Research Article
BibTex RIS Cite

The Relationship Between Psychological Maltreatment, Resilience, Social Connectedness, and Belongingness

Year 2015, Issue: 36, 47 - 58, 31.12.2015

Abstract

The aim of this study is to investigate the mediating role of social connectedness and sense of belonging in relationship between childhood psychological maltreatment and psychological resilience in adulthood. The measures were applied 279 adults. The ages of the participants ranged between 21 and 34 years. Participants were 63.4% (177) female, 36.6% (102) male.
The mean of ages were 24.42 and standard division was 2.95. Results of analysis indicated that childhood psychological maltreatment directly predicted social connectedness and sense of belonging in adulthood. Results also showed that childhood psychological maltreatment indirectly predicted psychological resilience via social connectedness and sense of belonging. In other words, social connectedness and sense of belonging had a full mediation role in relationship between psychological maltreatment and psychological resilience in adulthood. In this study, we found that social connectedness and sense of belonging have a protective role in relationship between childhood psychological maltreatment and resilience. Hence, we can say that social connectedness and sense of belonging have a significant role in reducing the negative outcomes of childhood psychological maltreatment in adulthood. 

References

  • Armstrong, S. ve Oomen-Early, J. (2009). Social connectedness, self-esteem, and depression symptomatology among collegiate athletes versus nonathletes. Journal of American College Health, 57(5), 521-526.
  • Arslan, G. (2014). Psikolojik Sağlamlık Ölçeği: Geçerlilik ve güvenirlik çalışması. 3rd World Conference On Educational and Instructional Studies- Wceıs,Antalya,Türkiye.
  • Arslan, G. (2015). Çocuk ve Genç Psikolojik Sağlamlık Ölçeği’nin (ÇGPSÖ) psikometrik özellikleri: Geçerlilik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Ege Eğitim Dergisi, 16(1), 1-12.
  • Bonanno, G. A. (2004). Loss, trauma, and human resilience: have we underestimated the human capacity to thrive after extremely aversive events?. American psychologist, 59(1), 20.
  • Capanna, C., Stratta, P., Collazzoni, A., D’Ubaldo, V., Pacifico, R., Di Emidio, G., ... ve Rossi, A. (2013). Social connectedness as resource of resilience: Italian validation of the Social Connectedness Scale Revised. Journal of Psychopathology, 19, 320-326.
  • Carver, C. S. (1998). Resilience and thriving: Issues, models, and linkages. Journal of social issues, 54(2), 245-266.
  • Clauss-Ehlers, C. S. (2006). Diversity training for classroom teaching: A manual for students and educators. United States: Springer Science+Business Media.
  • Duru, E. (2007). Sosyal Bağlılık Ölçeği’nin Türk kültürüne uyarlanması. Eğitim Araştırmaları Dergisi, 26, 85-94.
  • Duru, E. (değerlendirme aşamasında). Genel aidiyet ölçeğinin psikometrik özellikleri: Geçerlik ve Güvenirlik Çalışması, Türk Psikolojik Danışmanlık ve Rehberlik Dergisi.
  • Ergün Başak, B. (2012).Düşük gelirli ailelerden gelen üniversite öğrencilerinin öz duyarlık, sosyal bağlılık, iyimserlik ve psikolojik sağlamlık düzeyleri arasındaki ilişkiler, Yayınlanmamış doktora tezi, Anadolu Üniversitesi, Eğitim Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Eskişehir.
  • Etain, B., Mathieu, F., Henry, C., Raust, A., Roy, I., Germain, A., ... ve Bellivier, F. (2010). Preferential association between childhood psychological maltreatment and bipolar disorder. Journal of traumatic stress, 23(3), 376-383.
  • Fraser, E. ve Pakenham, K. I. (2009). Resilience in children of parents with mental illness: Relations between mental health literacy, social connectedness and coping, and both adjustment and caregiving. Psychology, health ve medicine, 14(5), 573-584.
  • Gebauer, J. E. (2008). Relationship between self-esteem and psychological health, Doctoral dissertation, Cardiff University.
  • Gibb, B. E., Chelminski, I. ve Zimmerman, M. (207). Childhood emotional, physical, and sexual abuse, and diagnoses of depressive and anxiety disorders in adult psychiatric outpatients. Depression and anxiety, 24(4): 256-263.
  • Gizir, C. A. (2007). Psikolojik sağlamlık, risk faktörleri ve koruyucu faktörler üzerinde bir derleme çalışması. Türk Psikolojik Danışma ve Rehberlik Dergisi,3(28),113-128.
  • Hefferon, K., ve Boniwell, I. (2011). Positive psychology: Theory, research and applications. McGraw-Hill International.
  • Hill, L. H. (2006). Sense of belonging as connectedness, American Indian worldview, and mental health. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing, 20 (5), 210–216.
  • Holt, J. K. (2004). Item parceling in structural equation models for optimum solutions. Annual Meeting of the Mid-Western Educational Research Association, Columbus.
  • Iwaniec, D. (2006). The emotionally abused and neglected child: Identification, Assessment and Intervention A Practice Handbook, JohnWileyveSon, Ltd, England.
  • Iwaniec, D., Larkin, E. ve McSherry, D. (2007). Emotionally Harmful Parenting, Child Care in Practice, 13(3), 203-220.
  • Kent, A. ve Waller, G. (2000). Childhood psychological maltreatment and eating psychopathology. Clinical Psychology Review, 20(7), 887-903.
  • Kline, R. B. (2011). Principles and practices of structural equation modeling. New York: The Guilford Press.
  • Lee, H. (2010). Relationships among parental alcoholism, sense of belonging, resilience and depressive symptoms in Korean people, Doctoral dissertation, The University of Michigan.
  • Levett-Jones, T., Lathlean, J., Maguire, J. ve McMillan, M. (2007). Belongingness: A critique of the concept and implications for nursing education. Nurse Education Today, 27, 210–218.
  • Luecken, L. J. ve Gress, J. L. (2010). Early adversity and resilience, Reich, J. W., Zautra,, A. J. ve Hall, J. S. (Ed). Emerging Adulthood. Handbook of Adult Resilience. Guilford Press, p 238-257.
  • Masten A. S. (2001). Resilience process in development. American Psychologist, 56 (3), 227-238.
  • Masten, A.S. ve Coastworth, J. D. (1998). The development of competence in favorable and unfavora-ble environments: Lessons from research on successful children. American Psychologist, 53,(2), 205-220.
  • Mellor, D., Stokes, M., Firth, L., Hayashi, Y. ve Cummins, R. (2008). Need for belonging, relationship satisfaction, loneliness, and life satisfaction. Personality and Individual Differences, 45, 213–218.
  • Meredith, L. S., Sherbourne, C. D. ve Gaillot, S. J. (2011). Promoting psychological resilience in the US military. Rand Corporation.
  • Miller-Perrin, C. L. ve Perrin, R. D. (2007). Child Maltreatment: An Introduction, SagePublication, London.
  • Moeller, T. P., Bachmann, G. A. ve Moeller, J. R. (1993). The combined effects of physical, sexual, and psychological maltreatment during childhood: Long-term health consequences for women. Child abuse ve neglect, 17(5), 623-640.
  • Ottman, G., Dickson, J. ve Wright, P. (2003). Social Connectedness and Health: A Literature. Gladnet collection. Cornell University ILR School.
  • Overstreet, S. ve Mazza, J. (2003). An ecological-transactional understanding of community violence: Theoretical perspectives. School Psych Quart, 18(1): 66.
  • Pietrantoni, L. ve Prati, G. (2009). Resilience among first responders. African health sciences, 8(3), 14-20.
  • Pietrzak, R. H., Johnson, D. C., Goldstein, M. B., Malley, J. C., Rivers, A. J., Morgan, C. A. ve Southwick, S. M. (2010). Psychosocial buffers of traumatic stress, depressive symptoms, and psychosocial difficulties in veterans of Operations Enduring Freedom and Iraqi Freedom: the role of resilience, unit support, and postdeployment social support. Journal of affective disorders, 120(1), 188-192.
  • Rew, L. (2002). Relationships of sexual abuse, connectedness, and loneliness to perceived well‐being in homeless youth. Journal for Specialists in Pediatric Nursing, 7(2), 51-63.
  • Rew, L., Taylor‐Seehafer, M., Thomas, N. Y. ve Yockey, R. D. (2001). Correlates of resilience in homeless adolescents. Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 33(1), 33-40.
  • Rutter, M. (2006). Implications of resilience concepts for scientific understanding. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1094(1), 1-12.
  • Santrock, J. W. (2011). Yaşam boyu gelişim (Çev. Ed. Galip Yüksel). Ankara: Nobel Yayın Dağıtım. Sargent, J., Williams, R. A., Hagerty, B., Lynch-Sauer, J. ve Hoyle, K. (2002). Sense of belonging as a buffer against depressive symptoms. Journal of the American Psychiatric Nurses Association, 8(4),120-129.
  • Shapiro, D. L. ve Levendosky, A. A. (1999). Adolescent survivors of childhood sexual abuse: The mediating role of attachment style and coping in psychological and interpersonal functioning. Child Abuse ve Neglect, 23(11), 1175-1191.
  • Şimşek, Ö. F. (2007). Yapısal eşitlik modellemesine giriş: Temel ilkeler ve lisrel uygulamaları. Ankara: Ekinoks Yayınevi.
  • Taner, Y. ve Gökler, B. (2004). Çocuk istismarı ve ihmali: psikiyatrik yönleri. Hacettepe T›ıp Dergisi, 35:82-86.
  • Ungar, M. (2012). The social ecology of resilience. New York, Springer.
  • Vedat, Ş. A. R., Öztürk, P. E. ve İkikardeş, E. (2012). Çocukluk Çağı Ruhsal Travma Ölçeğinin Türkçe uyarlamasının geçerlilik ve güvenilirliği. Turkiye Klinikleri Journal of Medical Sciences, 32(4),1054-1063.
  • Vranceanu, A. M., Hobfoll, S. E. ve Johnson, R. J. (2007). Child multi-type maltreatment and associated depression and PTSD symptoms: The role of social support and stress. Child Abuse & Neglect, 31(1), 71-84.
  • Vranceanu, A. M., Hobfoll, S. E. ve Johnson, R. J. (2007). Child multi-type maltreatment and associated depression and PTSD symptoms: The role of social support and stress. Child Abuse ve Neglect, 31(1), 71-84.
  • Wilcox, D. T., Richards, F. ve O'Keeffe, Z. C. (2004). Resilience and risk factors associated with experiencing childhood sexual abuse. Child Abuse Review, 13(5), 338-352.
  • World Health Organization (WHO), (1999). Report of the Consultation on Child Abuse Prevention, 29–31 March 1999, WHO, Geneva.
  • Yates, T. M., Egeland, B. ve Sroufe, A. (2003). Rethinking resilience. (Ed.) S. S. Luthar,. Resilience and vulnerability: Adaptation in the context of childhood adversity, 243-266.
  • Zoroglu. S. S., Tuzun, U., Sar, V., Tutkun, H., Savaçs, H. A., Ozturk, M. ve ark. (2003). Suicide attempt and self‐mutilation among Turkish high school students in relation with abuse, neglect and dissociation. Psych and Clini Neuroscie, 57(1): 119-126

Psikolojik istismar, Psikolojik Sağlamlık, Sosyal Bağlılık ve Aidıyet Duygusu Arasındaki İlişki

Year 2015, Issue: 36, 47 - 58, 31.12.2015

Abstract

Bu çalışmanın amacı, çocukluk dönemi psikolojik istismarın psikolojik sağlamlık üzerindeki etkisinde sosyal bağlılık ve aidiyet duygusunun aracı rolünü incelmektir. Veri toplama araçları, yaşları 21 ve 34 arasında değişen 279 yetişkine uygulanmıştır. Katılımcıların %63.4’ü (177) kadın ve %36,6’sı (102) erkektir. Katılımcıların yaş ortalaması 24.42 ve standart sapması 2.95’tir. Analiz sonuçları, çocukluk dönemi psikolojik istismarın sosyal bağlılık ve aidiyeti doğrudan öngördüğünü göstermiştir. Ayrıca sonuçlar, psikolojik istismarın sosyal bağlılık ve aidiyet aracılığıyla psikolojik sağlamlığı dolaylı olarak öngördüğünü göstermiştir. Diğer bir deyişle psikolojik istismar ve psikolojik sağlamlık arasındaki ilişkide sosyal bağlılık ve aidiyetin tam aracı role sahip oldukları görülmüştür. Bu araştırmada, çocukluk dönemi psikolojik istismar ve psikolojik sağlamlık arasındaki ilişkide sosyal bağlılık ve aidiyetin koruyucu faktörler olduğu görülmüştür. Bu nedenle, çocukluk dönemi psikolojik istismarın olumsuz etkilerini azaltmada sosyal bağlılık ve aidiyet duygusunun önemli role sahip olduğu söylenebilir.

References

  • Armstrong, S. ve Oomen-Early, J. (2009). Social connectedness, self-esteem, and depression symptomatology among collegiate athletes versus nonathletes. Journal of American College Health, 57(5), 521-526.
  • Arslan, G. (2014). Psikolojik Sağlamlık Ölçeği: Geçerlilik ve güvenirlik çalışması. 3rd World Conference On Educational and Instructional Studies- Wceıs,Antalya,Türkiye.
  • Arslan, G. (2015). Çocuk ve Genç Psikolojik Sağlamlık Ölçeği’nin (ÇGPSÖ) psikometrik özellikleri: Geçerlilik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Ege Eğitim Dergisi, 16(1), 1-12.
  • Bonanno, G. A. (2004). Loss, trauma, and human resilience: have we underestimated the human capacity to thrive after extremely aversive events?. American psychologist, 59(1), 20.
  • Capanna, C., Stratta, P., Collazzoni, A., D’Ubaldo, V., Pacifico, R., Di Emidio, G., ... ve Rossi, A. (2013). Social connectedness as resource of resilience: Italian validation of the Social Connectedness Scale Revised. Journal of Psychopathology, 19, 320-326.
  • Carver, C. S. (1998). Resilience and thriving: Issues, models, and linkages. Journal of social issues, 54(2), 245-266.
  • Clauss-Ehlers, C. S. (2006). Diversity training for classroom teaching: A manual for students and educators. United States: Springer Science+Business Media.
  • Duru, E. (2007). Sosyal Bağlılık Ölçeği’nin Türk kültürüne uyarlanması. Eğitim Araştırmaları Dergisi, 26, 85-94.
  • Duru, E. (değerlendirme aşamasında). Genel aidiyet ölçeğinin psikometrik özellikleri: Geçerlik ve Güvenirlik Çalışması, Türk Psikolojik Danışmanlık ve Rehberlik Dergisi.
  • Ergün Başak, B. (2012).Düşük gelirli ailelerden gelen üniversite öğrencilerinin öz duyarlık, sosyal bağlılık, iyimserlik ve psikolojik sağlamlık düzeyleri arasındaki ilişkiler, Yayınlanmamış doktora tezi, Anadolu Üniversitesi, Eğitim Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Eskişehir.
  • Etain, B., Mathieu, F., Henry, C., Raust, A., Roy, I., Germain, A., ... ve Bellivier, F. (2010). Preferential association between childhood psychological maltreatment and bipolar disorder. Journal of traumatic stress, 23(3), 376-383.
  • Fraser, E. ve Pakenham, K. I. (2009). Resilience in children of parents with mental illness: Relations between mental health literacy, social connectedness and coping, and both adjustment and caregiving. Psychology, health ve medicine, 14(5), 573-584.
  • Gebauer, J. E. (2008). Relationship between self-esteem and psychological health, Doctoral dissertation, Cardiff University.
  • Gibb, B. E., Chelminski, I. ve Zimmerman, M. (207). Childhood emotional, physical, and sexual abuse, and diagnoses of depressive and anxiety disorders in adult psychiatric outpatients. Depression and anxiety, 24(4): 256-263.
  • Gizir, C. A. (2007). Psikolojik sağlamlık, risk faktörleri ve koruyucu faktörler üzerinde bir derleme çalışması. Türk Psikolojik Danışma ve Rehberlik Dergisi,3(28),113-128.
  • Hefferon, K., ve Boniwell, I. (2011). Positive psychology: Theory, research and applications. McGraw-Hill International.
  • Hill, L. H. (2006). Sense of belonging as connectedness, American Indian worldview, and mental health. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing, 20 (5), 210–216.
  • Holt, J. K. (2004). Item parceling in structural equation models for optimum solutions. Annual Meeting of the Mid-Western Educational Research Association, Columbus.
  • Iwaniec, D. (2006). The emotionally abused and neglected child: Identification, Assessment and Intervention A Practice Handbook, JohnWileyveSon, Ltd, England.
  • Iwaniec, D., Larkin, E. ve McSherry, D. (2007). Emotionally Harmful Parenting, Child Care in Practice, 13(3), 203-220.
  • Kent, A. ve Waller, G. (2000). Childhood psychological maltreatment and eating psychopathology. Clinical Psychology Review, 20(7), 887-903.
  • Kline, R. B. (2011). Principles and practices of structural equation modeling. New York: The Guilford Press.
  • Lee, H. (2010). Relationships among parental alcoholism, sense of belonging, resilience and depressive symptoms in Korean people, Doctoral dissertation, The University of Michigan.
  • Levett-Jones, T., Lathlean, J., Maguire, J. ve McMillan, M. (2007). Belongingness: A critique of the concept and implications for nursing education. Nurse Education Today, 27, 210–218.
  • Luecken, L. J. ve Gress, J. L. (2010). Early adversity and resilience, Reich, J. W., Zautra,, A. J. ve Hall, J. S. (Ed). Emerging Adulthood. Handbook of Adult Resilience. Guilford Press, p 238-257.
  • Masten A. S. (2001). Resilience process in development. American Psychologist, 56 (3), 227-238.
  • Masten, A.S. ve Coastworth, J. D. (1998). The development of competence in favorable and unfavora-ble environments: Lessons from research on successful children. American Psychologist, 53,(2), 205-220.
  • Mellor, D., Stokes, M., Firth, L., Hayashi, Y. ve Cummins, R. (2008). Need for belonging, relationship satisfaction, loneliness, and life satisfaction. Personality and Individual Differences, 45, 213–218.
  • Meredith, L. S., Sherbourne, C. D. ve Gaillot, S. J. (2011). Promoting psychological resilience in the US military. Rand Corporation.
  • Miller-Perrin, C. L. ve Perrin, R. D. (2007). Child Maltreatment: An Introduction, SagePublication, London.
  • Moeller, T. P., Bachmann, G. A. ve Moeller, J. R. (1993). The combined effects of physical, sexual, and psychological maltreatment during childhood: Long-term health consequences for women. Child abuse ve neglect, 17(5), 623-640.
  • Ottman, G., Dickson, J. ve Wright, P. (2003). Social Connectedness and Health: A Literature. Gladnet collection. Cornell University ILR School.
  • Overstreet, S. ve Mazza, J. (2003). An ecological-transactional understanding of community violence: Theoretical perspectives. School Psych Quart, 18(1): 66.
  • Pietrantoni, L. ve Prati, G. (2009). Resilience among first responders. African health sciences, 8(3), 14-20.
  • Pietrzak, R. H., Johnson, D. C., Goldstein, M. B., Malley, J. C., Rivers, A. J., Morgan, C. A. ve Southwick, S. M. (2010). Psychosocial buffers of traumatic stress, depressive symptoms, and psychosocial difficulties in veterans of Operations Enduring Freedom and Iraqi Freedom: the role of resilience, unit support, and postdeployment social support. Journal of affective disorders, 120(1), 188-192.
  • Rew, L. (2002). Relationships of sexual abuse, connectedness, and loneliness to perceived well‐being in homeless youth. Journal for Specialists in Pediatric Nursing, 7(2), 51-63.
  • Rew, L., Taylor‐Seehafer, M., Thomas, N. Y. ve Yockey, R. D. (2001). Correlates of resilience in homeless adolescents. Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 33(1), 33-40.
  • Rutter, M. (2006). Implications of resilience concepts for scientific understanding. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1094(1), 1-12.
  • Santrock, J. W. (2011). Yaşam boyu gelişim (Çev. Ed. Galip Yüksel). Ankara: Nobel Yayın Dağıtım. Sargent, J., Williams, R. A., Hagerty, B., Lynch-Sauer, J. ve Hoyle, K. (2002). Sense of belonging as a buffer against depressive symptoms. Journal of the American Psychiatric Nurses Association, 8(4),120-129.
  • Shapiro, D. L. ve Levendosky, A. A. (1999). Adolescent survivors of childhood sexual abuse: The mediating role of attachment style and coping in psychological and interpersonal functioning. Child Abuse ve Neglect, 23(11), 1175-1191.
  • Şimşek, Ö. F. (2007). Yapısal eşitlik modellemesine giriş: Temel ilkeler ve lisrel uygulamaları. Ankara: Ekinoks Yayınevi.
  • Taner, Y. ve Gökler, B. (2004). Çocuk istismarı ve ihmali: psikiyatrik yönleri. Hacettepe T›ıp Dergisi, 35:82-86.
  • Ungar, M. (2012). The social ecology of resilience. New York, Springer.
  • Vedat, Ş. A. R., Öztürk, P. E. ve İkikardeş, E. (2012). Çocukluk Çağı Ruhsal Travma Ölçeğinin Türkçe uyarlamasının geçerlilik ve güvenilirliği. Turkiye Klinikleri Journal of Medical Sciences, 32(4),1054-1063.
  • Vranceanu, A. M., Hobfoll, S. E. ve Johnson, R. J. (2007). Child multi-type maltreatment and associated depression and PTSD symptoms: The role of social support and stress. Child Abuse & Neglect, 31(1), 71-84.
  • Vranceanu, A. M., Hobfoll, S. E. ve Johnson, R. J. (2007). Child multi-type maltreatment and associated depression and PTSD symptoms: The role of social support and stress. Child Abuse ve Neglect, 31(1), 71-84.
  • Wilcox, D. T., Richards, F. ve O'Keeffe, Z. C. (2004). Resilience and risk factors associated with experiencing childhood sexual abuse. Child Abuse Review, 13(5), 338-352.
  • World Health Organization (WHO), (1999). Report of the Consultation on Child Abuse Prevention, 29–31 March 1999, WHO, Geneva.
  • Yates, T. M., Egeland, B. ve Sroufe, A. (2003). Rethinking resilience. (Ed.) S. S. Luthar,. Resilience and vulnerability: Adaptation in the context of childhood adversity, 243-266.
  • Zoroglu. S. S., Tuzun, U., Sar, V., Tutkun, H., Savaçs, H. A., Ozturk, M. ve ark. (2003). Suicide attempt and self‐mutilation among Turkish high school students in relation with abuse, neglect and dissociation. Psych and Clini Neuroscie, 57(1): 119-126
There are 50 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Makaleler
Authors

Gökmen Arslan

Publication Date December 31, 2015
Submission Date September 10, 2015
Published in Issue Year 2015 Issue: 36

Cite

APA Arslan, G. (2015). Psikolojik istismar, Psikolojik Sağlamlık, Sosyal Bağlılık ve Aidıyet Duygusu Arasındaki İlişki. Mehmet Akif Ersoy Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 1(36), 47-58.