Research Article
BibTex RIS Cite

Basic psychological needs as a predictor of subjective vitality in high school students: The mediating role of self-compassion

Year 2024, Volume: 7 Issue: 1, 1 - 16, 31.05.2024
https://doi.org/10.33400/kuje.1246545

Abstract

The purpose of this study is to examine the mediating role of self-compassion in the relationship between basic psychological needs and subjective vitality in high school students. The study group consists of a total of 632 students, 336 girls and 296 boys, from the 9th, 10th and 11th grades of high schools in Adana. The study collected data on students' personal information with the Personal Information Form, data on subjective vitality Subjective Vitality Scale (Ryan & Frederick, 1997), data on basic psychological needs with the Need Satisfaction Scale (Deci & Ryan, 1991), and data on self-compassion with the Self-Compassion Scale Short Form (Raes vd., 2011).
The relationship between high school students' level of subjective vitality, satisfaction of basic psychological needs, and level of self-compassion was examined using the Pearson Product Moments Correlation. The mediating role of self-compassion in the relationship between subjective vitality and basic psychological needs was analyzed using Process Macro, developed by Hayes (2013). SPSS 25 and Process Macro v4.1 programs were used for statistical analysis of the data, and the values suggested by Preacher and Kelley (2011) were used as the basis for interpreting the effect size of mediation. According to the research results, positive relationships were found between subjective vitality, basic psychological needs and self-compassion. Positive relationships were found between the subdimensions of basic psychological needs, namely autonomy, competence, and relatedness and subjective vitality and self-compassion. Autonomy, competence, relatedness were found the significantly predict subjective vitality and self-compassion. In the mediation analysis conducted with Process Macro, the mediating role of self-compassion between autonomy, competence and relatedness and subjective vitality was found.

References

  • Akın, A., Satıcı, S. A., Arslan, S., Akın, Ü. & Kayiş, A. R. (2012, Şubat). The validity and the reliability of the Turkish version of the subjective vitality scale (SVS). 4rd World Conference on Educational Sciences, Barcelona, Spain.
  • Akın, U. (2014). The predictive role of self-compassion on subjective vitality in Turkish university students. Online Journal of Counseling & Education, 3(3).
  • Aydın, A., & Kahraman, N. (2020). Hemşirelik öğrencilerinde kendini sabotaj: psikolojik ihtiyaçlar ve öz-duyarlık üzerine etkisi. Cukurova Medical Journal, 45(4), 1625-1633.
  • Babenko, O., & Oswald, A. (2018). The roles of basic psychological needs, self-compassion, and self-efficacy in the development of mastery goals among medical students. Medical Teacher, 1 4.https://doi.org/10.1080/0142159X.2018.1442564
  • Bandura, A. (1994). Self-efficacy. In V. S. Ramachaudran (Ed.), Encyclopedia of human behavior (Vol. 4, ss. 71-81). New York: Academic Press.
  • Barnard, L. K., & Curry, J. F. (2011). Self-compassion: Conceptualizations, correlates, & interventions. Review of General Psychology, 15(4), 289–303. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0025754
  • Bluth, K., & Blanton, P. W. (2014). Mindfulness and self-compassion: Exploring pathways to adolescent emotional well-being. Journal of child and family studies, 23, 1298-1309. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-013-9830-2
  • Borg-Laufs, M. (2013). Basic psychological needs in childhood and adolescence. Journal of Education and Research, 3(0).https://doi.org/10.3126/jer.v3i0.7851
  • Busch, T. (2014). Does self-compassion buffer the impact of poor basic need satisfaction on organismic well-being: A cross-sectional study on the relation between self-compassion and vitality. Unpublished master's thesis, University of Twente.
  • Caprara, G. V., Steca, P., Gerbino, M., Paciello, M. & Vecchio, G. M. (2006). Looking for adolescents‟ well-being: Self-efficacy beliefs as determinants of positive thinking and happiness. Epidemiologia e Psichiatria Sociale. 15(1).30-43.https://doi.org/10.1017/S1121189X00002013
  • Chen, F., & Sengupta, J. (2014). Forced to be bad: The positive ımpact of low-autonomy vice consumption on consumer vitality. Journal of Consumer Research, 41(4), 1089–1107.
  • Chirkov, V., Ryan, R. M., Kim, Y., & Kaplan, U. (2003). Differentiating autonomy from individualism and independence: A self-determination theory perspective on internalization of cultural orientations and well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84(1), 97.https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.84.1.97
  • Cihangir-Çankaya, Z. & Bacanlı, H. (2003). İhtiyaç doyum ölçeği uyarlama çalışması. VII. Ulusal Psikolojik Danışma ve Rehberlik Kongresinde sunulan bildiri. İnönü Üniversitesi.
  • Coleman, P. (2000). Aging and the satisfaction psychological needs. Psychological Inquiry, 11(4), 291-294
  • Danucalov, M. A., Kozasa, E. H., Afonso, R. F., Galduroz, J. C., & Leite, J. R. (2017). Yoga and compassion meditation program improve quality of life and self‐compassion in family caregivers of A lzheimer's disease patients: A randomized controlled trial. Geriatrics & Gerontology International, 17(1), 85-91.https://doi.org/10.1111/ggi.12675
  • Deci, E. L. & Ryan, R. M. (1991, January). A motivational approach to self: Integration in personality. In Nebraska Symposium on Motivation (Vol. 38, No. 1, ss. 237-288).
  • Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2000). The “What” and “Why” of goal pursuits: human needs and the self-determination of behavior. Psychological Inquiry, 11(4), 227–268.
  • Erikson, E. H. (1968). Identity youth and crisis (No. 7). WW Norton & company.
  • Gander, M.J., & Gardiner, W.H.(2004). Çocuk ve ergen gelişimi.İmge Kitapevi Yayınları
  • Gerber, Z., & Anaki, D. (2020). The role of self-compassion, concern for others, and basic psychological needs in the reduction of caregiving burnout. Mindfulness, 12(3), 741-750.
  • Germer, C. (2004). What is mindfulness. Insight Journal, 22(3), 24-29.
  • Gunnell, K. E., Mosewich, A. D., McEwen, C. E., Eklund, R. C., & Crocker, P. R. E. (2017). Don’t be so hard on yourself! Changes in self-compassion during the first year of university are associated with changes in well-being. Personality and Individual Differences, 107, 43–48.
  • Hair, J.F., Black, W.C., Babin, B.J., Anderson, R.E. & Tatham, R.L. (2013). Multivariate data analysis:Pearson Education Limited.
  • Hayes, A. F. (2013). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach.The Guildford Press.
  • Jativa, R., & Cerezo, M. A. (2014). The mediating role of self-compassion in the relationship between victimisation and psychological maladjustment in a sample of adolescents. Child Abuse & Neglect, 38, 1180-1190. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2014.04.005
  • Martin-Cuellar, A., Lardier, D. T., & Atencio, D. J. (2019). Therapist mindfulness and subjective vitality: the role of psychological wellbeing and compassion satisfaction. Journal of Mental Health, 1–8.https://doi.org/10.1080/09638237.2019.1644491
  • Nalipay, M. J. N., & Alfonso, M. K. S. (2018). Career and talent development self-efficacy of filipino students: The role of selfcompassion and hope. Philippine Journal of Psychology, 51(1), 101- 120.
  • Neff, K. (2003). Self-compassion: An alternative conceptualization of a healthy attitude toward oneself. Self and Identity, 2(2), 85-101.https://doi.org/10.1080/15298860309032
  • Neff, K. D. (2009). The role of self-compassion in development: A healthier way to relate to oneself. Human Development, 52(4), 211–214
  • Neff, K. D. (2011). Self-compassion . New York, NY: William Morrow.
  • Neff, K. D. (2015). The self-compassion scale is a valid and theoretically coherent measure of self-compassion. Mindfulness, 7(1), 264–274.
  • Neff, K. D., & Dahm, K. A. (2015). Self-compassion: What it is, what it does, and how it relates to mindfulness. In Handbook of Mindfulness and Self-Regulation (121-137).
  • Neff, K., & Germer, C. (2017). Self-compassion and psychological well-being. Oxford Handbooks Online.
  • Neff, K. D., Hsieh, Y. P., & Dejitterat, K. (2005). Self-compassion, achievement goals, and coping with academic failure. Self and Identity, 4(3), 263–287.https://doi.org/10.1080/13576500444000317
  • Nix, G. A., Ryan, R. M., Manly, J. B., & Deci, E. L. (1999). Revitalization through self-regulation: The effects of autonomous and controlled motivation on happiness and vitality. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 35(3), 266-284.https://doi.org/10.1006/jesp.1999.1382
  • Preacher, K. J., & Kelley, K. (2011). Effect size measures for mediation models: Quantitative strategies for communicating indirect effects. Psychological Methods, 16(2), 93–115.
  • Raes, F., Pommier, E., Neff, K. D., & Van Gucht, D. (2011). Construction and factorial validation of a short form of the self-compassion scale. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 18(3), 250-255.
  • Russel, S. & Bakken, J.R. University of Nebraska Lincoln.
  • Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2000). Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being. American Psychologist, 55(1), 68. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.55.1.68
  • Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2008). From ego depletion to vitality: Theory and findings concerning the facilitation of energy available to the self. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 2(2), 702-717.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-9004.2008.00098.x
  • Ryan, R. M., & Frederick, C. (1997). On energy, personality, and health: Subjective vitality as a dynamic reflection of well‐being. Journal of Personality, 65(3), 529-565.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.1997.tb00326.x
  • Ryan, R. M., Williams, G. C., Patrick, H., & Deci, E. L. (2009). Self-determination theory and physical activity: The dynamics of motivation in development and wellness. Hellenic Journal of Psychology, 6(2), 107–124.
  • Satıcı, S. A., & Deniz, M. E. (2019). Ergenlerin kendilik algıları ve okul doyumu: öznel zindeliğin aracılık rolünün değerlendirilmesi. Eğitim ve Bilim, 44(197).http://dx.doi.org/10.15390/EB.2019.7289
  • Shepherd, D. A., & Cardon, M. S. (2009). Negative emotional reactions to project failure and the self-compassion to learn from the experience. Journal of Management Studies,46(6), 923-949.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6486.2009.00821.x
  • Vergara-Torres, A. P., Tristán, J., López-Walle, J. M., González-Gallegos, A., Pappous, A. S., & Tomás, I. (2020). Students’ perceptions of teachers’ corrective feedback, basic psychological needs and subjective vitality: A Multilevel Approach. Frontiers in Psychology, 11.
  • Yıldırım, M., & Sarı, T. (2018). Öz-şefkat ölçeği kısa formunun Türkçe uyarlaması: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Abant İzzet Baysal Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 18(4), 2502-2517.https://doi.org/10.17240/aibuefd.2018.18.41844-452171
  • Yiğit, M. M. & Sarı, İ. & Kolayiş, H. (2016). Spor Bilimleri Fakültesi Öğrencilerinin Temel Psikolojik İhtiyaçlarının, Öznel Zindelik ve Mutluluk ile İlişkisi.

Lise öğrencilerinde öznel zindeliğin yordayıcısı olarak temel psikolojik ihtiyaçlar: Öz-şefkatin aracı rolü

Year 2024, Volume: 7 Issue: 1, 1 - 16, 31.05.2024
https://doi.org/10.33400/kuje.1246545

Abstract

Bu araştırmanın amacı lise öğrencilerinde temel psikolojik ihtiyaçlar ile öznel zindelik arasındaki ilişkide öz-şefkatin aracı rolünü incelemektir. Araştırma çalışma grubunu Adana ilinde yer alan liselerde öğrenime devam eden 9., 10. ve 11. sınıflardan 336 kız ve 296 erkek olmak üzere toplamda 632 öğrenci oluşturmaktadır. Araştırmada öğrencilerin kişisel bilgilerine ilişkin veriler "Kişisel Bilgi Formu" öznel zindeliğe ilişkin veriler "Öznel Zindelik Ölçeği" (Ryan & Frederick, 1997), temel psikolojik ihtiyaçlara ilişkin veriler "İhtiyaç Doyum Ölçeği" (Deci & Ryan, 1991) ve öz-şefkate ilişkin veriler "Öz-Şefkat Ölçeği Kısa Formu" (Raes vd., 2011) aracılığı ile toplanmıştır.
Lise öğrencilerinin öznel zindelik düzeyleri, temel psikolojik ihtiyaç doyumları ile öz-şefkat düzeyleri arasındaki ilişki Pearson Momentler Çarpım Korelasyonu ile incelenmiştir. Öznel zindelik ile temel psikolojik ihtiyaçlar arasındaki ilişkide öz-şefkatin aracı rolü Hayes (2013) tarafından geliştirilen Process Makro ile analiz edilmiştir. Verilerin istatistiksel çözümlenmelerinde SPSS 25 ve Process Makro v4.1 programlarından yararlanılmıştır ve aracılığın etki büyüklüğü yorumlanırken Preacher ve Kelley (2011)'nin önerdiği değerler baz alınmıştır. Araştırma bulgularına göre öznel zindelik, temel psikolojik ihtiyaçlar ve öz-şefkat arasında pozitif ilişkiler bulunmuştur. Temel psikolojik ihtiyaçların alt boyutları olan özerklik, yeterlik ve ilişkili olma ihtiyaçları ile öznel zindelik ve öz-şefkat arasında pozitif ilişkiler bulunmuştur. Özerklik, yeterlik ve ilişkili olma ihtiyaçlarının öznel zindeliği ve öz-şefkati anlamlı düzeyde yordadığı bulunmuştur. Process Makro ile gerçekleştirilen aracılık analizinde özerklik, yeterlik ve ilişki olma ile öznel zindelik arasında öz-şefkatin aracı rolü tespit edilmiştir.

References

  • Akın, A., Satıcı, S. A., Arslan, S., Akın, Ü. & Kayiş, A. R. (2012, Şubat). The validity and the reliability of the Turkish version of the subjective vitality scale (SVS). 4rd World Conference on Educational Sciences, Barcelona, Spain.
  • Akın, U. (2014). The predictive role of self-compassion on subjective vitality in Turkish university students. Online Journal of Counseling & Education, 3(3).
  • Aydın, A., & Kahraman, N. (2020). Hemşirelik öğrencilerinde kendini sabotaj: psikolojik ihtiyaçlar ve öz-duyarlık üzerine etkisi. Cukurova Medical Journal, 45(4), 1625-1633.
  • Babenko, O., & Oswald, A. (2018). The roles of basic psychological needs, self-compassion, and self-efficacy in the development of mastery goals among medical students. Medical Teacher, 1 4.https://doi.org/10.1080/0142159X.2018.1442564
  • Bandura, A. (1994). Self-efficacy. In V. S. Ramachaudran (Ed.), Encyclopedia of human behavior (Vol. 4, ss. 71-81). New York: Academic Press.
  • Barnard, L. K., & Curry, J. F. (2011). Self-compassion: Conceptualizations, correlates, & interventions. Review of General Psychology, 15(4), 289–303. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0025754
  • Bluth, K., & Blanton, P. W. (2014). Mindfulness and self-compassion: Exploring pathways to adolescent emotional well-being. Journal of child and family studies, 23, 1298-1309. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-013-9830-2
  • Borg-Laufs, M. (2013). Basic psychological needs in childhood and adolescence. Journal of Education and Research, 3(0).https://doi.org/10.3126/jer.v3i0.7851
  • Busch, T. (2014). Does self-compassion buffer the impact of poor basic need satisfaction on organismic well-being: A cross-sectional study on the relation between self-compassion and vitality. Unpublished master's thesis, University of Twente.
  • Caprara, G. V., Steca, P., Gerbino, M., Paciello, M. & Vecchio, G. M. (2006). Looking for adolescents‟ well-being: Self-efficacy beliefs as determinants of positive thinking and happiness. Epidemiologia e Psichiatria Sociale. 15(1).30-43.https://doi.org/10.1017/S1121189X00002013
  • Chen, F., & Sengupta, J. (2014). Forced to be bad: The positive ımpact of low-autonomy vice consumption on consumer vitality. Journal of Consumer Research, 41(4), 1089–1107.
  • Chirkov, V., Ryan, R. M., Kim, Y., & Kaplan, U. (2003). Differentiating autonomy from individualism and independence: A self-determination theory perspective on internalization of cultural orientations and well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84(1), 97.https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.84.1.97
  • Cihangir-Çankaya, Z. & Bacanlı, H. (2003). İhtiyaç doyum ölçeği uyarlama çalışması. VII. Ulusal Psikolojik Danışma ve Rehberlik Kongresinde sunulan bildiri. İnönü Üniversitesi.
  • Coleman, P. (2000). Aging and the satisfaction psychological needs. Psychological Inquiry, 11(4), 291-294
  • Danucalov, M. A., Kozasa, E. H., Afonso, R. F., Galduroz, J. C., & Leite, J. R. (2017). Yoga and compassion meditation program improve quality of life and self‐compassion in family caregivers of A lzheimer's disease patients: A randomized controlled trial. Geriatrics & Gerontology International, 17(1), 85-91.https://doi.org/10.1111/ggi.12675
  • Deci, E. L. & Ryan, R. M. (1991, January). A motivational approach to self: Integration in personality. In Nebraska Symposium on Motivation (Vol. 38, No. 1, ss. 237-288).
  • Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2000). The “What” and “Why” of goal pursuits: human needs and the self-determination of behavior. Psychological Inquiry, 11(4), 227–268.
  • Erikson, E. H. (1968). Identity youth and crisis (No. 7). WW Norton & company.
  • Gander, M.J., & Gardiner, W.H.(2004). Çocuk ve ergen gelişimi.İmge Kitapevi Yayınları
  • Gerber, Z., & Anaki, D. (2020). The role of self-compassion, concern for others, and basic psychological needs in the reduction of caregiving burnout. Mindfulness, 12(3), 741-750.
  • Germer, C. (2004). What is mindfulness. Insight Journal, 22(3), 24-29.
  • Gunnell, K. E., Mosewich, A. D., McEwen, C. E., Eklund, R. C., & Crocker, P. R. E. (2017). Don’t be so hard on yourself! Changes in self-compassion during the first year of university are associated with changes in well-being. Personality and Individual Differences, 107, 43–48.
  • Hair, J.F., Black, W.C., Babin, B.J., Anderson, R.E. & Tatham, R.L. (2013). Multivariate data analysis:Pearson Education Limited.
  • Hayes, A. F. (2013). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach.The Guildford Press.
  • Jativa, R., & Cerezo, M. A. (2014). The mediating role of self-compassion in the relationship between victimisation and psychological maladjustment in a sample of adolescents. Child Abuse & Neglect, 38, 1180-1190. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2014.04.005
  • Martin-Cuellar, A., Lardier, D. T., & Atencio, D. J. (2019). Therapist mindfulness and subjective vitality: the role of psychological wellbeing and compassion satisfaction. Journal of Mental Health, 1–8.https://doi.org/10.1080/09638237.2019.1644491
  • Nalipay, M. J. N., & Alfonso, M. K. S. (2018). Career and talent development self-efficacy of filipino students: The role of selfcompassion and hope. Philippine Journal of Psychology, 51(1), 101- 120.
  • Neff, K. (2003). Self-compassion: An alternative conceptualization of a healthy attitude toward oneself. Self and Identity, 2(2), 85-101.https://doi.org/10.1080/15298860309032
  • Neff, K. D. (2009). The role of self-compassion in development: A healthier way to relate to oneself. Human Development, 52(4), 211–214
  • Neff, K. D. (2011). Self-compassion . New York, NY: William Morrow.
  • Neff, K. D. (2015). The self-compassion scale is a valid and theoretically coherent measure of self-compassion. Mindfulness, 7(1), 264–274.
  • Neff, K. D., & Dahm, K. A. (2015). Self-compassion: What it is, what it does, and how it relates to mindfulness. In Handbook of Mindfulness and Self-Regulation (121-137).
  • Neff, K., & Germer, C. (2017). Self-compassion and psychological well-being. Oxford Handbooks Online.
  • Neff, K. D., Hsieh, Y. P., & Dejitterat, K. (2005). Self-compassion, achievement goals, and coping with academic failure. Self and Identity, 4(3), 263–287.https://doi.org/10.1080/13576500444000317
  • Nix, G. A., Ryan, R. M., Manly, J. B., & Deci, E. L. (1999). Revitalization through self-regulation: The effects of autonomous and controlled motivation on happiness and vitality. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 35(3), 266-284.https://doi.org/10.1006/jesp.1999.1382
  • Preacher, K. J., & Kelley, K. (2011). Effect size measures for mediation models: Quantitative strategies for communicating indirect effects. Psychological Methods, 16(2), 93–115.
  • Raes, F., Pommier, E., Neff, K. D., & Van Gucht, D. (2011). Construction and factorial validation of a short form of the self-compassion scale. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 18(3), 250-255.
  • Russel, S. & Bakken, J.R. University of Nebraska Lincoln.
  • Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2000). Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being. American Psychologist, 55(1), 68. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.55.1.68
  • Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2008). From ego depletion to vitality: Theory and findings concerning the facilitation of energy available to the self. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 2(2), 702-717.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-9004.2008.00098.x
  • Ryan, R. M., & Frederick, C. (1997). On energy, personality, and health: Subjective vitality as a dynamic reflection of well‐being. Journal of Personality, 65(3), 529-565.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.1997.tb00326.x
  • Ryan, R. M., Williams, G. C., Patrick, H., & Deci, E. L. (2009). Self-determination theory and physical activity: The dynamics of motivation in development and wellness. Hellenic Journal of Psychology, 6(2), 107–124.
  • Satıcı, S. A., & Deniz, M. E. (2019). Ergenlerin kendilik algıları ve okul doyumu: öznel zindeliğin aracılık rolünün değerlendirilmesi. Eğitim ve Bilim, 44(197).http://dx.doi.org/10.15390/EB.2019.7289
  • Shepherd, D. A., & Cardon, M. S. (2009). Negative emotional reactions to project failure and the self-compassion to learn from the experience. Journal of Management Studies,46(6), 923-949.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6486.2009.00821.x
  • Vergara-Torres, A. P., Tristán, J., López-Walle, J. M., González-Gallegos, A., Pappous, A. S., & Tomás, I. (2020). Students’ perceptions of teachers’ corrective feedback, basic psychological needs and subjective vitality: A Multilevel Approach. Frontiers in Psychology, 11.
  • Yıldırım, M., & Sarı, T. (2018). Öz-şefkat ölçeği kısa formunun Türkçe uyarlaması: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Abant İzzet Baysal Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 18(4), 2502-2517.https://doi.org/10.17240/aibuefd.2018.18.41844-452171
  • Yiğit, M. M. & Sarı, İ. & Kolayiş, H. (2016). Spor Bilimleri Fakültesi Öğrencilerinin Temel Psikolojik İhtiyaçlarının, Öznel Zindelik ve Mutluluk ile İlişkisi.
There are 47 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Other Fields of Education
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Simge Çelebi 0000-0002-5515-781X

İsmail Sanberk 0000-0002-4677-8059

Publication Date May 31, 2024
Submission Date February 3, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2024 Volume: 7 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Çelebi, S., & Sanberk, İ. (2024). Lise öğrencilerinde öznel zindeliğin yordayıcısı olarak temel psikolojik ihtiyaçlar: Öz-şefkatin aracı rolü. Kocaeli Üniversitesi Eğitim Dergisi, 7(1), 1-16. https://doi.org/10.33400/kuje.1246545



22176

Kocaeli Üniversitesi Eğitim Dergisi 2020 yılı itibariyle TR-Dizin tarafından dizinlenmektedir.