kvj

Kocatepe Veterinary Journal

2147-6853

Afyon Kocatepe University

10.30607/kvj.1158402

Veterinary Sciences

Veteriner Bilimleri

Detection of Helminth Egg Contamination on Raw Vegetables in Afyonkarahisar, Turkey

Afyonkarahisar'da Çiğ Sebzelerde Helmint Kontaminasyonunun Tespiti

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7407-7383

Erez

Mahmut Sinan

AFYON KOCATEPE UNIVERSITY, FACULTY OF VETERINARY MEDICINE

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9473-6198

Kozan

Esma

AFYON KOCATEPE ÜNİVERSİTESİ, VETERİNER FAKÜLTESİ, KLİNİK ÖNCESİ BİLİMLERİ BÖLÜMÜ

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6040-761X

Göksu

Ahmet

AFYON KOCATEPE UNIVERSITY

12 31 2022

15 4 374 380 08 08 2022 10 12 2022

2008

Kocatepe Veterinary Journal

This study aimed to investigate the helminth egg contamination of raw vegetables grown in Afyonkarahisar. The material of the study consisted of 508 randomly selected vegetable samples, including lettuce, parsley, carrot, green onion, spinach, cress, arugula, mint, dill, and purslane, which were collected from the field between October 2018 and September 2019. According to the relevant literature, the sediments obtained after the proper washing procedure were examined under a light microscope for helminth eggs. According to the results, Taenia/Echinococcus eggs were found in 2 (0.39%) vegetable samples, including 1 lettuce and 1 dill. Toxocara spp. eggs were found in 2 (0.39%) vegetable samples, including 1 lettuce and 1 mint. Toxascaris leonina eggs were found in 1 (0.2%) rocket sample, and hookworm/strongylid eggs were found in 58 samples (11.42%), including 4 lettuce, 6 parsley, 3 carrots, 18 green onions, 2 spinach, 9 cresses, 4 garden rocket, 6 mint, and 6 purslanes. Moreover, Dicrocoelium spp. eggs were detected in 2 (3,63%) carrots and 1 (2,04%) rocket, Moniezia spp. eggs were detected 2 (3.63% ) carrots, Fasciola spp.eggs were detected in 1 (2.08%) green onion. This study concluded that some vegetables sold and consumed raw in Afyonkarahisar bazaars are contaminated with helminth eggs, which are a risk to public health. It was agreed that these vegetables should be thoroughly washed and consumed in accordance with hygiene standards, otherwise serious health problems may arise.

Bu çalışma ile Afyonkarahisar'da yetiştirilen çiğ sebzelerin helmint yumurta kontaminasyonunun araştırılması amaçlanmıştır. Çalışmanın materyalini Ekim 2018-Eylül 2019 tarihleri arasında tarladan toplandığı haliyle semt pazarlarında satışa sunulan marul, maydanoz, havuç, yeşil soğan, ıspanak, tere, roka, nane, dereotu ve semizotu olmak üzere rastgele seçilmiş toplam 508 sebze örneği oluşturmuştur. İlgili literatürler doğrultusunda uygun yıkama prosedüründen sonra elde edilen sedimentler, ışık mikroskobunda helmint yumurtaları yönünden incelenmiştir. Buna göre, 1 marul, 1 dereotu olmak üzere 2 (%0.39) sebze örneğinde Taenia/Echinococcus yumurtası, 1 marul, 1 nane olmak üzere 2 (%0.39) sebze örneğinde Toxocara spp., 1 (%0.2) roka örneğinde Toxascaris leonina yumurtası, 4 marul, 6 maydanoz, 3 havuç, 18 soğan, 2 ıspanak, 9 tere, 4 roka, 6 nane, 6 semizotu olmak üzere 58 örnekte (%11.42) kancalı kurt/strongylid tip yumurta bulunmuştur. Ayrıca 2 (3.63% ) havuç, 1 (2.04%) roka örneğinde Dicrocoelium spp., 2 (3.63% ) havuç örneğinde Moniezia spp., 1 (2.08%) yeşil soğan örneğinde Fasciola spp. yumurtası tespit edilmiştir. Bu çalışmada Afyonkarahisar il pazarlarında çiğ olarak satılan ve tüketilen bazı sebzelerin halk sağlığı için risk oluşturan olan helmint yumurtaları ile kontamine olduğu sonucuna varılmıştır. Bu sebzelerin yeteri kadar yıkanması ve hijyen kurallarına uyularak tüketilmesi gerekmektedir; aksi takdirde ciddi sağlık sorunları ortaya çıkabileceği sonucuna varılmıştır.

Afyonkarahisar Contamination Helminth Egg Public Health Raw vegetables

Afyonkarahisar Kontaminasyon Helmint Yumurtası Halk Sağlığı Çiğ Sebzeler

AKÜ BAP

18.KARIYER.119

1. Van Duyn, MAS & Pivonka, E. Overview of the health benefits of fruit and vegetable consumption for the dietetics professional: selected literature. Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 2000, 100 (12), 1511-1521.

2. WHO. Division of control of tropical disease. Intestinal parasites control. www.who.int/ctd/html/intest.html /Accessed 5 April 2019.

3. Slifko, TR, Smith, HV, Rose, JB. Emerging parasite zoonoses associated with water and food. International Journal for Parasitology, 2000, 30, 1379–1393.

4. Al-Binali, AM, Bello, CS, El-Shewy, K, Abdulla, SE. The prevalence of parasites in commonly used leafy vegetables in South Western Saudi Arabia. Saudi Medical Journal, 2006, 27(5), 613-616.

5. Newell, DG, Koopmans, M, Verhoef, L, Duizer, E, Aidara-Kane, A, Sprong, H, Opsteegh, M, Langelaar, M, Threfall, J, Scheutz, F, van der Giessen, J, Kruse, H. Food-borne diseases e the challenges of 20 years ago still persist while new ones continue to emerge. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 2010, 139, 3-15.

6. Kozan, E, Gonenc, B, Sarimehmetoglu, O, Aycicek, H. Prevalence of helminth eggs on raw vegetables used for salads. Food Control, 2005, 16, 239-242.

7. Ahmed, SA, Karanis, P. An overview of methods/techniques for the detection of Cryptosporidium in food samples. Parasitology research, 2018, 117(3), 629-653.

8. Vázquez, OT, Martínez, IB, Tay, JZ, Ruiz, AH, Pérez, AT. Vegetables for human consumption as probable source of Toxocara sp. infection in man. Boletinchileno de parasitologia, 1997, 52 (3-4), 47-50.

9. Mesquita, VC, Serra, CM, Bastos, OM, Uchoa, CM. The enteroparasitic contamination of commercial vegetables in the cities of Niteroiand Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Revista da Socieda de Brasileira de Medicina Tropical, 1999, 32 (4), 363-366.

10. Coelho, LM, Oliveira, SM, Milman, MH, Karasawa, KA, Santos, RD. Detection of transmissible forms of enteroparasites in water and vegetables consumed at schools in Sorocaba, Sao Paulo state, Brazil. Revista da Socieda de Brasileira de Medicina Tropical, 2001, 34 (5), 479-482.

11. Takayanagui, OM, Oliveira, CD, Bergamini, AM, Capuano, DM, Okino, MH, Febrônio, LH, Takayanagui, AM. Monitoring of vegetables commercially sold in Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil. Revista da Socieda de Brasileira de Medicina Tropical, 2001, 34 (1), 37-41.

12. Aras, V. Sebzecilik. Gıda Tarım ve Hayvancılık Bakanlığı. https://www.msmeturkey.com/fileadmin/msme/upload/pdf/3-_Alata_SebzecilikVA.pdf /Accessed 19 April 2019.

13. Adanir, R, Tasci, F. Prevalence of helminth eggs in raw vegetables consumed in Burdur, Turkey. Food Control, 2013, 31, 482-484.

14. Adamu, NB, Adamu, JY, Mohammed, D. Prevalence of helminth parasites found on vegetables sold in Maiduguri, North-eastern Nigeria. Food Control, 2012, 25, 23-26.

15. Fallah, AA, Pirali-Kheirabadi, K, Shirvani, F, Saei-Dehkordi, SS. Prevalence of parasitic contamination in vegetables used for raw consumption in Shahrekord, Iran: influence of season and washing procedure. Food Control, 2012, 25, 617-620.

16. Adenusi, AA, Abimbola, WA, Adewoga, TOS. Human intestinal helminth contamination in pre-washed, fresh vegetables for sale in majör markets in Ogun State, southwest Nigeria. Food Control, 2015, 50, 843-849.

17. Eckert, J, Deplazes, P. Biological, epidemiological, and clinical aspects of Echinococcosis, a zoonosis of increasing concern. Clinical Microbiology Reviews, 2004,17(1), 107–135.

18. Daryani, A, Ettehad, GH, Sharif, M, Ghorbani, L, Ziaei H. Prevalence of intestinal parasites in vegetables consumed in Ardabil, Iran. Food Control, 2008, 19, 790-794.

19. Fallah, AA, Makhtumi, Y, Pirali-Kheirabadi, K. Seasonal study of parasitic contamination in fresh salad vegetables marketed in Shahrekord, Iran. Food Control, 2016, 60, 538-542.

20. Ozkan, AT, Hökelek, M, Polat, E, Yilmaz, H, Ozbilge, H, Ustün, S, Artiş, T. Cystic echinococcosis in Turkey from 2001-2005. Turkiye parazitolojii dergisi, 2008, 32(3), 208-220.

21. Cetinkaya, Z, Ciftci, IH, Demirel, R, Altindis, M, Ayaz, E. A sero-epidemiologic study on cystic echinococcosis in Midwestern region of Turkey. Saudi medical journal, 2005, 26(2), 350-351.

22. Overgaauw, PAM. Aspects of Toxocara epidemiology: Toxocarosis in dogs and cats. ClinRevMicrobiol, 1997, 23(3): 233-251.

23. Avcioglu, H, Soykan, E, Tarkci, U. Control of helminth contamination of raw vegetables by washing. Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases, 2011, 11, 189–191.

24. Macpherson, CNL. The epidemiology and public health importance of toxocariasis: A zoonosis of global importance. International Journal for Parasitology, 2013, 43, 999–1008.

25. Uga, S, Hoa, NT, Noda, S, Moji, K, Cong, L, Raj, SK, Fujimaki, Y. Parasite egg contamination of vegetables from a suburban market in Hanoi, Vietnam. Nepal Med Coll J, 2009, 11(2), 75-78.

26. Maikai, BV, Baba-Onoja, EBT, Elisha, IA. Contamination of raw vegetables with Cryptosporidium oocysts in markets within Zariameteropolis, Kadun State, Nigeria. Food Control, 2013, 31, 45–48.

27. Kłapeć,T, Borecka, A. Contamination of vegetables, fruits and soil with geohelmints eggs on organic farms in Poland. Annals of Agricultural and Environmental Medicine, 2012, 19,421–425.

28. Punsawad, C, Phasuk, N, Thongtup, K, Nagavirochana, S, Viriyavejakul, P. Prevalence of parasitic contamination of raw vegetables in Nakhon Si Thammarat province, southern Thailand. BMC Public Health, 2019, 19:34.

29. Altindiş, M, Aktepe, OC, Çetinkaya, Z, Çiftçi, İH, Kiyildi, N, Akbiyik, E. Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Has-tanesinde parazit saptanma oranları. Kocatepe Tıp Dergisi, 2004, 5(1), 29-32.

30. Ak, M, Keleş, E, Karacasu, F, Pektaş, B, Akkafa, F, Özgür, S, Ozcel, MA. The distribution of the intestinal parasitic diseases in the Southeast Anatolian (GAP= SEAP) region of Turkey. Parasitology research, 2006, 99(2), 146-152.

31. Ulukanligil, M, Seyrek, A. Demographic and parasitic infection status of schoolchildren and sanitary conditions of schools in Sanliurfa, Turkey. BMC public health, 2003, 3(1), 1-7.

32. Blaszkowska, J, Kurnatowski, P, Damiecka, P. Contamination of the soil by eggs of geohelminths in rural areas of Lodz district (Poland). Helminthologia, 2011, 48(2), 67-76.

33. Toparlak, M, Tüzer, E. Veteriner Helmintoloji. İ.Ü. Veteriner Fakültesi Parazitoloji Anabilim Dalı, 2000.

34. Purwati, E, Putra, MS.; Priyowidodo, D, Ribeiro da Silva, LM, Humaidah, H. Site distribution and identification of parasitic strongyle from cattle in Central Java, Indonesia. Asian Pac J Trop Dis, 2017, 7 (9): 539-543.

35. Anonymus. https://www.afyon.bel.tr. /Accessed 5 April 2019.

36. Sarıışık, G. Research on engineering properties of heat-treated volcanic rocks. Arabian Journal of Geosciences, 2021, 14(1), 1-14.

37. Bailenger, J. Valeur comparée des méthodes d'enrichissement en coprologie parasitaire. Le Pharmacien Biologiste, 1962, 3, 249-259.

38. Ayres, RM, Mara, DD. World Health Organization. (1996). Analysis of wastewater for use in agriculture: a laboratory manual of parasitological and bacteriological techniques. World Health Organization.

39. Soulsby, EJL. (1982). Helminths, arthropods and protozoa of domesticated animals (7th ed.). London: ELBS and Bailliere Tindall. 809 pp.

40. Hernández-Chavarría, F, Avendaño, L. (2001). A simple modification of the Baermann method for diagnosis of strongyloi-diasis. Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 96, 805e807.

41. SPSS Inc. PASW Statistical Program. Version 18.0.0. Chicago, IL, USA: SPSS Inc, 2009.