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Metacognition In Schizophrenia

Year 2017, Volume: 3 Issue: 3, 33 - 36, 30.09.2017
https://doi.org/10.30934/kusbed.317079

Abstract

Schizophrenia is a long-term mental disorder that decreases natural cognitive abilities such as thinking, understanding, comprehension, or imagination in the individual. Dysfunctions in schizophrenia derive from a number of biological activities based on psychopathological processes such as symptoms of the disease, neurocognitive deficits and social factors. The clinical appearance which especially expressed by negative symptoms in schizophrenia is closely related to metacognitive skills. Since the concept of metacognition has emerged, it has been defined within the framework of the fact that having an information about the state of one's own cognitive system and being able to control this system. It has been revealed that metacognitive loss is privileged in the appearance of schizophrenia through studies conducted in recent years. Impairments of executive functions and theory of mind process within the scope of metacognitive neurobiology in patients cause the obstacles for metacognitive activities. Program development studies targeting metacognitive deficiencies and planned intervention studies for the measurement and evaluation of this area in patients have gained momentum in recent years. In this review article, it is aimed to evaluate the current literature on schizophrenia in the field of metacognition, to draw attention of psychiatry workers for importance of matter and to put into practice the new initiatives for integrating patients with society.

References

  • Perfect T, Schwartz B. (Eds.) Applied metacognition. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2004.
  • Kühne F, Meister R, Jansen A ve diğ. Effectiveness of metacognitive interventions for mental disorders in adults: a systematic review protocol (METACOG). BMJ Open, 2017; 7(6):e015428.
  • Biliş. Türk Dil Kurumu içinde. 20 Ekim 2016 tarihinde http://www.tdk.gov.tr/index.php?option=com_gts&arama=gts&guid=TDK.GTS.58354d398d8844.04479393 adresinden erişildi.
  • Cognition. English Oxford living dictionaries içinde. 20 Ekim 2016 tarihinde https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/cognition adresinden erişildi.
  • Flavell, JH. Metacognition and cognitive monitoring: A new area of cognitive–developmental inquiry. American psychologist 34.10 (1979):906.
  • Karakelle S, Saraç S. Üst biliş hakkında bir gözden geçirme: Üstbiliş çalışmaları mı yoksa üst bilişsel yaklaşım mı? Türk Psikoloji Yazıları 13.26 (2010):45-60.
  • Lysaker P, Dimaggio G, Brüne M (Eds.) Social cognition and metacognition in schizophrenia: Psychopathology and treatment approaches. Elsevier, 2014.
  • Tas C, Brown E C, Aydemir O ve diğ. Metacognition in psychosis: Comparison of schizophrenia with bipolar disorder. Psychiatry Res, 2014; 219(3):464-469.
  • Çam O, Engin E. Ruh sağlığı ve hastalıkları hemşireliği bakım sanatı. İstanbul Tıp Kitapevi, İstanbul, 2014.
  • Lysaker P, Dimaggio G, Buck KD, ve diğ. Metacognition within narratives of schizophrenia: Associations with multiple domains of neurocognition. Schizophr Res, 2007; 93(1):278-287.
  • Harrington L, Siegert R, McClure J. Theory of mind in schizophrenia: a critical review. Cogn Neuropsychiatry, 2005; 10(4):249-286.
  • Penn DL, Sanna LJ, Roberts DL Social cognition in schizophrenia: an overview. Schizophr Bull, 2008; 34(3):408-411.
  • Kleinlein P. Social cognition and interaction training (SCIT) for individuals with schizophrenia spectrum disorders in outpatient treatment settings. A Dissertation For the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 2010.
  • Yıldırım E, Alptekin K. Şizofrenide öne çıkan yeni bir boyut: sosyal biliş. Düşünen Adam Psikiyatri ve Nörolojik Bilimler Dergisi, 2012; 25(4):368-375.
  • Brekke J, Kay DD, Lee KS, ve diğ. Biosocial pathways to functional outcome in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res, 2005; 80(2):213-225.
  • Moritz S, Woodward TS, Metacognition Study Group. Metacognitive Training For Patients With Schizophrenia (MCT). Hamburg: VanHam Campus Verlag, 2007a.
  • Green MF, Kern RS, Braff DL ve diğ. Neurocognitive deficits and functional outcome in schizophrenia: are we measuring the "right stuff"? Schizophr Bull, 2000; 26(1):119.
  • Altunöz U (2012). Frontal lob işlevleri. 23.10.2016’da http://turkpsikiyatri.org/ adresinden indirildi.
  • Irak M. Üst-biliş mi? Yönetici işlev mi? Bilme hissinin nöropsikolojik testlerle ölçülen dikkat süreçlerinden yordanması. Türk Psikoloji Dergisi, 2005; 20:97-116.
  • Varma GS, Özdel O, Karadağ F ve diğ. Şizofreni ve şizoaffektif bozuklukta bilişsel işlevlerin karşılaştırılması. Düsünen Adam: Journal of Psychiatry & Neurological Sciences, 2011:24(3).
  • Roncone R, Falloon IR, Mazza M. Is theory of mind in schizophrenia more strongly associated with clinical and social functioning than with neurocognitive deficits? Psychopathology, 2002; 35(5):280-288.
  • Greig TC, Bryson GJ, Bell MD. Theory of mind performance in schizophrenia: diagnostic, symptom, and neuropsychological correlates. J Nerv Ment Dis, 2004; 192(1):12-18.
  • Langdon R, Coltheart M, Ward PB ve diğ. Disturbed communication in schizophrenia: the role of poor pragmatics and poor mind-reading. Psychol Med, 2002; 32(07):1273-1284.
  • Lysaker PH, Dimaggio G, Daroyanni P ve diğ. Assessing metacognition in schizophrenia with the Metacognition Assessment Scale: associations with the Social Cognition and Object Relations Scale. Psychol Psychother, 2010; 83(3):303-315.
  • Pickup GJ, Frith CD. Theory of mind impairments in schizophrenia: symptomatology, severity and specificity. Psychol Med, 2001; 31(02):207-220.
  • Frith CD. The Cognitive Neuropsychology of Schizophrenia. Hove, UK: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates,1992.
  • Corcoran R, Mercer G, Frith CD. Schizophrenia, symptomatology and social inference: investigating “theory of mind” in people with schizophrenia. Schizophr Res, 1995; 17(1):5-13.
  • Erol A, Keleş Ünal E, Tunç Aydin E ve diğ. Şizofrenide sosyal işlevselliği yordayan etmenler. Türk Psikiyatri Dergisi, 2009; 20(4).
  • Yiğittürk D, Kaya B, Ünal S. Şizofreni hastalarında psikotik belirtilerdeki düzelmenin dikkat ve bellek işlevleri üzerine yansıması. Klinik Psikiyatri Dergisi, 2017; 20(1).
  • Dimaggio G, Procacci M, Nicolò G ve diğ. Poor metacognition in narcissistic and avoidant personality disorders: Four psychotherapy patients analysed using the Metacognition Assessment Scale. Clin Psychol Psychother, 2007; 14(5):386-401.
  • Yildiz E, Akpinar E, Tatar N ve diğ. Exploratory and Confirmatory Factor Analysis of the Metacognition Scale for Primary School Students. ESTP, 2009; 9(3):1591-1604.
  • Rocha NB, Queirós C. Metacognitive and social cognition training (MSCT) in schizophrenia: a preliminary efficacy study. Schizophr Res, 2013; 150(1):64-68.
  • Van Donkersgoed RJ, De Jong S, Van der Gaag M ve diğ. A manual-based individual therapy to improve metacognition in schizophrenia: protocol of a multi-center RCT. BMC Psychiatry, 2014; 14(1):1.
  • Horan WP, Kern RS, Shokat-Fadai K ve diğ. Social cognitive skills training in schizophrenia: an initial efficacy study of stabilized outpatients. Schizophr Res, 2009; 107(1):47-54.
  • Wykes T, Reeder C, Landau S ve diğ. Cognitive remediation therapy in schizophrenia. Randomised controlled trial. Br J Psychiatry, 2007; 190(5):421-427.
  • Moritz S, Veckenstedt R, Bohn F ve diğ. Complementary group metacognitive training (MCT) reduces delusional ideation in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res, 2013a; 151(1):61-69.
  • Moritz S, Veckenstedt R, Bohn F ve diğ. Metacognitive training in schizophrenia. Theoretical rationale and administration. İçinde D. L. Roberts, D. L. Penn (Ed.), Social Cognition in Schizophrenia. From Evidence to Treatment. Oxford University Press New York; 358-383:2013b.
  • Moritz S, Vitzthum F, Veckenstedt R ve diğ. Metacognitive training in schizophrenia: from basic research to intervention. In: JH Stone, M Blouin, editors. International Encyclopedia of Rehabilitation, 2010b.
  • Aghotor J, Pfueller U, Moritz S ve diğ. Metacognitive training for patients with schizophrenia (MCT): feasibility and preliminary evidence for its efficacy. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry, 2010; 41(3):207-211.
  • Balzan RP, Delfabbro PH, Galletly CA ve diğ. Metacognitive training for patients with schizophrenia: Preliminary evidence for a targeted, single-module programme. Aust N Z J Psychiatry, 2013; 00(0):1-11.
  • Briki M, Monnin J, Haffen E ve diğ. Metacognitive training for schizophrenia: A multicentre randomised controlled trial. Schizophr Res, 2014; 157(1):99-106.
  • Favrod J, Rexhaj S, Bardy S ve diğ. Sustained antipsychotic effect of metacognitive training in psychosis: a randomized-controlled study. Eur Psychiatry, 2013; 29(2014):275-281.
  • Kumar D, Zia Ul Haq M, Dubey I ve diğ. Effect of metacognitive training in the reduction of positive symptoms in schizophrenia. Eur J Psychother Couns, 2010; 12(2):149-158.
  • Moritz S, Woodward TS. Metacognitive training for schizophrenia patients (MCT): a pilot study on feasibility, treatment adherence, and subjective efficacy. German J Psychiatry, 2007b:10(3), 69-78.
  • Moritz S, Woodward TS. Metacognitive training in schizophrenia: from basic research to knowledge translation and intervention. Curr Opin Psychiatry, 2007c; 20(6):619-625.
  • Moritz S, Vitzthum F, Randjbar S ve diğ. Detecting and defusing cognitive traps: metacognitive intervention in schizophrenia. Curr Opin Psychiatry, 2010a; 23(6):561-569.
  • Moritz S, Kerstan A, Veckenstedt R ve diğ. Further evidence for the efficacy of a metacognitive group training in schizophrenia. Behav Res Ther, 2011; 49(3):151-157.
  • Moritz S, Veckenstedt R, Andreu C ve diğ. Sustained and “sleeper” effects of group metacognitive training for schizophrenia a randomized clinical trial. JAMA, 2014a; 71(10):1103-1111.
  • Moritz S, Andreu C, Schneider BC ve diğ. Sowing the seeds of doubt: a narrative review on metacognitive training in schizophrenia. Clinl Psychol Rev, 2014b; 34(4):358.
  • Naughton M, Nulty A, Abidin Z ve diğ. Effects of group metacognitive training (MCT) on mental capacity and functioning in patients with psychosis in a secure forensic psychiatric hospital: a prospective-cohort waiting list controlled study. BMC Res Notes, 2012; 5(1):302.
  • Gard DE, Fisher M, Garrett C ve diğ. Motivation and its relationship to neurocognition, social cognition, and functional outcome in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res, 2009; 115(1):74-81.

Şizofrenide Üstbiliş

Year 2017, Volume: 3 Issue: 3, 33 - 36, 30.09.2017
https://doi.org/10.30934/kusbed.317079

Abstract

Şizofreni; bireyde düşünme, anlama, kavrama ya da imgeleme gibi doğal bilişsel güçleri zayıflatan uzun süreli ruhsal bir bozukluktur. Şizofrenide işlev bozuklukları, hastalığın belirtileri, sinirbilişsel kayıplar ve toplumsal faktörler gibi psikopatolojik sürece temellenen bir dizi biyolojik olaydan kaynaklanır. Daha çok duyguların ve toplumsallaşmanın öncelikle hasara uğradığı ve şizofrenide negatif belirtiler olarak karşımıza çıkan klinik tablo üstbiliş becerileri ile yakından ilişkilidir. Üstbiliş kavramı, kişinin kendi bilişsel sisteminin durumu hakkında bilgi sahibi olması ve bu sistemi kontrol edebilmesi çerçevesinde tanımlanmıştır. Üstbiliş kayıplarının şizofreni görünümünde öncelikli olduğu son yıllarda yapılan araştırmalarla ortaya konmuştur. Hastalarda üstbiliş nörobiyolojisi kapsamında, yürütücü işlevler ve uskuramı sürecinde meydana gelen bozulmalar, üstbiliş aktivitelerinin önünde engel teşkil etmektedir. Hastalarda bu alanın ölçümü ve değerlendirilmesine yönelik planlanan girişim çalışmaları ile üstbiliş yetersizliklerini hedefleyen program geliştirme çalışmaları son yıllarda ivme kazanmıştır. Bu gözden geçirme yazısı ile konu ile ilgili çalışma sayısının henüz kısıtlı olduğu ülkemizde, şizofrenili bireylerde üstbiliş alanı hakkında mevcut literatür bilgisi yeniden değerlendirilerek, psikiyatri ve ruh sağlığı çalışanlarının konunun önemine dikkatlerini çekmek ve hastaların toplum ile bütünleşmesine yönelik yeni girişimleri hayata geçirmek hedeflenmektedir.

References

  • Perfect T, Schwartz B. (Eds.) Applied metacognition. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2004.
  • Kühne F, Meister R, Jansen A ve diğ. Effectiveness of metacognitive interventions for mental disorders in adults: a systematic review protocol (METACOG). BMJ Open, 2017; 7(6):e015428.
  • Biliş. Türk Dil Kurumu içinde. 20 Ekim 2016 tarihinde http://www.tdk.gov.tr/index.php?option=com_gts&arama=gts&guid=TDK.GTS.58354d398d8844.04479393 adresinden erişildi.
  • Cognition. English Oxford living dictionaries içinde. 20 Ekim 2016 tarihinde https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/cognition adresinden erişildi.
  • Flavell, JH. Metacognition and cognitive monitoring: A new area of cognitive–developmental inquiry. American psychologist 34.10 (1979):906.
  • Karakelle S, Saraç S. Üst biliş hakkında bir gözden geçirme: Üstbiliş çalışmaları mı yoksa üst bilişsel yaklaşım mı? Türk Psikoloji Yazıları 13.26 (2010):45-60.
  • Lysaker P, Dimaggio G, Brüne M (Eds.) Social cognition and metacognition in schizophrenia: Psychopathology and treatment approaches. Elsevier, 2014.
  • Tas C, Brown E C, Aydemir O ve diğ. Metacognition in psychosis: Comparison of schizophrenia with bipolar disorder. Psychiatry Res, 2014; 219(3):464-469.
  • Çam O, Engin E. Ruh sağlığı ve hastalıkları hemşireliği bakım sanatı. İstanbul Tıp Kitapevi, İstanbul, 2014.
  • Lysaker P, Dimaggio G, Buck KD, ve diğ. Metacognition within narratives of schizophrenia: Associations with multiple domains of neurocognition. Schizophr Res, 2007; 93(1):278-287.
  • Harrington L, Siegert R, McClure J. Theory of mind in schizophrenia: a critical review. Cogn Neuropsychiatry, 2005; 10(4):249-286.
  • Penn DL, Sanna LJ, Roberts DL Social cognition in schizophrenia: an overview. Schizophr Bull, 2008; 34(3):408-411.
  • Kleinlein P. Social cognition and interaction training (SCIT) for individuals with schizophrenia spectrum disorders in outpatient treatment settings. A Dissertation For the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 2010.
  • Yıldırım E, Alptekin K. Şizofrenide öne çıkan yeni bir boyut: sosyal biliş. Düşünen Adam Psikiyatri ve Nörolojik Bilimler Dergisi, 2012; 25(4):368-375.
  • Brekke J, Kay DD, Lee KS, ve diğ. Biosocial pathways to functional outcome in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res, 2005; 80(2):213-225.
  • Moritz S, Woodward TS, Metacognition Study Group. Metacognitive Training For Patients With Schizophrenia (MCT). Hamburg: VanHam Campus Verlag, 2007a.
  • Green MF, Kern RS, Braff DL ve diğ. Neurocognitive deficits and functional outcome in schizophrenia: are we measuring the "right stuff"? Schizophr Bull, 2000; 26(1):119.
  • Altunöz U (2012). Frontal lob işlevleri. 23.10.2016’da http://turkpsikiyatri.org/ adresinden indirildi.
  • Irak M. Üst-biliş mi? Yönetici işlev mi? Bilme hissinin nöropsikolojik testlerle ölçülen dikkat süreçlerinden yordanması. Türk Psikoloji Dergisi, 2005; 20:97-116.
  • Varma GS, Özdel O, Karadağ F ve diğ. Şizofreni ve şizoaffektif bozuklukta bilişsel işlevlerin karşılaştırılması. Düsünen Adam: Journal of Psychiatry & Neurological Sciences, 2011:24(3).
  • Roncone R, Falloon IR, Mazza M. Is theory of mind in schizophrenia more strongly associated with clinical and social functioning than with neurocognitive deficits? Psychopathology, 2002; 35(5):280-288.
  • Greig TC, Bryson GJ, Bell MD. Theory of mind performance in schizophrenia: diagnostic, symptom, and neuropsychological correlates. J Nerv Ment Dis, 2004; 192(1):12-18.
  • Langdon R, Coltheart M, Ward PB ve diğ. Disturbed communication in schizophrenia: the role of poor pragmatics and poor mind-reading. Psychol Med, 2002; 32(07):1273-1284.
  • Lysaker PH, Dimaggio G, Daroyanni P ve diğ. Assessing metacognition in schizophrenia with the Metacognition Assessment Scale: associations with the Social Cognition and Object Relations Scale. Psychol Psychother, 2010; 83(3):303-315.
  • Pickup GJ, Frith CD. Theory of mind impairments in schizophrenia: symptomatology, severity and specificity. Psychol Med, 2001; 31(02):207-220.
  • Frith CD. The Cognitive Neuropsychology of Schizophrenia. Hove, UK: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates,1992.
  • Corcoran R, Mercer G, Frith CD. Schizophrenia, symptomatology and social inference: investigating “theory of mind” in people with schizophrenia. Schizophr Res, 1995; 17(1):5-13.
  • Erol A, Keleş Ünal E, Tunç Aydin E ve diğ. Şizofrenide sosyal işlevselliği yordayan etmenler. Türk Psikiyatri Dergisi, 2009; 20(4).
  • Yiğittürk D, Kaya B, Ünal S. Şizofreni hastalarında psikotik belirtilerdeki düzelmenin dikkat ve bellek işlevleri üzerine yansıması. Klinik Psikiyatri Dergisi, 2017; 20(1).
  • Dimaggio G, Procacci M, Nicolò G ve diğ. Poor metacognition in narcissistic and avoidant personality disorders: Four psychotherapy patients analysed using the Metacognition Assessment Scale. Clin Psychol Psychother, 2007; 14(5):386-401.
  • Yildiz E, Akpinar E, Tatar N ve diğ. Exploratory and Confirmatory Factor Analysis of the Metacognition Scale for Primary School Students. ESTP, 2009; 9(3):1591-1604.
  • Rocha NB, Queirós C. Metacognitive and social cognition training (MSCT) in schizophrenia: a preliminary efficacy study. Schizophr Res, 2013; 150(1):64-68.
  • Van Donkersgoed RJ, De Jong S, Van der Gaag M ve diğ. A manual-based individual therapy to improve metacognition in schizophrenia: protocol of a multi-center RCT. BMC Psychiatry, 2014; 14(1):1.
  • Horan WP, Kern RS, Shokat-Fadai K ve diğ. Social cognitive skills training in schizophrenia: an initial efficacy study of stabilized outpatients. Schizophr Res, 2009; 107(1):47-54.
  • Wykes T, Reeder C, Landau S ve diğ. Cognitive remediation therapy in schizophrenia. Randomised controlled trial. Br J Psychiatry, 2007; 190(5):421-427.
  • Moritz S, Veckenstedt R, Bohn F ve diğ. Complementary group metacognitive training (MCT) reduces delusional ideation in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res, 2013a; 151(1):61-69.
  • Moritz S, Veckenstedt R, Bohn F ve diğ. Metacognitive training in schizophrenia. Theoretical rationale and administration. İçinde D. L. Roberts, D. L. Penn (Ed.), Social Cognition in Schizophrenia. From Evidence to Treatment. Oxford University Press New York; 358-383:2013b.
  • Moritz S, Vitzthum F, Veckenstedt R ve diğ. Metacognitive training in schizophrenia: from basic research to intervention. In: JH Stone, M Blouin, editors. International Encyclopedia of Rehabilitation, 2010b.
  • Aghotor J, Pfueller U, Moritz S ve diğ. Metacognitive training for patients with schizophrenia (MCT): feasibility and preliminary evidence for its efficacy. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry, 2010; 41(3):207-211.
  • Balzan RP, Delfabbro PH, Galletly CA ve diğ. Metacognitive training for patients with schizophrenia: Preliminary evidence for a targeted, single-module programme. Aust N Z J Psychiatry, 2013; 00(0):1-11.
  • Briki M, Monnin J, Haffen E ve diğ. Metacognitive training for schizophrenia: A multicentre randomised controlled trial. Schizophr Res, 2014; 157(1):99-106.
  • Favrod J, Rexhaj S, Bardy S ve diğ. Sustained antipsychotic effect of metacognitive training in psychosis: a randomized-controlled study. Eur Psychiatry, 2013; 29(2014):275-281.
  • Kumar D, Zia Ul Haq M, Dubey I ve diğ. Effect of metacognitive training in the reduction of positive symptoms in schizophrenia. Eur J Psychother Couns, 2010; 12(2):149-158.
  • Moritz S, Woodward TS. Metacognitive training for schizophrenia patients (MCT): a pilot study on feasibility, treatment adherence, and subjective efficacy. German J Psychiatry, 2007b:10(3), 69-78.
  • Moritz S, Woodward TS. Metacognitive training in schizophrenia: from basic research to knowledge translation and intervention. Curr Opin Psychiatry, 2007c; 20(6):619-625.
  • Moritz S, Vitzthum F, Randjbar S ve diğ. Detecting and defusing cognitive traps: metacognitive intervention in schizophrenia. Curr Opin Psychiatry, 2010a; 23(6):561-569.
  • Moritz S, Kerstan A, Veckenstedt R ve diğ. Further evidence for the efficacy of a metacognitive group training in schizophrenia. Behav Res Ther, 2011; 49(3):151-157.
  • Moritz S, Veckenstedt R, Andreu C ve diğ. Sustained and “sleeper” effects of group metacognitive training for schizophrenia a randomized clinical trial. JAMA, 2014a; 71(10):1103-1111.
  • Moritz S, Andreu C, Schneider BC ve diğ. Sowing the seeds of doubt: a narrative review on metacognitive training in schizophrenia. Clinl Psychol Rev, 2014b; 34(4):358.
  • Naughton M, Nulty A, Abidin Z ve diğ. Effects of group metacognitive training (MCT) on mental capacity and functioning in patients with psychosis in a secure forensic psychiatric hospital: a prospective-cohort waiting list controlled study. BMC Res Notes, 2012; 5(1):302.
  • Gard DE, Fisher M, Garrett C ve diğ. Motivation and its relationship to neurocognition, social cognition, and functional outcome in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res, 2009; 115(1):74-81.
There are 51 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Health Care Administration
Journal Section Review Article
Authors

Zeynep Özaslan This is me

Hülya Bilgin This is me

Publication Date September 30, 2017
Submission Date May 30, 2017
Acceptance Date September 13, 2017
Published in Issue Year 2017 Volume: 3 Issue: 3

Cite

APA Özaslan, Z., & Bilgin, H. (2017). Şizofrenide Üstbiliş. Kocaeli Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, 3(3), 33-36. https://doi.org/10.30934/kusbed.317079
AMA Özaslan Z, Bilgin H. Şizofrenide Üstbiliş. KOU Sag Bil Derg. September 2017;3(3):33-36. doi:10.30934/kusbed.317079
Chicago Özaslan, Zeynep, and Hülya Bilgin. “Şizofrenide Üstbiliş”. Kocaeli Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi 3, no. 3 (September 2017): 33-36. https://doi.org/10.30934/kusbed.317079.
EndNote Özaslan Z, Bilgin H (September 1, 2017) Şizofrenide Üstbiliş. Kocaeli Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi 3 3 33–36.
IEEE Z. Özaslan and H. Bilgin, “Şizofrenide Üstbiliş”, KOU Sag Bil Derg, vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 33–36, 2017, doi: 10.30934/kusbed.317079.
ISNAD Özaslan, Zeynep - Bilgin, Hülya. “Şizofrenide Üstbiliş”. Kocaeli Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi 3/3 (September 2017), 33-36. https://doi.org/10.30934/kusbed.317079.
JAMA Özaslan Z, Bilgin H. Şizofrenide Üstbiliş. KOU Sag Bil Derg. 2017;3:33–36.
MLA Özaslan, Zeynep and Hülya Bilgin. “Şizofrenide Üstbiliş”. Kocaeli Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, vol. 3, no. 3, 2017, pp. 33-36, doi:10.30934/kusbed.317079.
Vancouver Özaslan Z, Bilgin H. Şizofrenide Üstbiliş. KOU Sag Bil Derg. 2017;3(3):33-6.