Review
BibTex RIS Cite

Çocuklarda Covıd-19 Enfeksiyonu

Year 2020, Volume: 12 Issue: 3, 77 - 86, 01.05.2020

Abstract

Koronavirüs 2019 hastalığı (COVID-19) etkeni olan SARSCoV-2 yüksek düzeyde
enfeksiyöz bir patojen olup, insandan insana direk temas yoluyla bulaşmaktadır. Tüm yaş
grupları virüse duyarlıdır. 2019 yılı Aralık ayında Çin Halk Cumhuriyeti’nin Wuhan Eyaletinde
ortaya çıkmış, insandan insana hızla yayılarak global bir pandemiye dönüşmüştür.
COVID-19 çocuklarda daha az sıklıkta görülür. Hastalığın prognozu erişkin vakalara
göre daha iyi , mortalitesi düşüktür. Toplumdaki viral bulaştırıcılıkta çoğu asemptomatik
olan çocuk vakalar önemli bir rol oynamaktadır. Çocuklarda bulaşın en yaygın
nedeni aile içi temastır. COVID-19 klinik olarak çocuklarda genellikle asemptomatik olmakla
beraber ateş, halsizlik, kuru öksürük, boğaz ağrısı, burun akıntısı, burun tıkanıklığı
gibi üst solunum yolu enfeksiyonu bulguları şeklinde de görülebilir. Eşlik eden kronik
hastalıklar ve immün yetmezlik varlığında hastalık ağır seyredebilmektedir. Çocukların
fiziksel, bilişsel, sosyal ve dil gelişimlerini henüz tamamlanmamış olmaları ve ebeveynlerin
bu süreçte yaşadıklarını çocuklarına yansıtmış olmaları nedenleriyle pandemi
sürecinde erişkinlerden daha fazla zarar görme ihtimalleri vardır. Bu nedenle çocuklar;
ileriki gelişim süreçlerinde yaşayabilecekleri olumsuzlukların engellenmesi adına
bu dönemde psikolojik destek sunulması gereken özel yaş grubudur.

References

  • 1. Huang C, Wang Y, Li X, Ren L, Zhao J, Hu Y, et al. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. Lancet 2020; 395: 497-06.
  • 2. Laboratory testing for coronavirus disease (COVID-19) in suspected human cases. Inter im guidance 19 March 2020. Available at: https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/ 331501/WHO-COVID-19-laboratory-2020.5-eng.pdf Erişim tarihi: 29 June 2020.
  • 3. Chan JFW, Yuan S, Kok KH, To KKW, Chu H, Yang J, et al. A familialcluster of pneumoniaassociatedwiththe 2019 novelcoronavirusindicatingperson- to-persontransmission: a study of a familycluster. TheLancet 2020; 395(10223): 514-23
  • 4.WHO. int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019.
  • 5. Qiu H, Wu J, Hong L, Luo Y, Song Q, Chen D. Clinical and epidemiological features of 36 children with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Zhejiang, China: an observational cohort study. Lancet Infect Dis 2020;S1473-3099 (20)30198-5.
  • 6. Lee PI, Hu YL, Chen PY, Huang YC, Hsueh PR. Are children less susceptibleto COVID- 19? J Microbiol Immunol Infect. 2020 Jun; 53(3): 371–372.
  • 7. CDC COVID-19 Response Team. Coronavirus Disease 2019 in Children - United States, February 12-April 2, 2020. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2020;69:422–426
  • 8. She J, Liu L, Liu W. COVID-19 epidemic: Disease characteristics in children. J MedVirol 2020; 10.1002 /jmv.258074. WHO. int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019.
  • 9. COVID-19 Situation Report Turkey ?????4. WHO. int/emerwww.gencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019.
  • 10. Report of the WHO-ChinaJointMission on CoronavirusDisease 2019 (COVID-2019). February 16-24, 2020. Available at: http://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/whochina- joint-mission-on-covid-19-final-report.pdf Erişim Tarihi: 29 June 2020.
  • 11. Report of the WHO-ChinaJointMission on CoronavirusDisease 2019 (COVID-2019). February 16-24, 2020. Available at: http://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/whochina- joint-mission-on-covid-19-final-report.pdf Erişim Tarihi: 29 June 2020.
  • 12. Zhang T, Cui X, Zhao X, Wang J, Zheng J, Zheng G et al. Detectable SARS-CoV-2 Viral RNA in Feces of Three Children during Recovery Period of COVID-19 Pneumonia. J MedVirol 2020;10.1002/jmv.25795.
  • 13. Cruz A, Zeichner S. COVID-19 in children: initialcharacterization of thepediatricdiseasePediatrics. 2020; Mar 16. pii: e20200834. doi: 10.1542/peds.2020-0834.
  • 13. Cruz A, Zeichner S. COVID-19 in children: initialcharacterization of thepediatricdiseasePediatrics. 2020; Mar 16. pii: e20200834. doi: 10.1542/peds.2020-0834.
  • 14. Cai J, Xu J, Lin D, et al. A Case Series of childrenwith 2019 novelcoronavirusinfection: clinicalandepidemiologicalfeatures [published online ahead of print, 2020 Feb 28]. Clin Infect Dis. 2020; ciaa198. doi:10.1093/ cid/ciaa198
  • 15. Hasan A, Mehmood N, Fergie J. Coronavirus Disease (COVID- 19) and Pediatric Patients: A Review of Epidemiology, Symptomatology, Laboratory and Imaging Results to Guide the Development of a Management Algorithm. Cureus. 2020;12(3): e7485.
  • 16. Chen H, Guo J, Wang C, Luo F, Yu X, Zhang W, et al. Clinical characteristics and intrauterine vertical transmission potential of COVID19 infection in nine pregnantwomen: a retrospectivereview of medical records. Lancet. 2020, [Epubahead of print]: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30360-3.
  • 17. RoyalCollege of Paediatricsand Child Health. COVID-19- guidanceforpaediatricservices. RCPCH. London. Erişim: https://www.rcpch.ac.uk/sites/default/files/generated-pdf/ document/ COVID-19---guidance-for-paediatric-services. pdf Erişim tarihi: 30 June 2020.
  • 18. Ji LN, Chao S, Wang YJ, et al. Clinical features of pediatric patients with COVID-19: a report of two family cluster cases [published online ahead of print, 2020 Mar 16]. World J Pediatr. 2020;1􀀀4. doi:10.1007/s12519-02000356-2.
  • 19. World Health Organization. Report of the WHO-China Joint Mission on Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID19). Geneva: WHO; 2020. https://www.who.int/docs/default- source/coronaviruse/ whochina-joint-mission-on-covid-19-final-report.pdf. Erişim tarihi: 14.06.2020.
  • 20.Li Y, Guo F, Cao Y, Li L, Guo Y. Insight in to COVID-2019 for pediatricians. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2020;55(5): E1–E4.
  • 21. Zheng F, Liao C, Fan QH, et al. Clinical Characteristics of Children with Coronavirus Disease 2019 in Hubei, China. Curr Med Sci. 2020;40(2):275􀀀280. doi:10.1007/s11596020-2172-6.
  • 22. Fang F, Luo XP. Facing 2019 novel corona virus infections: a pediatrician'sthinking. Chin J Pediatr. 2020;58(2):81- 85.https://doi.org/10. 3760/cma.j.issn.0578-1310.2020.02.001
  • 23. Choi SH, Kim HW, Kang JM, Kim DH, Cho EY. Epidemiology and clinical features of coronavirus disease 2019 in children. ClinExp Pediatr. 2020;63(4):125􀀀32.
  • 24.Jiang Y,Xu BP, Jin RM, et al.Expert consensus on diagnosis, treatment and prevention of novel corona virus infection in pediatrics (thefirstedition[standardprogrammeguidline].Chin J Appl Clin Pediatr.2020;35(2):81-85. https://doi.org/10.3760 /cma.j.issn.2095428X.2020.02.001
  • 25.Chen F, Liu ZS, Zhang FR, Xiong RH, Chen Y, Cheng XF, et al. First case of severe child- hood novel corona virus pneumonia in China.Zhonghua Er Ke ZaZhi 2020;58:E005.
  • 26.Dong Y, Mo X, Hu Y, Qi X, Jiang F, Jiang Z, et al. Epidemiological characteristics of 2143 pediatric patients with 2019 coronavirus disease in China. Pediatrics 2020.
  • 27. HKM. Köprülü ırk nüfus tahminleri. Atlanta, GA: ABD Sağlık ve İnsan Hizmetleri Bakanlığı, CDC; 2020. https://wonder.cdc.gov/bridged-race-population.html.
  • 28. CDC COVID-19 Response Team. Coronavirus Disease 2019 in Children - United States, February 12-April 2, 2020. MMWRMo
  • 29.United StatesCentersforDisease Control andPrevention. Coronavirusdisease (COVID- 19). People whoare at higher risk for severe illness. https://www.cdc.gov/corona- virus/ 2019-ncov/need-extra-precautions/people-at-higherrisk. html. Erişim tarihi: 08.06.2020.
  • 30.T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı Halk Sağlığı Genel Müdürlüğü.COVID- 19 (Sars-Cov-2) Enfeksiyonu Rehberi. Bilim Kurulu Çalışması https://covid19bilgi.saglik.gov.tr/depo/rehberler/covid- 19-rehberi/COVID-19_REHBERI_COCUK_HASTA_YONETIMI_ VE_TEDAVI.pdf
  • 31.Xia W, Shao J, Guo Y, Peng X, Li Z, Hu D. Clinicaland CT features in pediatric patients with COVID-19 infection: Different points from adults. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2020;55(5):1169-74.
  • 32.Henry B M, Lippi G, Plebani M. Laboratory abnormalities in children with novel corona virus disease 2019. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2020;/j/cclm.ahead-of-print/cclm-2020- 0272/cclm- 2020-0272.xml.
  • 33.Lu X, Zhang L, Du H, Zhang J, Li YY, Qu J, et al. SARS-CoV- 2 infection in children. N Engl J Med 2020;NEJ Mc 2005073.
  • 34.Qiu H, Wu J, Hong L, Luo Y, Song Q, Chen D. Clinical an depidemiological features of 36 children with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Zhejiang, China: an observational cohort study. Lancet Infect Dis 2020;S1473-3099(20)30198-5.
  • 35.Queensland Clinical Guidelines Perinatal care of suspected or confirmed COVID-19 pregnant women. Guideline No. MN20.63-V2-R25. Queensland Health. 2020. http://www.health. qld.gov.au/qcg. Erişim tarihi: 15.06.2020.
  • 36.Karimi A, Tabatabaei SR, Rajabnejad M, et al. An AlgorithmicApproach to Diagnosis and Treatment of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Children: Iranian Expert’s Consensus Statement. Arch Pediatr Infect Dis 8(2): e102400.
  • 37.Hydroxycholoroquine: Pediatric drug information. In: Up to D a t e h t t p s : / / w w w. u p t o d a t e . c o m / c o n t e n t s / hydroxychloroquine-drug information/print?search= plaquenil& source=panel_search_result&selectedTitle=1~148&usage_ type=panel&kp_tab=drug_general&display_rank=1 Erişim tarihi: 10.06 2020.
  • 38.Lopinavir and ritonavir: Pediatric drug information. In: Up- ToDate. Available https://www.uptodate.com / contents /lopinavir- and-ritonavir-pediatric-drug-infor- mation?search=lopinavir% 20ritonavir&source=panel_search_result&selected- Title=1~57&usage_type=panel&kp_ tab=drug_pediatric& display_rank=1. Erişim tarihi:10.06.2020.
  • 39. Adams J. Recommendation regarding theuse of cloth face coverings, especially in areas of significant community-based transmission. Available at: https://www.cdc. gov/coronavirus/ 2019-ncov/prevent-getting-sick/clothface-cover.htm. Erişim tarihi:10.06.2020. www.kliniktipdergisi.com 86
  • 40. Zimmermann P, Curtis N. Coronavirus Infections in Children Including COVID-19: An Overview of the Epidemiology, Clinical Features, Diagnosis, Treatment and Prevention Options in Children. Re Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal, 2020; Online First.
  • 41. Okamoto K, Rhee Y, Schoeny M, et al. Impact of doffingerrors on healthcareworker self-contaminationwhencaringforpatients on contactprecautions. Infect Control HospEpidemiol 2019; 40: 559–65.
  • 42.United StatedCentersforDisease Control and Prevention. Information for pediatric health care providers. Available at: https://www.cdc. gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/hcp/pediatrichcp. html (Erişim tarihi: 15.06.2020)
  • 44.T.C.İçişleri Bakanlığı. Şehir Giriş/Çıkış Tebirleri ve Yaş Sınırlaması. Available at: https:// www.icisleri.gov.tr/sehir-giriscikis- tebirleri-veyas-sinirlamasi
  • 45. Türk Tabipleri Birliği Aile Hekimliği Kolu. Covid-19 Salgını Aile Sağlığı Merkezi Rehberi Available at: https://www.ttb.org.tr/userfiles/ files/ahk%20covid %20rehberi. pdf
  • 43. T.C. Sağlik Bakanliği Halk Sağlığı Genel Müdürlüğü. COVİD- 19 Pandemisi ve Bağışıklama Hizmetleri. Available from: https://e-belge.saglik.gov.tr/ Document code: fdb8fa98-5e06- 4df9-97b6-8894599d6326.
  • 46. American Academy of Pediatrics. Guidance on ProvidingPediatricAmbulatory Services viaTelehealthDuring COVID- 19. Available at: https://services.aap.org/en/pages/2019-novelcoronavirus- covid-19-infections/guidance-onprovidingpediatric- ambulatory-services-via-tel ehealth-during-covid- 19/ (Accessed on March 30, 2020.)
  • 47.United Stated Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Out patient and ambulatory care settings: Responding to community transmission of COVID-19 in the United States. Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/ 2019-ncov/hcp/ambulatory- care-settings.html (Accessed on june 15, 2020).
  • 48. World Health Organization. Q&A on coronaviruses (COVID- 19) Available at: https:// www.who.int/news-room/q-a-detail/qa- coronaviruses
  • 49.United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Cleaning and Disinfection for House holds Interim Recommendations for U.S. House holds with Suspected or Confirmed Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID19). Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/ coronavirus/2019-ncov/prevent-gettingsick/ cleaning-disinfection.html
  • 50. T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı Halk Sağlığı Genel Müdürlüğü Çocuk ve Ergen Sağlığı Dairesi Başkanlığı. T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı Yayınları. Bebek, Çocuk ve Ergen İzlem Protokolleri. Yayın no: 1112, Ankara,2018.
  • 51. Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health. COVID-19 guidance for pediatric services. Available at: https://www.rcpch.ac.uk/resources/covid-19-guidance-paediatric- services#tonsillar-examination---infection-controlimplications (Accessed on june 16, 2020).
  • 52. T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı Sağlık Hizmetleri Genel Müdürlüğü. Hasta Ziyaretleri Hakkında. Available from: https://ebelge. saglik.gov.tr/ Documentcode: ed701d59-913a-41ca- 82b4- 7d4e815853bb.
  • 53.United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). Use of cloth face coverings to helps low the spread of COVID-19. Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019ncov/prevent-gettingsick/ diy-cloth-face-coverings.html Accessed on June 18, 2020
  • 54. United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Coronavirus disease 2019. COVID-19 and children. Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019ncov/faq.html#COVID- 19-and-Children. Accessed on june 18, 2020.
  • 55.Academy of Pediatrics, Masks and Children During Covid-19. Available at:https://services.aap.org/en/pages/2019-novelcoronavirus- covid-19-infections/masks-and-children -duringcovid- 19/ Accessed on june 18, 2020.
  • 56. Miller A, Reandelar MJ, Fasciglione K, Roumenova V, Li Y, Otazu GH. Correlation between universal BCG vaccination policy and reduced morbidity and mortality for COVID-19: an epidemiological study. Med Rxiv 2020.
  • 57. Nıcoll, A. &Coulombier, D. (2009). Europe’sinitial experience with pandemic (H1N1) 2009-mitigation and delaying policies and practices. Euro surveillance, 14(29), 19279.
  • 58.Baıley, J. (2020). Closing Schools ToSlow a Pandemic. EducationalNext. Retrievedfrom Available https://www.educationnext. org/closing-schools-to-slow-a-pandemic-coronaviruscovid- 19-public-health/# Accessed on june 18, 2020.
  • 59.Germann, T. C., Gao, H., Gambhir, M., Plummer, A., Biggerstaff, M., Reed, C., &Uzicanin, A. (2019). School dismissal as a pandemicinfluenzaresponse: When, whereandfor how long?. Epidemics, 28, 100348.
  • 60.Copeland, D. L., Basurto-Davila, fR., Chung, W., Kurian, A., Fishbein, D. B., Szymanowski, P. &Averhoff, F. (2013). Effectiveness of a schooldistrictclosureforpandemicinfluenza A (H1N1) on acuterespiratoryillnesses in thecommunity: a naturalexperiment. Clinicalinfectiousdiseases, 56(4), 509-516.
  • 61.Earn, D. J., He, D., Loeb, M. B., Fonseca, K., Lee, B. E., &Dushoff, J. (2012). Effects of schoolclosure on incidence of pandemicinfluenza in Alberta, Canada. Annals of internalmedicine, 156(3), 173-181.
  • 62.Chowell, G., Echevarría-Zuno, S., Viboud, C., Simonsen, L., Tamerius, J., Miller, M. A., &Borja-Aburto, V. H. (2011). Characterizingtheepidemiology of the 2009 influenza A/H1N1 pandemic in Mexico. PLoSmedicine, 8(5).
  • 63.Ghosh, R., Dubey, M. J., Chatterjee, S. &Dubey, S. (2020). Impact of COVID-19 on children: Special focus on psychosocialaspect. Minerva Pediatr. DOI: 10.23736/S0026- 4946.20.05887-9 (in press).
  • 64. Santrock, J.W. (1997). Life Span Development. London, Brown BenchmarkPublishers.
  • 65. Dünya Sağlık Örgütü (2020). Mentalhealthandpsychosocialconsiderationsduringthe COVID-19 outbreak. https://www.who. int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/mentalhealth-considerations. pdf
  • 66.The National Child Traumatic Stress Network (NCTSN) (2020a). Helping Children with Traumatic Separationor Traumatic Grief Relatedto COVID-19. https://www.nctsn.org/ resources/helping-children-with-traumatic-separation-ortraumatic- grief-related-to-covid-19
  • 67. The National Child Traumatic Stress Network (NCTSN) (2020b). Supporting Children During Coronavirus (COVID- 19) https://www.nctsn.org/resources/supporting-childrenduring- coronavirus-covid19
  • 68. UNICEF (2020a). COVID-19 Ebeveyni Olmak, COVID-19 Hakkında Konuşmak. https://868b1700-4f92-4143-a9e1- 4d615770397f.filesusr.com/ugd/d13cc0_2da2137f5a394f77a96 86aa13be024b7.pdf
  • 69. UNICEF (2020c). COVID-19 Ebeveyni Olmak, Bire-Bir Zaman Geçirin. https://868b1700- 4f92-4143-a9e1- 4d615770397f.filesusr.com/ugd/d13cc0_08be4701d38f4e96a2d 2a46ed6933f0c.pdf rb Mortal Wkly Rep 2020;69:422–426.
Year 2020, Volume: 12 Issue: 3, 77 - 86, 01.05.2020

Abstract

References

  • 1. Huang C, Wang Y, Li X, Ren L, Zhao J, Hu Y, et al. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. Lancet 2020; 395: 497-06.
  • 2. Laboratory testing for coronavirus disease (COVID-19) in suspected human cases. Inter im guidance 19 March 2020. Available at: https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/ 331501/WHO-COVID-19-laboratory-2020.5-eng.pdf Erişim tarihi: 29 June 2020.
  • 3. Chan JFW, Yuan S, Kok KH, To KKW, Chu H, Yang J, et al. A familialcluster of pneumoniaassociatedwiththe 2019 novelcoronavirusindicatingperson- to-persontransmission: a study of a familycluster. TheLancet 2020; 395(10223): 514-23
  • 4.WHO. int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019.
  • 5. Qiu H, Wu J, Hong L, Luo Y, Song Q, Chen D. Clinical and epidemiological features of 36 children with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Zhejiang, China: an observational cohort study. Lancet Infect Dis 2020;S1473-3099 (20)30198-5.
  • 6. Lee PI, Hu YL, Chen PY, Huang YC, Hsueh PR. Are children less susceptibleto COVID- 19? J Microbiol Immunol Infect. 2020 Jun; 53(3): 371–372.
  • 7. CDC COVID-19 Response Team. Coronavirus Disease 2019 in Children - United States, February 12-April 2, 2020. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2020;69:422–426
  • 8. She J, Liu L, Liu W. COVID-19 epidemic: Disease characteristics in children. J MedVirol 2020; 10.1002 /jmv.258074. WHO. int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019.
  • 9. COVID-19 Situation Report Turkey ?????4. WHO. int/emerwww.gencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019.
  • 10. Report of the WHO-ChinaJointMission on CoronavirusDisease 2019 (COVID-2019). February 16-24, 2020. Available at: http://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/whochina- joint-mission-on-covid-19-final-report.pdf Erişim Tarihi: 29 June 2020.
  • 11. Report of the WHO-ChinaJointMission on CoronavirusDisease 2019 (COVID-2019). February 16-24, 2020. Available at: http://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/whochina- joint-mission-on-covid-19-final-report.pdf Erişim Tarihi: 29 June 2020.
  • 12. Zhang T, Cui X, Zhao X, Wang J, Zheng J, Zheng G et al. Detectable SARS-CoV-2 Viral RNA in Feces of Three Children during Recovery Period of COVID-19 Pneumonia. J MedVirol 2020;10.1002/jmv.25795.
  • 13. Cruz A, Zeichner S. COVID-19 in children: initialcharacterization of thepediatricdiseasePediatrics. 2020; Mar 16. pii: e20200834. doi: 10.1542/peds.2020-0834.
  • 13. Cruz A, Zeichner S. COVID-19 in children: initialcharacterization of thepediatricdiseasePediatrics. 2020; Mar 16. pii: e20200834. doi: 10.1542/peds.2020-0834.
  • 14. Cai J, Xu J, Lin D, et al. A Case Series of childrenwith 2019 novelcoronavirusinfection: clinicalandepidemiologicalfeatures [published online ahead of print, 2020 Feb 28]. Clin Infect Dis. 2020; ciaa198. doi:10.1093/ cid/ciaa198
  • 15. Hasan A, Mehmood N, Fergie J. Coronavirus Disease (COVID- 19) and Pediatric Patients: A Review of Epidemiology, Symptomatology, Laboratory and Imaging Results to Guide the Development of a Management Algorithm. Cureus. 2020;12(3): e7485.
  • 16. Chen H, Guo J, Wang C, Luo F, Yu X, Zhang W, et al. Clinical characteristics and intrauterine vertical transmission potential of COVID19 infection in nine pregnantwomen: a retrospectivereview of medical records. Lancet. 2020, [Epubahead of print]: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30360-3.
  • 17. RoyalCollege of Paediatricsand Child Health. COVID-19- guidanceforpaediatricservices. RCPCH. London. Erişim: https://www.rcpch.ac.uk/sites/default/files/generated-pdf/ document/ COVID-19---guidance-for-paediatric-services. pdf Erişim tarihi: 30 June 2020.
  • 18. Ji LN, Chao S, Wang YJ, et al. Clinical features of pediatric patients with COVID-19: a report of two family cluster cases [published online ahead of print, 2020 Mar 16]. World J Pediatr. 2020;1􀀀4. doi:10.1007/s12519-02000356-2.
  • 19. World Health Organization. Report of the WHO-China Joint Mission on Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID19). Geneva: WHO; 2020. https://www.who.int/docs/default- source/coronaviruse/ whochina-joint-mission-on-covid-19-final-report.pdf. Erişim tarihi: 14.06.2020.
  • 20.Li Y, Guo F, Cao Y, Li L, Guo Y. Insight in to COVID-2019 for pediatricians. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2020;55(5): E1–E4.
  • 21. Zheng F, Liao C, Fan QH, et al. Clinical Characteristics of Children with Coronavirus Disease 2019 in Hubei, China. Curr Med Sci. 2020;40(2):275􀀀280. doi:10.1007/s11596020-2172-6.
  • 22. Fang F, Luo XP. Facing 2019 novel corona virus infections: a pediatrician'sthinking. Chin J Pediatr. 2020;58(2):81- 85.https://doi.org/10. 3760/cma.j.issn.0578-1310.2020.02.001
  • 23. Choi SH, Kim HW, Kang JM, Kim DH, Cho EY. Epidemiology and clinical features of coronavirus disease 2019 in children. ClinExp Pediatr. 2020;63(4):125􀀀32.
  • 24.Jiang Y,Xu BP, Jin RM, et al.Expert consensus on diagnosis, treatment and prevention of novel corona virus infection in pediatrics (thefirstedition[standardprogrammeguidline].Chin J Appl Clin Pediatr.2020;35(2):81-85. https://doi.org/10.3760 /cma.j.issn.2095428X.2020.02.001
  • 25.Chen F, Liu ZS, Zhang FR, Xiong RH, Chen Y, Cheng XF, et al. First case of severe child- hood novel corona virus pneumonia in China.Zhonghua Er Ke ZaZhi 2020;58:E005.
  • 26.Dong Y, Mo X, Hu Y, Qi X, Jiang F, Jiang Z, et al. Epidemiological characteristics of 2143 pediatric patients with 2019 coronavirus disease in China. Pediatrics 2020.
  • 27. HKM. Köprülü ırk nüfus tahminleri. Atlanta, GA: ABD Sağlık ve İnsan Hizmetleri Bakanlığı, CDC; 2020. https://wonder.cdc.gov/bridged-race-population.html.
  • 28. CDC COVID-19 Response Team. Coronavirus Disease 2019 in Children - United States, February 12-April 2, 2020. MMWRMo
  • 29.United StatesCentersforDisease Control andPrevention. Coronavirusdisease (COVID- 19). People whoare at higher risk for severe illness. https://www.cdc.gov/corona- virus/ 2019-ncov/need-extra-precautions/people-at-higherrisk. html. Erişim tarihi: 08.06.2020.
  • 30.T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı Halk Sağlığı Genel Müdürlüğü.COVID- 19 (Sars-Cov-2) Enfeksiyonu Rehberi. Bilim Kurulu Çalışması https://covid19bilgi.saglik.gov.tr/depo/rehberler/covid- 19-rehberi/COVID-19_REHBERI_COCUK_HASTA_YONETIMI_ VE_TEDAVI.pdf
  • 31.Xia W, Shao J, Guo Y, Peng X, Li Z, Hu D. Clinicaland CT features in pediatric patients with COVID-19 infection: Different points from adults. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2020;55(5):1169-74.
  • 32.Henry B M, Lippi G, Plebani M. Laboratory abnormalities in children with novel corona virus disease 2019. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2020;/j/cclm.ahead-of-print/cclm-2020- 0272/cclm- 2020-0272.xml.
  • 33.Lu X, Zhang L, Du H, Zhang J, Li YY, Qu J, et al. SARS-CoV- 2 infection in children. N Engl J Med 2020;NEJ Mc 2005073.
  • 34.Qiu H, Wu J, Hong L, Luo Y, Song Q, Chen D. Clinical an depidemiological features of 36 children with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Zhejiang, China: an observational cohort study. Lancet Infect Dis 2020;S1473-3099(20)30198-5.
  • 35.Queensland Clinical Guidelines Perinatal care of suspected or confirmed COVID-19 pregnant women. Guideline No. MN20.63-V2-R25. Queensland Health. 2020. http://www.health. qld.gov.au/qcg. Erişim tarihi: 15.06.2020.
  • 36.Karimi A, Tabatabaei SR, Rajabnejad M, et al. An AlgorithmicApproach to Diagnosis and Treatment of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Children: Iranian Expert’s Consensus Statement. Arch Pediatr Infect Dis 8(2): e102400.
  • 37.Hydroxycholoroquine: Pediatric drug information. In: Up to D a t e h t t p s : / / w w w. u p t o d a t e . c o m / c o n t e n t s / hydroxychloroquine-drug information/print?search= plaquenil& source=panel_search_result&selectedTitle=1~148&usage_ type=panel&kp_tab=drug_general&display_rank=1 Erişim tarihi: 10.06 2020.
  • 38.Lopinavir and ritonavir: Pediatric drug information. In: Up- ToDate. Available https://www.uptodate.com / contents /lopinavir- and-ritonavir-pediatric-drug-infor- mation?search=lopinavir% 20ritonavir&source=panel_search_result&selected- Title=1~57&usage_type=panel&kp_ tab=drug_pediatric& display_rank=1. Erişim tarihi:10.06.2020.
  • 39. Adams J. Recommendation regarding theuse of cloth face coverings, especially in areas of significant community-based transmission. Available at: https://www.cdc. gov/coronavirus/ 2019-ncov/prevent-getting-sick/clothface-cover.htm. Erişim tarihi:10.06.2020. www.kliniktipdergisi.com 86
  • 40. Zimmermann P, Curtis N. Coronavirus Infections in Children Including COVID-19: An Overview of the Epidemiology, Clinical Features, Diagnosis, Treatment and Prevention Options in Children. Re Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal, 2020; Online First.
  • 41. Okamoto K, Rhee Y, Schoeny M, et al. Impact of doffingerrors on healthcareworker self-contaminationwhencaringforpatients on contactprecautions. Infect Control HospEpidemiol 2019; 40: 559–65.
  • 42.United StatedCentersforDisease Control and Prevention. Information for pediatric health care providers. Available at: https://www.cdc. gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/hcp/pediatrichcp. html (Erişim tarihi: 15.06.2020)
  • 44.T.C.İçişleri Bakanlığı. Şehir Giriş/Çıkış Tebirleri ve Yaş Sınırlaması. Available at: https:// www.icisleri.gov.tr/sehir-giriscikis- tebirleri-veyas-sinirlamasi
  • 45. Türk Tabipleri Birliği Aile Hekimliği Kolu. Covid-19 Salgını Aile Sağlığı Merkezi Rehberi Available at: https://www.ttb.org.tr/userfiles/ files/ahk%20covid %20rehberi. pdf
  • 43. T.C. Sağlik Bakanliği Halk Sağlığı Genel Müdürlüğü. COVİD- 19 Pandemisi ve Bağışıklama Hizmetleri. Available from: https://e-belge.saglik.gov.tr/ Document code: fdb8fa98-5e06- 4df9-97b6-8894599d6326.
  • 46. American Academy of Pediatrics. Guidance on ProvidingPediatricAmbulatory Services viaTelehealthDuring COVID- 19. Available at: https://services.aap.org/en/pages/2019-novelcoronavirus- covid-19-infections/guidance-onprovidingpediatric- ambulatory-services-via-tel ehealth-during-covid- 19/ (Accessed on March 30, 2020.)
  • 47.United Stated Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Out patient and ambulatory care settings: Responding to community transmission of COVID-19 in the United States. Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/ 2019-ncov/hcp/ambulatory- care-settings.html (Accessed on june 15, 2020).
  • 48. World Health Organization. Q&A on coronaviruses (COVID- 19) Available at: https:// www.who.int/news-room/q-a-detail/qa- coronaviruses
  • 49.United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Cleaning and Disinfection for House holds Interim Recommendations for U.S. House holds with Suspected or Confirmed Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID19). Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/ coronavirus/2019-ncov/prevent-gettingsick/ cleaning-disinfection.html
  • 50. T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı Halk Sağlığı Genel Müdürlüğü Çocuk ve Ergen Sağlığı Dairesi Başkanlığı. T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı Yayınları. Bebek, Çocuk ve Ergen İzlem Protokolleri. Yayın no: 1112, Ankara,2018.
  • 51. Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health. COVID-19 guidance for pediatric services. Available at: https://www.rcpch.ac.uk/resources/covid-19-guidance-paediatric- services#tonsillar-examination---infection-controlimplications (Accessed on june 16, 2020).
  • 52. T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı Sağlık Hizmetleri Genel Müdürlüğü. Hasta Ziyaretleri Hakkında. Available from: https://ebelge. saglik.gov.tr/ Documentcode: ed701d59-913a-41ca- 82b4- 7d4e815853bb.
  • 53.United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). Use of cloth face coverings to helps low the spread of COVID-19. Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019ncov/prevent-gettingsick/ diy-cloth-face-coverings.html Accessed on June 18, 2020
  • 54. United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Coronavirus disease 2019. COVID-19 and children. Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019ncov/faq.html#COVID- 19-and-Children. Accessed on june 18, 2020.
  • 55.Academy of Pediatrics, Masks and Children During Covid-19. Available at:https://services.aap.org/en/pages/2019-novelcoronavirus- covid-19-infections/masks-and-children -duringcovid- 19/ Accessed on june 18, 2020.
  • 56. Miller A, Reandelar MJ, Fasciglione K, Roumenova V, Li Y, Otazu GH. Correlation between universal BCG vaccination policy and reduced morbidity and mortality for COVID-19: an epidemiological study. Med Rxiv 2020.
  • 57. Nıcoll, A. &Coulombier, D. (2009). Europe’sinitial experience with pandemic (H1N1) 2009-mitigation and delaying policies and practices. Euro surveillance, 14(29), 19279.
  • 58.Baıley, J. (2020). Closing Schools ToSlow a Pandemic. EducationalNext. Retrievedfrom Available https://www.educationnext. org/closing-schools-to-slow-a-pandemic-coronaviruscovid- 19-public-health/# Accessed on june 18, 2020.
  • 59.Germann, T. C., Gao, H., Gambhir, M., Plummer, A., Biggerstaff, M., Reed, C., &Uzicanin, A. (2019). School dismissal as a pandemicinfluenzaresponse: When, whereandfor how long?. Epidemics, 28, 100348.
  • 60.Copeland, D. L., Basurto-Davila, fR., Chung, W., Kurian, A., Fishbein, D. B., Szymanowski, P. &Averhoff, F. (2013). Effectiveness of a schooldistrictclosureforpandemicinfluenza A (H1N1) on acuterespiratoryillnesses in thecommunity: a naturalexperiment. Clinicalinfectiousdiseases, 56(4), 509-516.
  • 61.Earn, D. J., He, D., Loeb, M. B., Fonseca, K., Lee, B. E., &Dushoff, J. (2012). Effects of schoolclosure on incidence of pandemicinfluenza in Alberta, Canada. Annals of internalmedicine, 156(3), 173-181.
  • 62.Chowell, G., Echevarría-Zuno, S., Viboud, C., Simonsen, L., Tamerius, J., Miller, M. A., &Borja-Aburto, V. H. (2011). Characterizingtheepidemiology of the 2009 influenza A/H1N1 pandemic in Mexico. PLoSmedicine, 8(5).
  • 63.Ghosh, R., Dubey, M. J., Chatterjee, S. &Dubey, S. (2020). Impact of COVID-19 on children: Special focus on psychosocialaspect. Minerva Pediatr. DOI: 10.23736/S0026- 4946.20.05887-9 (in press).
  • 64. Santrock, J.W. (1997). Life Span Development. London, Brown BenchmarkPublishers.
  • 65. Dünya Sağlık Örgütü (2020). Mentalhealthandpsychosocialconsiderationsduringthe COVID-19 outbreak. https://www.who. int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/mentalhealth-considerations. pdf
  • 66.The National Child Traumatic Stress Network (NCTSN) (2020a). Helping Children with Traumatic Separationor Traumatic Grief Relatedto COVID-19. https://www.nctsn.org/ resources/helping-children-with-traumatic-separation-ortraumatic- grief-related-to-covid-19
  • 67. The National Child Traumatic Stress Network (NCTSN) (2020b). Supporting Children During Coronavirus (COVID- 19) https://www.nctsn.org/resources/supporting-childrenduring- coronavirus-covid19
  • 68. UNICEF (2020a). COVID-19 Ebeveyni Olmak, COVID-19 Hakkında Konuşmak. https://868b1700-4f92-4143-a9e1- 4d615770397f.filesusr.com/ugd/d13cc0_2da2137f5a394f77a96 86aa13be024b7.pdf
  • 69. UNICEF (2020c). COVID-19 Ebeveyni Olmak, Bire-Bir Zaman Geçirin. https://868b1700- 4f92-4143-a9e1- 4d615770397f.filesusr.com/ugd/d13cc0_08be4701d38f4e96a2d 2a46ed6933f0c.pdf rb Mortal Wkly Rep 2020;69:422–426.
There are 70 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects ​Internal Diseases
Journal Section makaleler
Authors

Bilge Sönmez This is me

Publication Date May 1, 2020
Published in Issue Year 2020 Volume: 12 Issue: 3

Cite

APA Sönmez, B. (2020). Çocuklarda Covıd-19 Enfeksiyonu. Klinik Tıp Aile Hekimliği, 12(3), 77-86.
AMA Sönmez B. Çocuklarda Covıd-19 Enfeksiyonu. Aile Hekimliği. May 2020;12(3):77-86.
Chicago Sönmez, Bilge. “Çocuklarda Covıd-19 Enfeksiyonu”. Klinik Tıp Aile Hekimliği 12, no. 3 (May 2020): 77-86.
EndNote Sönmez B (May 1, 2020) Çocuklarda Covıd-19 Enfeksiyonu. Klinik Tıp Aile Hekimliği 12 3 77–86.
IEEE B. Sönmez, “Çocuklarda Covıd-19 Enfeksiyonu”, Aile Hekimliği, vol. 12, no. 3, pp. 77–86, 2020.
ISNAD Sönmez, Bilge. “Çocuklarda Covıd-19 Enfeksiyonu”. Klinik Tıp Aile Hekimliği 12/3 (May 2020), 77-86.
JAMA Sönmez B. Çocuklarda Covıd-19 Enfeksiyonu. Aile Hekimliği. 2020;12:77–86.
MLA Sönmez, Bilge. “Çocuklarda Covıd-19 Enfeksiyonu”. Klinik Tıp Aile Hekimliği, vol. 12, no. 3, 2020, pp. 77-86.
Vancouver Sönmez B. Çocuklarda Covıd-19 Enfeksiyonu. Aile Hekimliği. 2020;12(3):77-86.