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Türkiye Siyasi ve Toplumsal Hayatında Başörtüsünün Değişen Anlamları

Year 2020, Volume: 25 Issue: 98, 83 - 101, 26.06.2020
https://doi.org/10.36484/liberal.692152

Abstract

Türkiye Cumhuriyeti’nin kurulmasından itibaren kadınların seküler modernleşmenin en görünür aktörleri olmaları sebebiyle, başörtüsü ya da çeşitli örtünme biçimleri Türkiye tarihinin tartışmalı konularından biri olagelmiştir. 1980’lerden itibaren de seküler elitler başörtüsünü, İslamcıların sistemi bir İslam devletine dönüştürmeye yönelik çabalarının bir parçası olarak görmüşler ve başörtüsünü eğitim ve diğer kamu kuruluşlarında yasaklamak için çeşitli araçlar kullanmışlardır. Bu makale, kadınların dini bir pratiği olan başörtüsünün hem İslami ve hem de seküler siyaset tarafından nasıl ifade edildiğini, ne amaçla kullanıldığını, siyasi kamplaşmalarda nasıl bir rol oynadığını, özellikle de erkek siyasetçiler tarafından siyasi bir sembole dönüştürüldüğünü, başörtüsü yasaklarını ve kadınların tüm bu süreçlerde hangi şekillerde yer aldığını tarihsel bir perspektif kullanarak inceleyecektir.

References

  • Acar, Feride (1995), “Women and Islam in Turkey”, Şirin Tekeli (ed.), Women in Modern Turkish Society, London: Zed Books Ltd., ss. 46-65.
  • Adak, Sevgi (2015), “Anti-veiling Campaigns and Local Elites in Turkey of the 1930s: A View from the Periphery”, Stephanie Cronin (ed.), Anti-veiling Campaigns in the Muslim world, New York, NY: Routledge, ss. 59-85. Ahmed, Leila (1992), Women and Gender in Islam, New Heaven: Yale University Press.
  • Akboga, Sema (2014), “Turkish Civil Society Divided by the Headscarf Ban”, Democratization, s. 21, ss. 610-633.
  • Akbulut, Zeynep (2015), “Veiling as Self-Disciplining: Muslim Women, Islamic Discourses, and the Headscarf Ban in Turkey”, Contemporary Islam, s. 9, ss. 433-453. Aksoy, Murat (2005), Başörtüsü-Türban: Batılılaşma-Modernleşme, Laiklik, Örtünme, İstanbul: Kitap Yayınevi. Aldıkaçtı Marshall, Gül (2005), “Ideology, Progress, and Dialogue: A Comparison of Feminist and Islamist Women's Approaches to the Issues of Head Covering and Work in Turkey”, Gender and Society, s. 19, ss. 104-120. Arat, Zehra F. (1998), “Introduction”, Zehra F. Arat (ed.), Deconstructing Images of the Turkish Women, New York: St. Martin’s Press, ss. 1-37. Arat, Yeşim (2005), Rethinking Islam and Liberal Democracy: Islamist Women in Turkish Politics, New York: State University of New York Press.
  • Arat-Koc, Sedef (1999), “Coming to Terms with Hijab in Canada and Turkey: Agonies of a Secular and Anti-orientalist Émigré Feminist”, Alema Heitlinger (ed.), Émigré Feminism: Transnational Perspectives, Toronto: University of Toronto Press, ss. 173-188.
  • Barras, Amelie (2009), “A Rights-Based Discourse to Contest the Boundaries of State Secularism? The Case of The Headscarf Bans in France and Turkey”, Democratization, s. 16, ss. 1237-1260. Bayram, Salih (2009), “Reporting Hijab in Turkey: Shifts in the Pro- and Anti-ban Discourses”, Turkish Studies, s. 10, ss. 511–538.
  • Berktay, Fatmagül (2003), Tarihin Cinsiyeti, Istanbul: Metis.
  • Bora, Aksu ve Çalışkan, Koray (2007), “What is under a Headscarf? Neo-Islamist vs. Kemalist Conservatism in Turkey”, Arab Studies Journal, s. 15/16, ss. 140-155. Buğra, Ayşe (2003), “The Place of the Economy in Turkish Society”, South Atlantic Quarterly, s. 102, ss. 453–70.
  • Cansun, Şebnem (2013), “The Headscarf Question in Turkey: The Examples of the AKP and the CHP”, International Journal of Social Science, s. 61, ss. 23-142. Cetin, Iclal (2010), “Veiled Representations: Political Battles around Female Sexuality in Turkish Print Media,” Feminist Media Studies, s. 10, ss. 409–419.
  • Cindoğlu, Dilek (2010), “Headscarved Women in Professional Jobs: Revisiting Discrimination in 2010, Istanbul: TESEV.
  • Cindoglu, Dilek ve Zencirci, Gizem (2008), “The Headscarf in Turkey in The Public and State Spheres”, Middle Eastern Studies, s. 44, ss. 791-806. Çakar Mengü, Seda, Mengü, Murat ve Odyakmaz, Necla (2009), “Ideological Formation in Turkish Newspapers: An Analysis of the News About the Headscarf Issue”, Journal of Arab & Muslim Media Research, s. 2, ss. 223–239.
  • Çelik Wiltse, Evren (2008), “The Gordian Knot of Turkish Politics: Regulating Headscarf Use in Public” South European Society and Politics, s. 13, ss. 195-215.
  • Çınar, Alev (2005), Modernity, Islam and Secularism in Turkey: Bodies Places and Time, Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
  • Çınar, Alev (2008), “Subversion and Subjugation in the Public Sphere: Secularism and the Islamic Headscarf”, Signs, s. 33, ss. 891-913.
  • Durakbasa, Ayse (1998), “Kemalism as Identity Politics in Turkey”, Zehra F. Arat (ed.), Deconstructing Images of the Turkish Women, New York: St. Martin’s Press, ss. 139-157.
  • Fisher Onar, Nora ve Müftüler-Baç, Meltem (2011), “The Adultery and Headscarf Debates in Turkey: Fusing “EU-Niversal” and “Alternative” Modernities?”, Women's Studies International Forum, s. 34, ss. 378-389. Gökarıksel, Banu ve Mitchell, Katharyne (2005), “Veiling, Secularism, and the Neoliberal Subject: National Narratives and Supranational Desires in Turkey and France”, Global Networks, s. 5, ss. 147-165. Göle, Nilüfer (1996), The Forbidden Modern: Civilization and Veiling, Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press. Göle, Nilüfer (2003), “Contemporary Islamist Movements and New Sources for Religious Tolerance”, Journal of Human Rights, s. 2, ss. 17-30.
  • Göle, Nilüfer (2004), “Visible Women: Actress in the public sphere”, New Perspectives Quarterly, 21(2), 12-13.
  • Gulalp, Haldun (2003), “Whatever Happened to Secularism? The Multiple Islams in Turkey”, South Atlantic Quarterly, s. 102, ss. 381–95.
  • Gurbuz, Mustafa E. (2009), “Over the Bodies of the T-Girls: The Headscarf Ban as a Secular Effort to Monopolize Islam in Turkey”, Middle East Critique, s. 18, ss. 231-249. Guveli, Ayse (2011), “Social and Economic Impact of the Headscarf Ban on Women in Turkey”, European Societies, s. 13, ss. 171-189. Güneş-Ayata, Ayşe (2001), “The Politics of Implementing Women’s Rights in Turkey”, Jane H. Bayes ve Nayereh Tohidi (ed.), Globalization, Gender, and Religion: The Politics of Women's Rights in Catholic and Muslim Contexts, New York: Palgrave, ss. 157-176. Jelen, Brigitte (2011) “Educated, Independent, and Covered: The Professional Aspirations and Experiences of University-Educated Hijabi in Contemporary Turkey”, Women’s Studies International Forum, s. 34, ss. 308-319. Kandiyoti, Deniz (1997), “Gendering the Modern: On Missing Dimensions in the Study of Turkish Modernity”, Sibel Bozdoğan ve Reşat Kasaba (ed.), Rethinking Modernity and National Identity in Turkey, Seattle: University of Washington Press, ss. 113–32. Kavas, Serap (2015), “‘Wardrobe Modernity’: Western Attire as a Tool of Modernization in Turkey”, Middle Eastern Studies, s. 51, ss. 515-539. Kejanlioğlu, D. Beybin ve Taş, Oğuzhan (2009), “Regimes of Un/veiling and Body Control: Turkish Students Wearing Wigs”, Social Anthropology, s. 17, ss. 424-438. Libal, Kathryn (2014), “From Face to Cloche Hat: The Backward Ottoman Versus New Turkish Woman in Urban Public Discourse” Stephanie Cronin (ed.), Anti-veiling Campaigns in the Muslim World, New York, NY: Routledge, ss. 37-58. Metinsoy, Murat (2015), “Everyday Resistance to Unveiling and Flexible Secularism in Early Republican Turkey”, Stephanie Cronin (ed.), Anti-veiling Campaigns in the Muslim World, New York, NY: Routledge, ss. 86-117. Navro-Yashin, Yael (2002), “The Market for Identities: Secularism, Islamism, Commodities”, Deniz Kandiyoti, Deniz ve Ayşe Saktanber (ed.), Fragments of Culture: The Everyday of Modern Turkey, New York: I.B. Tauris, ss. 221-253.
  • Öncü, Ayşe (1995), “Packaging Islam: Cultural Politics in the Landscape of Turkish Commercial Television”, Public Culture, s. 8, ss. 51–71.
  • Özcan, Esra (2015), “Women’s Headscarves in News Photographs: A Comparison Between the Secular and Islamic Press during the AKP Government in Turkey”, European Journal of Communication, s. 30, ss. 698-713. Özçetin, Hilal (2009), “Breaking the Silence: The Religious Muslim Women’s Movement in Turkey”, Journal of International Women’s Studies, s. 11, ss. 106-119. Saktanber, Ayşe (2006), “Women and the Iconography of Fear: Islamization in Post-Islamist Turkey”, Signs, s. 32, ss. 21-31.
  • Saktanber, Ayşe ve Çorbacioğlu, Gül (2008), “Veiling and Headscarf Skepticism in Turkey”, Social Politics: International Studies in Gender, State & Society, s. 15, ss. 514-538.
  • Sandıkcı, Özlem ve Ger, Güliz (2010), “Veiling in Style: How Does a Stigmatized Practice Become Fashionable?”, Journal of Consumer Research, s. 37, ss. 15-36.
  • Secor, Anna J. (2002), “The Veil and Urban Space in Istanbul: Women’s Dress, Mobility and Islamic Knowledge”, Gender, Place and Culture, s. 9, ss. 5–22.
  • Sirman, Nükhet (2004), “Kinship, Politics and Love: Honour in Post-colonial Contexts – The Case of Turkey”, Shahrzad Mojab ve Nahla Abdo (ed.), Violence in the name of Honour: Theoretical and Political Challenges, İstanbul: Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları. Tajali, Mona (2014), “Women’s Dress and Politics of Access to Political Representation in Contemporary Turkey”, Anthropology of the Middle East, s. 9(2), ss. 72-90.
  • Toprak, Binnaz (1994), “Women and Fundamentalism: The Case of Turkey”, Valetine M. Moghadam (ed.), Identity Politics and Women: Cultural Reassertions and Feminisms in International Perspective, San Francisco: Westview Press, ss. 293-304.
  • Türk, Özlem ve Çıtak, Zana (2006), “AKP ve Kadın: Teşkilatlanma, Muhafazakarlık ve Türban”, Mülkiye Dergisi, s. 30, ss. 259–274. Uçan, Çubukçu, Sevgi (2012), “The Headscarf Issue in Feminist Discourse in Turkey”, Kadın Araştırmaları Dergisi, 10, 103-117.
  • Vojdik K. Valorie (2010), “Politics of the Headscarf in Turkey: Masculinities, Feminism, and the Construction of Collective Identities”, Harvard Journal of Law & Gender, s. 33. ss. 661-685.
  • Yavuz, Hakan (2000), “Cleansing Islam from the Public Sphere and the February 28 Process”, Journal of International Affairs, s. 54, ss. 21–42.
Year 2020, Volume: 25 Issue: 98, 83 - 101, 26.06.2020
https://doi.org/10.36484/liberal.692152

Abstract

The headscarf has been one of the controversial issues in Turkish politics. Secular elites have viewed the headscarf as a threat to the secular structure of the state and used various anti-democratic tools to ban the headscarf at public institutions. On the other hand, Islamist politics put a special emphasis on the headscarf in its discourse and struggled with the headscarf bans. Using a historical perspective and drawing on the existing research and discussions on the headscarf, this article investigated how the headscarf is expressed and used both by Islamic and secular politics, how the headscarf was transformed into a political symbol especially by male politicians, the headscarf bans, the attitudes of women who belong to different political camps towards the headscarf, and how and why these women differ from or resemble each other. 

References

  • Acar, Feride (1995), “Women and Islam in Turkey”, Şirin Tekeli (ed.), Women in Modern Turkish Society, London: Zed Books Ltd., ss. 46-65.
  • Adak, Sevgi (2015), “Anti-veiling Campaigns and Local Elites in Turkey of the 1930s: A View from the Periphery”, Stephanie Cronin (ed.), Anti-veiling Campaigns in the Muslim world, New York, NY: Routledge, ss. 59-85. Ahmed, Leila (1992), Women and Gender in Islam, New Heaven: Yale University Press.
  • Akboga, Sema (2014), “Turkish Civil Society Divided by the Headscarf Ban”, Democratization, s. 21, ss. 610-633.
  • Akbulut, Zeynep (2015), “Veiling as Self-Disciplining: Muslim Women, Islamic Discourses, and the Headscarf Ban in Turkey”, Contemporary Islam, s. 9, ss. 433-453. Aksoy, Murat (2005), Başörtüsü-Türban: Batılılaşma-Modernleşme, Laiklik, Örtünme, İstanbul: Kitap Yayınevi. Aldıkaçtı Marshall, Gül (2005), “Ideology, Progress, and Dialogue: A Comparison of Feminist and Islamist Women's Approaches to the Issues of Head Covering and Work in Turkey”, Gender and Society, s. 19, ss. 104-120. Arat, Zehra F. (1998), “Introduction”, Zehra F. Arat (ed.), Deconstructing Images of the Turkish Women, New York: St. Martin’s Press, ss. 1-37. Arat, Yeşim (2005), Rethinking Islam and Liberal Democracy: Islamist Women in Turkish Politics, New York: State University of New York Press.
  • Arat-Koc, Sedef (1999), “Coming to Terms with Hijab in Canada and Turkey: Agonies of a Secular and Anti-orientalist Émigré Feminist”, Alema Heitlinger (ed.), Émigré Feminism: Transnational Perspectives, Toronto: University of Toronto Press, ss. 173-188.
  • Barras, Amelie (2009), “A Rights-Based Discourse to Contest the Boundaries of State Secularism? The Case of The Headscarf Bans in France and Turkey”, Democratization, s. 16, ss. 1237-1260. Bayram, Salih (2009), “Reporting Hijab in Turkey: Shifts in the Pro- and Anti-ban Discourses”, Turkish Studies, s. 10, ss. 511–538.
  • Berktay, Fatmagül (2003), Tarihin Cinsiyeti, Istanbul: Metis.
  • Bora, Aksu ve Çalışkan, Koray (2007), “What is under a Headscarf? Neo-Islamist vs. Kemalist Conservatism in Turkey”, Arab Studies Journal, s. 15/16, ss. 140-155. Buğra, Ayşe (2003), “The Place of the Economy in Turkish Society”, South Atlantic Quarterly, s. 102, ss. 453–70.
  • Cansun, Şebnem (2013), “The Headscarf Question in Turkey: The Examples of the AKP and the CHP”, International Journal of Social Science, s. 61, ss. 23-142. Cetin, Iclal (2010), “Veiled Representations: Political Battles around Female Sexuality in Turkish Print Media,” Feminist Media Studies, s. 10, ss. 409–419.
  • Cindoğlu, Dilek (2010), “Headscarved Women in Professional Jobs: Revisiting Discrimination in 2010, Istanbul: TESEV.
  • Cindoglu, Dilek ve Zencirci, Gizem (2008), “The Headscarf in Turkey in The Public and State Spheres”, Middle Eastern Studies, s. 44, ss. 791-806. Çakar Mengü, Seda, Mengü, Murat ve Odyakmaz, Necla (2009), “Ideological Formation in Turkish Newspapers: An Analysis of the News About the Headscarf Issue”, Journal of Arab & Muslim Media Research, s. 2, ss. 223–239.
  • Çelik Wiltse, Evren (2008), “The Gordian Knot of Turkish Politics: Regulating Headscarf Use in Public” South European Society and Politics, s. 13, ss. 195-215.
  • Çınar, Alev (2005), Modernity, Islam and Secularism in Turkey: Bodies Places and Time, Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
  • Çınar, Alev (2008), “Subversion and Subjugation in the Public Sphere: Secularism and the Islamic Headscarf”, Signs, s. 33, ss. 891-913.
  • Durakbasa, Ayse (1998), “Kemalism as Identity Politics in Turkey”, Zehra F. Arat (ed.), Deconstructing Images of the Turkish Women, New York: St. Martin’s Press, ss. 139-157.
  • Fisher Onar, Nora ve Müftüler-Baç, Meltem (2011), “The Adultery and Headscarf Debates in Turkey: Fusing “EU-Niversal” and “Alternative” Modernities?”, Women's Studies International Forum, s. 34, ss. 378-389. Gökarıksel, Banu ve Mitchell, Katharyne (2005), “Veiling, Secularism, and the Neoliberal Subject: National Narratives and Supranational Desires in Turkey and France”, Global Networks, s. 5, ss. 147-165. Göle, Nilüfer (1996), The Forbidden Modern: Civilization and Veiling, Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press. Göle, Nilüfer (2003), “Contemporary Islamist Movements and New Sources for Religious Tolerance”, Journal of Human Rights, s. 2, ss. 17-30.
  • Göle, Nilüfer (2004), “Visible Women: Actress in the public sphere”, New Perspectives Quarterly, 21(2), 12-13.
  • Gulalp, Haldun (2003), “Whatever Happened to Secularism? The Multiple Islams in Turkey”, South Atlantic Quarterly, s. 102, ss. 381–95.
  • Gurbuz, Mustafa E. (2009), “Over the Bodies of the T-Girls: The Headscarf Ban as a Secular Effort to Monopolize Islam in Turkey”, Middle East Critique, s. 18, ss. 231-249. Guveli, Ayse (2011), “Social and Economic Impact of the Headscarf Ban on Women in Turkey”, European Societies, s. 13, ss. 171-189. Güneş-Ayata, Ayşe (2001), “The Politics of Implementing Women’s Rights in Turkey”, Jane H. Bayes ve Nayereh Tohidi (ed.), Globalization, Gender, and Religion: The Politics of Women's Rights in Catholic and Muslim Contexts, New York: Palgrave, ss. 157-176. Jelen, Brigitte (2011) “Educated, Independent, and Covered: The Professional Aspirations and Experiences of University-Educated Hijabi in Contemporary Turkey”, Women’s Studies International Forum, s. 34, ss. 308-319. Kandiyoti, Deniz (1997), “Gendering the Modern: On Missing Dimensions in the Study of Turkish Modernity”, Sibel Bozdoğan ve Reşat Kasaba (ed.), Rethinking Modernity and National Identity in Turkey, Seattle: University of Washington Press, ss. 113–32. Kavas, Serap (2015), “‘Wardrobe Modernity’: Western Attire as a Tool of Modernization in Turkey”, Middle Eastern Studies, s. 51, ss. 515-539. Kejanlioğlu, D. Beybin ve Taş, Oğuzhan (2009), “Regimes of Un/veiling and Body Control: Turkish Students Wearing Wigs”, Social Anthropology, s. 17, ss. 424-438. Libal, Kathryn (2014), “From Face to Cloche Hat: The Backward Ottoman Versus New Turkish Woman in Urban Public Discourse” Stephanie Cronin (ed.), Anti-veiling Campaigns in the Muslim World, New York, NY: Routledge, ss. 37-58. Metinsoy, Murat (2015), “Everyday Resistance to Unveiling and Flexible Secularism in Early Republican Turkey”, Stephanie Cronin (ed.), Anti-veiling Campaigns in the Muslim World, New York, NY: Routledge, ss. 86-117. Navro-Yashin, Yael (2002), “The Market for Identities: Secularism, Islamism, Commodities”, Deniz Kandiyoti, Deniz ve Ayşe Saktanber (ed.), Fragments of Culture: The Everyday of Modern Turkey, New York: I.B. Tauris, ss. 221-253.
  • Öncü, Ayşe (1995), “Packaging Islam: Cultural Politics in the Landscape of Turkish Commercial Television”, Public Culture, s. 8, ss. 51–71.
  • Özcan, Esra (2015), “Women’s Headscarves in News Photographs: A Comparison Between the Secular and Islamic Press during the AKP Government in Turkey”, European Journal of Communication, s. 30, ss. 698-713. Özçetin, Hilal (2009), “Breaking the Silence: The Religious Muslim Women’s Movement in Turkey”, Journal of International Women’s Studies, s. 11, ss. 106-119. Saktanber, Ayşe (2006), “Women and the Iconography of Fear: Islamization in Post-Islamist Turkey”, Signs, s. 32, ss. 21-31.
  • Saktanber, Ayşe ve Çorbacioğlu, Gül (2008), “Veiling and Headscarf Skepticism in Turkey”, Social Politics: International Studies in Gender, State & Society, s. 15, ss. 514-538.
  • Sandıkcı, Özlem ve Ger, Güliz (2010), “Veiling in Style: How Does a Stigmatized Practice Become Fashionable?”, Journal of Consumer Research, s. 37, ss. 15-36.
  • Secor, Anna J. (2002), “The Veil and Urban Space in Istanbul: Women’s Dress, Mobility and Islamic Knowledge”, Gender, Place and Culture, s. 9, ss. 5–22.
  • Sirman, Nükhet (2004), “Kinship, Politics and Love: Honour in Post-colonial Contexts – The Case of Turkey”, Shahrzad Mojab ve Nahla Abdo (ed.), Violence in the name of Honour: Theoretical and Political Challenges, İstanbul: Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları. Tajali, Mona (2014), “Women’s Dress and Politics of Access to Political Representation in Contemporary Turkey”, Anthropology of the Middle East, s. 9(2), ss. 72-90.
  • Toprak, Binnaz (1994), “Women and Fundamentalism: The Case of Turkey”, Valetine M. Moghadam (ed.), Identity Politics and Women: Cultural Reassertions and Feminisms in International Perspective, San Francisco: Westview Press, ss. 293-304.
  • Türk, Özlem ve Çıtak, Zana (2006), “AKP ve Kadın: Teşkilatlanma, Muhafazakarlık ve Türban”, Mülkiye Dergisi, s. 30, ss. 259–274. Uçan, Çubukçu, Sevgi (2012), “The Headscarf Issue in Feminist Discourse in Turkey”, Kadın Araştırmaları Dergisi, 10, 103-117.
  • Vojdik K. Valorie (2010), “Politics of the Headscarf in Turkey: Masculinities, Feminism, and the Construction of Collective Identities”, Harvard Journal of Law & Gender, s. 33. ss. 661-685.
  • Yavuz, Hakan (2000), “Cleansing Islam from the Public Sphere and the February 28 Process”, Journal of International Affairs, s. 54, ss. 21–42.
There are 29 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Political Science
Journal Section Araştırma
Authors

Sema Akboğa

Publication Date June 26, 2020
Submission Date February 21, 2020
Published in Issue Year 2020 Volume: 25 Issue: 98

Cite

APA Akboğa, S. (2020). Türkiye Siyasi ve Toplumsal Hayatında Başörtüsünün Değişen Anlamları. Liberal Düşünce Dergisi, 25(98), 83-101. https://doi.org/10.36484/liberal.692152