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Identification of Non-Albicans Candida Species by DNA Sequence Analysis and Determination of Antifungal Susceptibilities

Year 2024, Volume: 19 Issue: 2, 65 - 74, 22.07.2024
https://doi.org/10.17517/ksutfd.1266358

Abstract

Objective: In recent years, there has been an increase in invasive candidiasis infections in favor of non-albicans Candida species, and with the emergence of strains resistant to antifungal drugs, the selection of antifungals suitable for treatment has become more important. This study aimed to compare the results of DNA sequence analysis with the Phoenix Yeast ID Panel (BD, USA) commercial identification system in identifying non-albicans Candida species and to determine the antifungal susceptibilities of the isolates.

Material and Methods: A total of 82 non-albicans Candida species isolated from various clinical samples sent to the Microbiology Laboratory of Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam University between October 2019 and October 2021 were included in the study.
The BD Phoenix Yeast ID (BD, USA) automated identification system and DNA sequencing were used, along with conventional methods, to identify the isolates. The susceptibility of the isolates for amphotericin B, itraconazole, fluconazole, and voriconazole was studied using the broth microdilution method recommended by EUCAST.

Results: By the BD Phoenix™ 100 automatic identification system 26 (31.7%) of the isolates were identified as C. tropicalis, 25 (30.5%) were C. parapsilosis complex, 17 (20.7%) were C. glabrata, 4 (4.9%) were C. kefyr, 4 (4.9%) were C. firmetaria, 3 (3.7%) were C. krusei, 2 (2.4%) were C. norvegensis and 1 (1.2%) was identified as C. lambica.
Compared to the molecular method of the BD Phoenix™ Yeast ID Panel automated system; It was determined that 62 of 82 species (75.61 %) were correctly identified (p<0.001, κ =0.655). According to concordant identification findings, the most frequently isolated species were C. tropicalis (n=24, 80 %), C. parapsilosis complex (n=22, 88 %), and C. glabrata complex (n=11, 57.9 %). The agreement rate was determined as 77 % for frequently isolated species (C. tropicalis, C. parapsilosis complex, and C. glabrata complex) and 50 % for rarely isolated species (C. kefir and C. krusei) (p= 0.194; x2=2.768). According to the antifungal susceptibility test; 6 (7.3 %) of the isolates were resistant to amphotericin B, 22 (26.8 %) to fluconazole, 16 (19.5 %) to itraconazole and 9 (10.9 %) to voriconazole.

Conclusion: In laboratories where molecular tests cannot be performed, phenotypic tests alone are insufficient to identify Candida species and should be evaluated together with tests to determine morphology, such as slide culture.

Project Number

2020/4-1 YLS

References

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  • Tóth R, Nosek J, Mora-Montes HM, Gabaldon T, Bliss JM, Nosanchuk JD, et al. Candida parapsilosis: from Genes to the Bedside. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2019;32(2): e00111-18. doi: 10.1128/CMR.00111-18.
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  • Abbasi Nejat Z, Farahyar S, Falahati M, Ashrafi Khozani M, Hosseini AF, Faiazy A, et al. Molecular Identification and Antifungal Susceptibility Pattern of Non-albicans Candida Species Isolated from Vulvovaginal Candidiasis. Iranian Biomedical Journal. 2017; 22(1);33–41.
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Non-albicans Candida Türlerinin Moleküler Tiplendirilmesi ve Antifungal Duyarlılıklarının Belirlenmesi

Year 2024, Volume: 19 Issue: 2, 65 - 74, 22.07.2024
https://doi.org/10.17517/ksutfd.1266358

Abstract

Amaç: Son yıllarda invazif kandidiyaz enfeksiyonlarında albicans -dışı Candida türleri lehine bir artış olmuş ve antifungal ilaçlara dirençli suşların ortaya çıkması ile birlikte tedaviye uygun antifungallerin seçimi daha da önem kazanmıştır. Bu çalışmada albicans dışı Candida türlerinin tanımlanmasında DNA dizi analizi sonuçlarının Phoenix Yeast ID Panel (BD, ABD) ticari tanımlama sistemi ile karşılaştırılması ve izolatların antifungal duyarlılıklarının belirlenmesi amaçlandı.
Gereç ve Yöntemler: Çalışmaya, Ekim 2019-Ekim 2021 tarihleri arasında Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Mikrobiyoloji Laboratuvarı’na gönderilen çeşitli klinik örneklerden izole edilen toplam 82 albicans dışı Candida türü dahil edildi. İzolatları tanımlamak için geleneksel yöntemlerle birlikte BD Phoenix Yeast ID (BD, ABD) otomatik tanımlama sistemi ve DNA dizi analizi kullanıldı. İzolatların amfoterisin B, itrakonazol, flukonazol ve vorikonazol için duyarlılıkları EUCAST tarafından önerilen sıvı mikrodilüsyon yöntemi ile çalışıldı.
Bulgular: BD Phoenix™ Yeast ID Panel otomatize sistem ile izolatların 26 (% 31,7%)’sı C. tropicalis, 25 (% 30,5%)’i C. parapsilosis complex, 17 (% 20,7)’si C. glabrata, 4 (% 4,9)’ü C. kefyr, 4 (4.9%)’ü C. firmetaria, 3 (% 3,7)’ü C. krusei, 2 (% 2,4)’si C. norvegensis ve 1 (% 1,2)’i C. lambica olarak tanımlandı.
BD Phoenix™ Yeast ID Panel otomatize sistem moleküler yöntem ile karşılaştırıldığında; 82 türden 62 (% 75,61)’sinin doğru tanımlandığı saptandı (p<0,001, κ =0,655). Uyumlu tanımlama bulgularına göre en sık izole edilen türler C. tropicalis (n= 24, % 80), C. parapsilosis kompleks (n= 22, % 88) ve C. glabrata kompleks (n= 11, % 57,9) bulundu. Uyum oranı, sık izole edilen türler için (C. tropicalis, C. parapsilosis kompleks ve C. glabrata kompleks) % 77, seyrek izole edilen türler için (C. kefyr ve C. krusei) ise %50 olarak belirlendi (p= 0.194; x2=2.768). Antifungal duyarlılık testine göre; izolatların 6 (% 7,3)’sı amfoterisin B’ye, 22 (% 26,8)’si flukonazole, 16 (% 19,5)’sı itrakonazole ve 9 (% 10,9)’u vorikonazole dirençli bulundu.
Sonuç: Moleküler testlerin yapılamadığı laboratuvarlarda fenotipik testler Candida türlerinin tanımlanmasında tek başına yeterli olmayıp, lam kültürü gibi morfolojiyi belirlemeye yönelik testlerle birlikte değerlendirilmelidir.

Supporting Institution

Çalışma Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Bilimsel Araştırma Projeleri Yönetim Birimi tarafından desteklenmiştir.

Project Number

2020/4-1 YLS

References

  • Karabıçak N, Alem N. Candida Türlerinin Triazol Antifungal Duyarlılık Profilleri: Antifungal Direncin Belirlenmesinde Yeni CLSI Türe Özgü Klinik Direnç Sınır Değerleri ve Epidemiyolojik Eşik Değerlerinin Uygulanması. Mikrobiyoloji Bülteni. 2016;50(1):122- 132.
  • Hazırolan G. Albicans-Dışı Candida Türlerinin Flukonazol, İtrakonazol, Vorikonazole in vitro Duyarlılığının Referans Sıvı Mikrodilüsyon Yöntem ile Araştırılması: Yeni Türe Özgü Klinik Direnç Sınır Değerleri ve Epidemiyolojik Eşik Değerlerinin Uygulanması. Türk Mikrobiyoloji Cemiyeti Dergisi. 2018;48(1):38- 44.
  • Whaley SG, Berkow EL, Rybak JM, Nishimoto AT, Barker KS, Rogers PD. Azole antifungal resistance in Candida albicans and emerging non-albicans Candida species. Front Microbiol. 2017;12:2173.
  • Gülmez D, Ayçık ÖD, Akdağlı SA. Kan kültürlerinden izole edilen Candida suşlarında önceki ile karşılaştırmalı olarak yeni CLSI direnç sınır değerlerinin triazol duyarlılık kategorilerinin belirlenmesine etkisi. 1. Ulusal Tıbbi Mikrobiyoloji Kongresi, 24-26 Eylül 2016, Ankara. Kongre Kitabı;78-79.
  • Karabıçak N, Altun Uludağ H, Karatuna O, Hazırolan G, Aksu N, Adiloğlu A, Akyar I. Mikrobiyoloji Laboratuvarlarında Maya Türlerinin Tanımlanmasında Sık Kullanılan Ticari Sistemlerin Değerlendirilmesi: Çok Merkezli Bir Çalışma. Mikrobiyoloji Bülteni. 2015;49(2):210- 220.
  • Clancy CJ, Nguyen MH. Diagnosing Invasive Candidiasis. J Clin Microbiol. 2018;56 (5): e01909-17. doi: 10.1128/JCM.01909-17.
  • Khodadadi H, Karimi L, Jalalizand N, Adin H, Mirhendi H. Utilization of size polymorphism in ITS1 and ITS2 regions for identification of pathogenic yeast species. J Med Microbiol. 2017;66(2):126-133. doi: 10.1099/jmm.0.000426.
  • EUCAST Definitive Document E.Def 7.3.2. Method for the Determination of Broth Dilution Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations of Antifungal Agents for Yeasts [Online] 2020 [Cited 2022 June 10]. Available from: URL: https://www.eucast.org/fileadmin/src/media/ PDFs/EUCAST_files/AFST/Files/EUCAST_E_Def_7.3.2_Yeast_testing_ definitive_revised_2020.pdf.
  • Zhang D, Lu X, Liao Y, Xia Z, Peng Z, Yang X, et al. Rapid and Simple Detection of Trichosporon asahii by Optimized Colony PCR. Biomed Res Int. 2019;14: 1803278.
  • Sida H, Pethani J, Dalal P, Hiral SH. Study of Changing Trend in the Clinical Distribution of Candida Species in Various Clinical Samples at Tertiary Care Hospital, Ahmedabad, Gujarat. Ntl J Community Med. 2017;8:109–111.
  • Mohammadi R, Mirhendi H, Matehkolaei AR, Ghahri M, Mohammad RS, Jalalizand N, et al. Molecular identification and distribution profile of Candida species isolated from Iranian patients, Medical Mycology. 2013;51(6):657–63.
  • Zirkel J, Klinker H, Kuhn A, Abele-Horn M, Tappe D, Turnwald D, et al. Epidemiology of Candida blood stream infections in patients with hematological malignancies or solid tumors, Med Mycol. 2012;50:50-55.
  • Agwu E, Ihongbe JC, McManus BA, Moran GP, Coleman DC, Sullivan DJ. Distribution of yeast species associated with oral lesions in HIV-infected patients in Southwest Uganda, Med Mycol.2011;50:276-80.
  • Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. Reference method for broth dilution antifungal susceptibility testing of yeasts. 4th Informational Supplement. CLSI Document M27-S4.USA: CLSI, Wayne;2012.
  • Gayibova Ü, Dalyan Cılo B, Ağca H, Ener B. Klinik örneklerden izole edilen Candida türlerinin tanımlanmasında Phoenix™ Yeast ID Panel ile API®ID 32C ticari sistemlerinin karşılaştırılması. Mikrobiyol Bul. 2014;48 (3):438-448. Yücesoy M. Candida türlerinde antifungal direnç mekanizmaları. 4. Ulusal Mantar Hastalıkları ve Klinik Mikoloji Kongresi, 3-6 Mayıs, 2005, Konya, Türkiye. Türk Mikrobiyoloji Cemiyeti Yayını, No. 49, 2005:46-58.
  • Al-ruwaili M, Khalil OM, Saad MF. Molecular Identification of Candida Species Isolated from Different Clinical Specimens at Al Jouf Area, Saudi Arabia. Pak J Med Health Sci. 2018; 12;(2):862-864.
  • Gharaghani M, Taghipour S, Halvaeezadeh M, Mahmoudabadi AZ. Candiduria; a review article with specific data from Iran. Turk J Urol. 2018;44 (6): 445-452. doi: 10.5152/tud.2018.54069.
  • Ozhak-Baysan B, Ogunc D, Colak D, Ongut G, Donmez L, Vural T, et al. Distribution and antifungal susceptibility of Candida species causing nosocomial candiduria. Medical Mycology. 2012;50(5):529–532.
  • Yang ZT, Wu L, Liu XY, Zhou M, Li J, Wu JY, et al. Epidemiology, species distribution and outcome of nosocomial Candida spp. Bloodstream infection in Shanghai. BMC Infectious Disease. 2014;14:241.
  • Çalışkan E, Dede A, Güven GB. Kan kültürlerinde saptanan Candida türlerinin Dağılımı ve Antifungal duyarlılıkları. AMKEM Derg. 2013;27(1):25-30.
  • Seyoum, E., Bitew, A. & Mihret, A. Distribution of Candida albicans and non-albicans Candida species isolated in different clinical samples and their in vitro antifungal suscetibity profile in Ethiopia. BMC Infect Dis. 2020; 20: 231. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-020-4883-5.
  • Erdem H. Candida Cinsi Mayaların Tür Düzeyinde Tanımlanmasında Kullanılan Yöntemlerin Karşılaştırmalı Analizi. Türk Mikrobiyol Cem Derg. 2017;47(3):114-24.
  • Ghazi S, Rafei R, Osman M, El Safadi D, Mallat H, Papon N, et al. The epidemiology of Candida species in the Middle East and North Africa Journal de Mycologie Médicale. 2019; 29(3): 245-252. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mycmed.2019.07.006.
  • Tóth R, Nosek J, Mora-Montes HM, Gabaldon T, Bliss JM, Nosanchuk JD, et al. Candida parapsilosis: from Genes to the Bedside. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2019;32(2): e00111-18. doi: 10.1128/CMR.00111-18.
  • Charsizadeh A, Mirhendi H, Nikmanesh B, Eshaghi H, Makimura K. Microbial epidemiology of candidaemia in neonatal and paediatric intensive care units at the Children's Medical Center, Tehran. Mycoses. 2018;61:22-29.
  • Abbasi Nejat Z, Farahyar S, Falahati M, Ashrafi Khozani M, Hosseini AF, Faiazy A, et al. Molecular Identification and Antifungal Susceptibility Pattern of Non-albicans Candida Species Isolated from Vulvovaginal Candidiasis. Iranian Biomedical Journal. 2017; 22(1);33–41.
  • Fujita SI, Senda Y, Nakaguchi S, Hashimoto T. Multiplex PCR using internal transcribed spacer 1 and 2 regions for rapid detection and identification of yeast strains. J Clin Microbiol 2001;39(10):3617-3622.
  • Sahiner F, Ergünay K, Ozyurt M, Ardıç N, Hoşbul T, Haznedaroğlu T. Hastane enfeksiyonu etkeni olarak izole edilen Candida suşlarinın genotipik ve fenotipik olarak tanımlanması. Mikrobiyoloji Bulteni. 2011;4(3):478–88.
  • Badiee P, Badali H, Boekhout T, Diba K, Moghadam AG, Hossaini Nasab A, et al. Antifungal susceptibility testing of Candida species isolated from the immunocompromised patients admitted toten university hospitals in Iran: comparison of colonizing and infecting isolates. BMC Infectious Diseases. 2017;17:727.
  • Alastruey-Izquierdo A, Melhem MS, Bonfietti LX, Rodriguez-Tudela JL. Susceptibility test for fungı: Clinical and laboratorial correlations in medical mycology. Revi Insti Med Trop. 2015;57(19):57-64.
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There are 43 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Health Care Administration
Journal Section Araştırma Makaleleri
Authors

Hulusi Güven 0000-0001-9987-2164

Filiz Orak 0000-0001-5153-7391

Adem Doğaner 0000-0002-0270-9350

Kezban Tülay Yalçınkaya 0000-0002-6324-4585

İbrahim Seyfettin Çelik 0000-0001-6946-4477

Project Number 2020/4-1 YLS
Early Pub Date July 11, 2024
Publication Date July 22, 2024
Submission Date March 16, 2023
Acceptance Date April 29, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2024 Volume: 19 Issue: 2

Cite

AMA Güven H, Orak F, Doğaner A, Yalçınkaya KT, Çelik İS. Non-albicans Candida Türlerinin Moleküler Tiplendirilmesi ve Antifungal Duyarlılıklarının Belirlenmesi. KSU Medical Journal. July 2024;19(2):65-74. doi:10.17517/ksutfd.1266358