Initial Adaptation Study of COVID-19 Peritraumatic Distress Index (CPDI) to Turkish Sample

Year 2022, Volume: 4 Issue: 2, 148 - 153, 22.06.2022

Funda Kocaay , Fatih Yığman , Nursemin Ünal , Fulya Baris Pekmezci

Abstract

Peritraumatic distress, which is regarded as a predictor of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), expresses the feeling of fear and helplessness experienced in the face of a traumatic event. It has been evaluated that the COVID-19 pandemic can lead to peritraumatic reactions and PTSD symptoms. The study aimed to adapt the “COVID-19 Peritraumatic Distress Index (CPDI)”, which was developed to determine peritraumatic distress levels during the COVID-19 pandemic, to Turkish culture. The study was conducted with 248 participants. The CPDI scale items were translated into the Turkish language. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was performed to determine the construct validity of the scale. And the Cronbach alpha (α) reliability coefficient was calculated for reliability. As a result of the analyses, the original structure of the scale was confirmed and construct validity was ensured. This measurement tool can be used to assess the peritraumatic distress levels of the Turkish population.

Keywords

peritraumatic distress., COVID-19, coronavirus

COVID-19 Peritravmatik Distres İndeksi'nin (CPDI) Türkiye Örneği’ne Uyarlama Çalışması

Abstract

Travma sonrası stres bozukluğunun yordayıcısı olarak kabul edilen peritravmatik distres, travmatik bir olay karşısında yaşanan korku ve çaresizlik duygusunu ifade eder. COVID-19 pandemisinin peritravmatik reaksiyonlara ve travma sonrası stres bozukluğu semptomlarına yol açabileceği değerlendirilmiştir. Çalışmada, COVID-19 pandemisi sırasında peritravmatik distres düzeylerini belirlemek amacıyla geliştirilen “COVID-19 Peritravmatik Distres İndeksi (CPDI)” nin Türk kültürüne uyarlanması amaçlanmıştır. Çalışma 248 katılımcı ile gerçekleştirilmiştir. CPDI ölçeğindeki maddeler Türkçe'ye çevrilmiştir. Ölçeğin yapı geçerliğini belirlemek için doğrulayıcı faktör analizi (DFA) yapılmıştır. Güvenirlik için ise Cronbach alfa (α) güvenirlik katsayısı hesaplanmıştır. Analizler sonucunda ölçeğin orijinal yapısı doğrulanmış ve yapı geçerliliği sağlanmıştır. Bu ölçüm aracı, Türk nüfusunun peritravmatik distres düzeylerini değerlendirmek için kullanılabilir.

Keywords

COVID-19, koronavirüs, peritravmatik distres

References

• Abad, A., da Silva, J. A., de Paiva Teixeira, L. E. P., Antonelli-Ponti, M., Bastos, S., Mármora, C. H. C., ... & da Silva, J. A. (2020). Evaluation of fear and peritraumatic distress during COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil. Advances in Infectious Diseases, 10(03), 184.
• Aybek, E. C. (2021). Data preparation for factor analysis. URL: https://shiny.eptlab.com/dp2fa/
• Bentler, P. M. (1990). Comparative fit indexes in structural models. Psychological Bulletin, 107, 238–246.
• Bollen, K. A. (1987). Outliers and improper solutions. Sociological Methods & Research, 15, 375–384.
• Bostan, S., R. Erdem, Y. E. Öztürk, Kılıç, T., & Yılmaz, A. (2020). The effect of COVID-19 pandemic on the Turkish society. Electronic Journal of General Medicine, 17(6).
• Brooks, S. K., Webster, R. K., Smith, L. E., Woodland, L., Wessely, S., Greenberg, N., & G. J. Rubin (2020). The psychological impact of quarantine and how to reduce it: Rapid review of the evidence. The Lancet, 395(10227), 912-920.
• Browne, M. W., & Cudeck, R. (1993). Alternative ways of assessing model fit. In K. A. Bollen & J. S. Long (Eds.), Testing structural equation models (pp. 136–162). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
• Brunet, A., Weiss, D. S., Metzler, T. J., Best, S. R., Neylan, T. C., Rogers, C., … Marmar, C. R. (2001). The Peritraumatic Distress Inventory: A proposed measure of PTSD criterion A2. American Journal of Psychiatry 158(9), 1480-1485.
• Caglar, E. E., Hamzaoğlu, N., Özcan, Y. S., & Kurtça, T. T. (2021). Investigation of anxiety and peritraumatic distress levels in context of various variables through COVID-19 outbreak: Turkey, the UK and the USA comparison. OPUS Uluslararası Toplum Araştırmaları Dergisi, 17(Pandemi Özel Sayısı), 1-1.
• Cohen, R. J., & Swerdlik, M. (2009). Psychological assessment: An introduction to tests and measurements, (7th ed.). McGraw−Hill Primis.
• Costantini, A., & Mazzotti, E. (2020). Italian validation of COVID-19 Peritraumatic Distress Index and preliminary data in a sample of general population. Rivista di Psichiatria 55(3), 145-151.
• Cudeck, R., & Browne, M. W. (1983). Cross-validation of covariance structures. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 18, 147-167.
• Field, A. (2009). Discovering statistics using IBM SPSS statistics. (4th ed.). Sage Publication: London.
• Hair, J. F., Black, C. W., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2019). Multivariate data analysis (8th ed.). Annabel Ainscow: United Kingdom.
• Hu, L., & Bentler, P. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indices in covariance structure analysis: conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6, 1-55.
• Jahanshahi, A. A., Dinani, M. M., Madavani, A. N., Li, J., & Zhang, S. X. (2020). The distress of Iranian adults during the COVID-19 pandemic–More distressed than the Chinese and with different predictors. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 87, 124.
• Jiménez, M. P., Rieker, J. A., Reales, J. M., & Ballesteros, S. (2021). COVID-19 Peritraumatic Distress as a function of age and gender in a Spanish Sample. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(10), 5253.
• Kline, R. B. (2010). Promise and pitfalls of structural equation modeling in gifted research. In R. E. Subotnik ve B. Thompson (Eds.), Methodologies for conducting on giftedness (pp. 147-168). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
• Lee, D., Kim, J., & Kang, H. (2016). The emotional distress and fear of contagion related to Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) on general public in Korea. Korean J Psychol Gen, 35(2), 355-383.
• Liu, S., & Heinz, A. (2020). Cross-cultural validity of Psychological Distress Measurement during the Coronavirus Pandemic. Pharmacopsychiatry, 53(05), 237-238.
• Lu, H., Stratton, C. W., & Tang, Y. W. (2020). Outbreak of pneumonia of unknown etiology in Wuhan, China: The mystery and the miracle. Journal of Medical Virology, 92(4), 401.
• MacCallum, R. C., Roznowski, M., & Necowitz, L. B. (1992). Model modifications in covariance structure analysis: the problem of capitalization on chance. Psychological Bulletin, 111(3), 490.
• Marzo, R. R., Ismail, Z., Htay, M. N. N., Bahari, R., Ismail, R., Villanueva III, E. Q. III, … Su, T. T. (2021). Psychological distress during pandemic Covid-19 among adult general population: Result across 13 countries. Clinical Epidemiology and Global Health, 10, 100708.
• Megalakaki, O., Kokou-Kpolou, C.K., Vaudé, J., Park, S., Iorfa, S.K., Cénat, J. M., & Derivois, D. (2021). Does peritraumatic distress predict PTSD, depression and anxiety symptoms during and after COVID-19 lockdown in France? A prospective longitudinal study. Journal of Psychiatic Research, 137, 81–88.
• Miller, J. J., Niu, C., & Moody, S. (2020). Child welfare workers and peritraumatic distress: The impact of COVID-19. Children and Youth Services Review, 119, 105508.
• Nikopoulou, V. A., Holeva, V., Parlapani, E., Karamouzi, P., Giazkoulidou, A., Tsipropoulou, V., … Diakogiannis, I. (2021). Peritraumatic distress inventory in the course of the COVID-19 pandemic. Hellenic Journal of Psychology, 18(2), 90-111.
• Plomecka, M. B., Gobbi, S., Neckels, R., Radziński, P., Skórko, B., Lazerri, S., … Jawaid, A. (2020). Mental health impact of COVID-19: A global study of risk and resilience factors. MedRxiv.
• Qiu, J., Shen, B., Zhao, M., Wang, Z., Xie, B., & Xu, Y. (2020). A nationwide survey of psychological distress among Chinese people in the COVID-19 epidemic: Implications and policy recommendations. General Psychiatry, 33(2).
• Samson, P., & Shah, J. N. (2020). Peritraumatic distress and perceived mental healthcare needs among residents of a community housing during COVID-19. Journal of Patan Academy of Health Sciences, 7(2), 14-22.
• Saravanan, C., Mahmoud, I, Elshami, W., & Taha, M. H. (2020). Knowledge, anxiety, fear, and psychological distress about COVID-19 among university students in the United Arab Emirates. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 11.
• T.C Ministry of Health General Director of Public Health (2020). COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2 Infection) General Information, Epidemiology and Diagnosis. URL: https://covid19.saglik.gov.tr/Eklenti/39551/0/covid-19rehberigenelbilgilerepidemiyolojivetanipdf.pdf
• United Nations (2020). Global cooperation must adapt to meet biggest threat since Second World War, Secretary-General says on ınternational day, as COVID-19 transcends borders. URL: https://www.un.org/press/en/2020/sgsm20058.doc.htm
• Wang, C., Pan, R., Wan, X., Tan, Y., Xu, L., Ho, C. S., & Ho, R. C. (2020). Immediate psychological responses and associated factors during the initial stage of the 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) epidemic among the general population in China.
• International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17(5), 1729. https://10.3390/ijerph17051729.
• Watts, S. (1997). Epidemics and history. Yale University Press.
• Xiang, Y. T., Yang, Y., Li, W., Zhang, L., Zhang, Q., Cheung, T., & Ng, C. H. (2020). Timely mental health care for the 2019 novel coronavirus outbreak is urgently needed. The Lancet Psychiatry, 7(3), 228-229. https:// 10.1016/S2215-0366(20)30046-8
• Yoon, H., You, M., & Shon, C. (2021). Peritraumatic Distress during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Seoul, South Korea. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(9), 4689. https:// 10.3390/ijerph18094689
• Zhang, S. X., Wang, Y., Afshar Jahanshahi, A., Jia, J., & Gomes Haensel Schmitt, V. (2020). First study on mental distress in Brazil during the COVID-19 crisis. MedRxiv.
• Zimmer, C., & Odum Institute (2019). Learn to perform confirmatory factor analysis in stata with data from general social survey (2016). In SAGE research Methods Datasets Part 2. SAGE Publications, Ltd.