptandı. Onsekiz ESE olmayan olgunun ise dördünde (%22.2) koenfeksiyon görüldü. Erkek cinsiyet ve ESE olgularında koenfeksiyon daha yüksek oranda görüldü.
Sonuç: HIV enfeksiyonu ve sifilis olguları her geçen yıl ülkemizde artmaktadır. HIV pozitif hastalarda sifilisi, sifilisi olanlarda HIV enfeksiyonunu taramak koenfeksiyonları saptamaya katkıda bulunacaktır. Çalışmamızın sonuçları literatürle uyumlu saptanmıştır. Ortak bulaş yollarının cinsel ilişki olması nedeni ile cinsel yolla bulaşan hastalıklar hakkında bilgi düzeyindeki artış, bu hastalıkların seroprevelansının azalmasına yardımcı olacaktır. Özellikle birinci basamak sağlık kuruluşlarındaki tarama faaliyetleri son derece önemlidir.
Destekleyen Kurum
Çalışmamız herhangi bir kurum ve kuruluşça finanse edilmemiştir.
Kaynakça
- HIV-AIDS İstatistik [Internet]. Ankara: T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı Halk SağlığıGenel Müdürlüğü; [12 Mayıs 2023]. Available from: https://hsgm.saglik.gov.tr/tr/bulasici-hastaliklar/hiv-aids/hiv-aids-liste/hiv-aids-istatislik.html.
- Smith CJ, Ryom L, Weber R, Morlat P, Pradier C, Reiss P, et al. Trends in underlying causes of death in people with HIV from 1999 to 2011 (D:A:D): a multicohort collaboration. Lancet. 2014;384(9939):241-248.
- Hook EW, 3rd. Syphilis. Lancet. 2017;389(10078):1550-7. Epub 20161218. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(16)32411-4. PubMed PMID: 27993382.
- Newman L, Rowley J, Vander Hoorn S, Wijesooriya NS, Unemo M, Low N, et al. Global Estimates of the Prevalence and Incidence of Four Curable Sexually Transmitted Infections in 2012 Based on Systematic Review and Global Reporting. PLoS One. 2015;10(12):e0143304.
- Sifilis İstatistik [Internet]. Ankara: T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı Halk Sağlığı Genel Müdürlüğü; [cited 2023 12 Mayıs 2023]. Available from: https://hsgm.saglik.gov.tr/tr/bulasici-hastaliklar/sifiliz/sifiliz-liste/sifiliz-istatistik.html.
- Quinn TC, Cannon RO, Glasser D, Groseclose SL, Brathwaite WS, Fauci AS, et al. The association of syphilis with risk of human immunodeficiency virus infection in patients attending sexually transmitted disease clinics. Arch Intern Med. 1990;150(6):1297-302.
- Cantor AG, Pappas M, Daeges M, Nelson HD. Screening for Syphilis: Updated Evidence Report and Systematic Review for the US Preventive Services Task Force. Jama. 2016;315(21):2328-37.
- Burchell AN, Allen VG, Gardner SL, Moravan V, Tan DH, Grewal R, et al. High incidence of diagnosis with syphilis co-infection among men who have sex with men in an HIV cohort in Ontario, Canada. BMC Infect Dis. 2015;15:356.
- Souza CF, Bornhausen-Demarch E, Prata AG, de Andrade FC, Fernandes MP, Lopes MR, et al. Syphilis, leprosy, and human immunodeficiency virus coinfection: a challenging diagnosis. Cutis. 2013;92(2):71-76.
- Solomon MM, Mayer KH, Glidden DV, Liu AY, McMahan VM, Guanira JV, et al. Syphilis predicts HIV incidence among men and transgender women who have sex with men in a preexposure prophylaxis trial. Clin Infect Dis. 2014;59(7):1020-6.
- Thurnheer MC, Weber R, Toutous-Trellu L, Cavassini M, Elzi L, Schmid P, et al. Occurrence, risk factors, diagnosis and treatment of syphilis in the prospective observational Swiss HIV Cohort Study. AIDS. 2010;24(12):1907-1916.
- Wong W, Chaw JK, Kent CK, Klausner JD. Risk factors for early syphilis among gay and bisexual men seen in an STD clinic: San Francisco, 2002-2003. Sex Transm Dis. 2005;32(7):458-63.
- Sarıgül F, Üser Ü, Öztoprak N. Seroprevalence and risk factors in HIV/AIDS patients coinfected with syphilis. Klimik Dergisi. 2019;32:161-164.
- Çabalak M, Bal T. HIV pozitif olgularda viral hepatit ve sifiliz koinfeksiyonu seroprevalansının irdelenmesi. Flora İnfeksiyon Hastalıkları ve Klinik Mikrobiyoloji Dergisi, 2020:25(3);354-360.
- Köksal MO, Beka H, Evlice O, Çiftçi S, Keskin F, Başaran S, et al. Syphilis seroprevalence among HIV-infected males in Istanbul, Turkey. Rev Argent Microbiol. 2020;52(4):266-71.
- Sarigül F, Sayan M, İnan D, Deveci A, Ceran N, Çelen MK, et al. Current status of HIV/AIDS-syphilis co-infections: a retrospective multicentre study. Cent Eur J Public Health. 2019;27(3):223-228.
- Öztürk S. HIV ile Yaşayan Bireylerde Sifilis Koinfeksiyonu: Üçüncü Basamak Hastane Verileri. Klimik Journal/Klimik Dergisi. 2023;36(1).
- Sayan M, Willke A, Ozgunes N, Sargın F. HIV-1 subtypes and primary antiretroviral resistance mutations in antiretroviral therapy naive HIV-1 infected individuals in Turkey. Jpn J Infect Dis. 2013;66(4):306-11.
- Sayan M, Sargin F, Inan D, Sevgi DY, Celikbas AK, Yasar K, et al. HIV-1 Transmitted Drug Resistance Mutations in Newly Diagnosed Antiretroviral-Naive Patients in Turkey. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses. 2016;32(1):26-31.
- Lee E, Kim J, Bang JH, Lee JY, Cho SI. Association of HIV-syphilis coinfection with optimal antiretroviral adherence: a nation-wide claims study. AIDS Care. 2020;32(5):651-655.
- Fan L, Yu A, Zhang D, Wang Z, Ma P. Consequences of HIV/Syphilis Co-Infection on HIV Viral Load and Immune Response to Antiretroviral Therapy. Infect Drug Resist. 2021;14:2851-62.
- F DIT, Mandel VD, Cuomo G, Coppini M, Guaraldi G, Mussini C, et al. HIV and syphilis: incidence rate of coinfection and syphilis reinfection in a cohort of newly diagnosed HIV patients. Ital J Dermatol Venerol. 2022;157(2):158-63.
- Kenyon CR, Osbak K, Tsoumanis A. The Global Epidemiology of Syphilis in the Past Century - A Systematic Review Based on Antenatal Syphilis Prevalence. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2016;10(5):e0004711.
- Wu Y, Zhu W, Sun C, Yue X, Zheng M, Fu G, et al. Prevalence of syphilis among people living with HIV and its implication for enhanced coinfection monitoring and management in China: A meta-analysis. Front Public Health. 2022;10:1002342.