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Those who say they will start tomorrow: Success in the shadow of academic procrastination

Year 2025, Issue: 76, 149 - 167, 31.10.2025
https://doi.org/10.21764/maeuefd.1747033

Abstract

The aim of this study is to examine the relationship between the academic procrastination behaviour of university students and their perceived level of academic failure. The study was conducted with a sample of one hundred and seventy third-year students studying in the Faculty of Arts and Sciences and Management Information Systems departments of a state university in the 2025-2026 academic year. The data collection tool was prepared on Google Form and applied to the students in the departments where the researchers teach. The Perceived Academic Failure Scale developed by Bozgün, Can, and Baytemir (2022) and the Academic Procrastination Scale developed by Ocak and Bulut et al. (2015) were used in the study. Descriptive statistics, an independent sample t-test, a one-way ANOVA, and correlation and regression analyses were used to analyse the data. The findings show that there were significant differences in terms of gender and programme type, and academic procrastination behaviour could significantly predict perceived academic failure in the context of specific sub-dimensions of academic procrastination.

References

  • Balkis, M. (2013). Academic procrastination, academic life satisfaction and academic achievement: the mediation role of rational beliefs about studying. Journal of Cognitive & Behavioral Psychotherapies, 13(1).
  • Balkis, M., & Duru, E. (2017). Gender differences in the relationship between academic procrastination, satifaction with academic life and academic performance. Electronic Journal of Research in Educational Psychology, 15(1), 105-125. http://dx.doi.org/10.14204/ejrep.41.16042
  • Balkis, M., Duru, S., & Duru, E. (2024). Academic procrastination and fear of failure: The role of irrational/rational academic beliefs. Psychology in the Schools, 61, 2376–2387. https://doi.org/10.1002/pits.23171
  • Bhat, S. A., & Jan, K. (2023). Examining Academic Procrastination among College Students in Relation to Academic Satisfaction: A Correlational Study. Research Review International Journal of Multidisciplinary, 8(7), 12–20. https://doi.org/10.31305/rrijm.2023.v08.n07.003
  • Bozgün, K., Can, F. & Baytemir, K. (2022). Adaptation of the Triarchic Model of Grit Scale and Perceived Academic Underachievement Scale into Turkish. International Journal of Psychology and Educational Studies, 9(3), 691-705. https://doi.org/10.52380/ijpes.2022.9.3.736
  • Cohen, L., Manion, L., and Morrison, K. (2018). Research methods in education (8th ed.). London: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315456539.
  • Daud, M., Siswanti, D. N., Nugraha, D. Y., & Surijah, E. A. (2024). How do grit and academic stress influence academic performance? The role of academic self-efficacy as a mediator and moderator variable. Psikohumaniora: Jurnal Penelitian Psikologi, 9(2), 233–252. https://doi.org/10.21580/pjpp.v9i2.22692
  • Day, V., Mensink, D., & O'Sullivan, M. (2000). Patterns of Academic Procrastination. Journal of College Reading and Learning, 30(2), 120-134. https://doi.org/10.1080/10790195.2000.10850090
  • Ferrari, J. R. (2001). Procrastination as self-regulation failure of performance: Effects of cognitive load, self-awareness, and time limits on ‘working best under pressure’. European Journal of Personality, 15(5), 391-406. https://doi.org/10.1002/per.413
  • Fraenkel, J. R., Wallen, N. E., and Hyun, H. H. (2012). How to design and evaluate research in education (8th ed.). New York: Mc Graw Hill.
  • George, D., and Mallery, P. (2019). IBM SPSS statistics 25 step by step: Asimple guide and reference (15th ed.). Routledge.
  • Haghbin, M., McCaffrey, A., & Pychyl, T. A. (2012). The complexity of the relation between fear of failure and procrastination. Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy, 30(4), 249-263.
  • Hair, JF., Black, WC., Babin, BJ., Anderson, R.E. and Tatham, R.L. (2010), Multivariate Data Analysis, Pearson-Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ.
  • Hess, B., Sherman, M. F., & Goodman, M. (2000). Eveningness predicts academic procrastination: The mediating role of neuroticism. Journal of Social Behavior and Personality, 15(5), 61-74.
  • Higgins, G. E., & Tewksbury, R. (2006). Sex and self-control theory: The measures and causal model may be different. Youth & Society, 37(4), 479-503. https://doi.org/10.1177/0044118X05282752
  • Kim, K. R., & Seo, E. H. (2015). The relationship between procrastination and academic performance: A meta-analysis. Personality and Individual Differences, 82, 26-33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2015.02.038
  • Krause, K., & Freund, A. M. (2014). Delay or procrastination–A comparison of self-report and behavioral measures of procrastination and their impact on affective well-being. Personality and Individual Differences, 63, 75-80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2014.01.050
  • Lee, W. W. S. (2017). Relationships among grit, academic performance, perceived academic failure, and stress in associate degree students. Journal of Adolescence, 60, 148-152.
  • Mansouri, K., Ashouri, A., Gharraee, B., & Farahani, H. (2022). The mediating role of fear of failure, self-compassion and intolerance of uncertainty in the relationship between academic procrastination and perfectionism. Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology, 28(1), 34-47.
  • McCown, W., Blake, D., & Keiser, R. (2012). Content analyses of procrastination cognition. Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy, 30(4), 213-222. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10942-012-0150-z
  • Neff, K. D., Hsieh, Y. P., & Dejitterat, K. (2005). Self-compassion, Achievement Goals, and Coping with Academic Failure. Self and Identity, 4(3), 263–287. https://doi.org/10.1080/13576500444000317
  • Obenza, B. N., Kileste, F. L., Mesajon, J., Canciller, C., Escudero, M. J. F., Ligasan, N. G., ... & Solis, J. (2024). The mediating effect of academic stress on fear of failure and academic procrastination of college students. International Journal of Humanities, Management and Social Science (IJ-HuMaSS), 7(2), 63-73.
  • Patrzek, J., Grunschel, C., & Fries, S. (2015). Academic procrastination: The perspective of university counsellors. International Journal for the Advancement of Counselling, 37(1), 36-50. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10447-014-9224-8
  • Peker, M., Erol, R., & Gultekin, M. (2012). Investigation of the academic procrastination behavior of preservice teachers. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 47, 650-659. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.06.712
  • Phillips, L., & Shewmaker, J. (2024). Supporting Healthy Affect and Coping After Perceived Failure in College Students in Christian Higher Education. Christian Higher Education, 24(1), 22–37. https://doi.org/10.1080/15363759.2024.2385300
  • Rabin, L. A., Fogel, J., & Nutter-Upham, K. E. (2011). Academic procrastination in college students: The role of self-reported executive function. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 33(3), 344-357. https://doi.org/10.1080/13803395.2010.518597
  • Sabalani Taleshmekaeil, N. ., Panah Ali, A., Badri Gargari, R., & Hoseini Nasab, S. D. . (2025). Formulation of an Academic Failure Model Based on Fear of Failure and Academic Procrastination with the Mediating Role of Mindfulness. International Journal of Education and Cognitive Sciences, 1-10. https://journalecs.com/index.php/ecs/article/view/230
  • Sirois, F. M., & Pychyl, T. A. (2013). Procrastination and the priority of short-term mood regulation: Consequences for future self. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 7(2), 115-127. https://doi.org/10.1111/spc3.12011
  • Snyder, K. E., & Adelson, J. L. (2017). The development and validation of the Perceived Academic Underachievement Scale. Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment, 35(2), 192-203. https://doi.org/10.1177/0734282915618295
  • Solomon, L. J., & Rothblum, E. D. (1984). Academic procrastination: Frequency and cognitive-behavioral correlates. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 31(4), 503-509. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.31.4.503
  • Steel, P. (2007). The nature of procrastination: A meta-analytic and theoretical review of quintessential self-regulatory failure. Psychological Bulletin, 133(1), 65-94. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.133.1.65
  • Steel, P., & Ferrari, J. (2013). Sex, education and procrastination: An epidemiological study of procrastinators' characteristics from a global sample. European Journal of Personality, 27(1), 51-58. https://doi.org/10.1002/per.1851
  • Steel, P., & Klingsieck, K. B. (2016). Academic procrastination: Psychological antecedents revisited. Australian Psychologist, 51(1), 36-46. https://doi.org/10.1111/ap.12173
  • Strüber, D., Lück, M., & Roth, G. (2008). Sex, aggression and impulse control: An integrative account. Neurocase, 14(1), 93-121. https://doi.org/10.1080/13554790801992854
  • Sudirman, S. A., Reza, F. A., Yusri, N. A., Rina, R., & Bah, M. (2023). Putting Off Until Tomorrow: Academic Procrastination, Perfectionism, and Fear of Failure. International Journal of Islamic Educational Psychology, 4(1), 136–153. https://doi.org/10.18196/ijiep.v4i1.17576
  • Tan, E. W. Y., & Prihadi, K. D. (2022). Fear of Failure and Academic Procrastination among University Students: The role of achievement expectancy and year of study. International Journal of Evaluation and Research in Education, 11(1), 69-77.
  • Ucar, H., Bozkurt, A., & Zawackı-rıchter, O. (2021). Academic procrastination and performance in distance education: A causal-comparative study in an online learning environment. Turkish Online Journal of Distance Education, 22(4), 13-23.
  • Uzun Özer, B., Demir, A., & Ferrari, J. R. (2009). Exploring academic procrastination among Turkish students: Possible gender differences in prevalence and reasons. The Journal of Social Psychology, 149(2), 241-257. https://doi.org/10.3200/SOCP.149.2.241-257
  • Zacks, S., & Hen, M. (2018). Academic interventions for academic procrastination: A review of the literature. Journal of Prevention & Intervention in the Community, 46(2), 117-130. https://doi.org/10.1080/10852352.2016.1198154
  • Zarrin, S. A., Gracia, E., & Paixão, M. P. (2020). Prediction of academic procrastination by fear of failure and self-regulation. Educational Sciences: Theory and Practice, 20(3), 34-43.

Yarın başlarım diyenler: Akademik ertelemenin gölgesinde başarı

Year 2025, Issue: 76, 149 - 167, 31.10.2025
https://doi.org/10.21764/maeuefd.1747033

Abstract

Bu çalışmanın amacı, üniversite öğrencilerinin akademik erteleme davranışları ile algıladıkları akademik başarısızlık düzeyi arasındaki ilişkiyi incelemektir. Çalışma, 2025-2026 eğitim-öğretim yılında bir devlet üniversitesinin Fen-Edebiyat Fakültesi ile Yönetim Bilişim Sistemleri bölümlerinde öğrenim gören üçüncü sınıf öğrencilerinden oluşan 170 kişilik bir örneklemle yürütülmüştür. Veri toplama aracı Google Form üzerinden hazırlanmış ve çalışmacıların ders verdikleri bölümlerdeki öğrencilere uygulanmıştır. Çalışmada Bozgün, Can ve Baytemir (2022) tarafından geliştirilen Algılanan Akademik Başarısızlık Ölçeği ile Ocak ve Bulut vd. (2015) tarafından geliştirilen Akademik Erteleme Ölçeği kullanılmıştır. Verilerin analizinde betimsel istatistikler, bağımsız örneklem t-testi, tek yönlü ANOVA, korelasyon ve regresyon analizlerinden yararlanılmıştır. Bulgular, cinsiyet ve program türü açısından anlamlı farklılıkların bulunduğunu; akademik erteleme davranışının ise algılanan akademik başarısızlığı bazı alt boyutlarda anlamlı düzeyde yordayabildiğini göstermiştir.

References

  • Balkis, M. (2013). Academic procrastination, academic life satisfaction and academic achievement: the mediation role of rational beliefs about studying. Journal of Cognitive & Behavioral Psychotherapies, 13(1).
  • Balkis, M., & Duru, E. (2017). Gender differences in the relationship between academic procrastination, satifaction with academic life and academic performance. Electronic Journal of Research in Educational Psychology, 15(1), 105-125. http://dx.doi.org/10.14204/ejrep.41.16042
  • Balkis, M., Duru, S., & Duru, E. (2024). Academic procrastination and fear of failure: The role of irrational/rational academic beliefs. Psychology in the Schools, 61, 2376–2387. https://doi.org/10.1002/pits.23171
  • Bhat, S. A., & Jan, K. (2023). Examining Academic Procrastination among College Students in Relation to Academic Satisfaction: A Correlational Study. Research Review International Journal of Multidisciplinary, 8(7), 12–20. https://doi.org/10.31305/rrijm.2023.v08.n07.003
  • Bozgün, K., Can, F. & Baytemir, K. (2022). Adaptation of the Triarchic Model of Grit Scale and Perceived Academic Underachievement Scale into Turkish. International Journal of Psychology and Educational Studies, 9(3), 691-705. https://doi.org/10.52380/ijpes.2022.9.3.736
  • Cohen, L., Manion, L., and Morrison, K. (2018). Research methods in education (8th ed.). London: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315456539.
  • Daud, M., Siswanti, D. N., Nugraha, D. Y., & Surijah, E. A. (2024). How do grit and academic stress influence academic performance? The role of academic self-efficacy as a mediator and moderator variable. Psikohumaniora: Jurnal Penelitian Psikologi, 9(2), 233–252. https://doi.org/10.21580/pjpp.v9i2.22692
  • Day, V., Mensink, D., & O'Sullivan, M. (2000). Patterns of Academic Procrastination. Journal of College Reading and Learning, 30(2), 120-134. https://doi.org/10.1080/10790195.2000.10850090
  • Ferrari, J. R. (2001). Procrastination as self-regulation failure of performance: Effects of cognitive load, self-awareness, and time limits on ‘working best under pressure’. European Journal of Personality, 15(5), 391-406. https://doi.org/10.1002/per.413
  • Fraenkel, J. R., Wallen, N. E., and Hyun, H. H. (2012). How to design and evaluate research in education (8th ed.). New York: Mc Graw Hill.
  • George, D., and Mallery, P. (2019). IBM SPSS statistics 25 step by step: Asimple guide and reference (15th ed.). Routledge.
  • Haghbin, M., McCaffrey, A., & Pychyl, T. A. (2012). The complexity of the relation between fear of failure and procrastination. Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy, 30(4), 249-263.
  • Hair, JF., Black, WC., Babin, BJ., Anderson, R.E. and Tatham, R.L. (2010), Multivariate Data Analysis, Pearson-Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ.
  • Hess, B., Sherman, M. F., & Goodman, M. (2000). Eveningness predicts academic procrastination: The mediating role of neuroticism. Journal of Social Behavior and Personality, 15(5), 61-74.
  • Higgins, G. E., & Tewksbury, R. (2006). Sex and self-control theory: The measures and causal model may be different. Youth & Society, 37(4), 479-503. https://doi.org/10.1177/0044118X05282752
  • Kim, K. R., & Seo, E. H. (2015). The relationship between procrastination and academic performance: A meta-analysis. Personality and Individual Differences, 82, 26-33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2015.02.038
  • Krause, K., & Freund, A. M. (2014). Delay or procrastination–A comparison of self-report and behavioral measures of procrastination and their impact on affective well-being. Personality and Individual Differences, 63, 75-80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2014.01.050
  • Lee, W. W. S. (2017). Relationships among grit, academic performance, perceived academic failure, and stress in associate degree students. Journal of Adolescence, 60, 148-152.
  • Mansouri, K., Ashouri, A., Gharraee, B., & Farahani, H. (2022). The mediating role of fear of failure, self-compassion and intolerance of uncertainty in the relationship between academic procrastination and perfectionism. Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology, 28(1), 34-47.
  • McCown, W., Blake, D., & Keiser, R. (2012). Content analyses of procrastination cognition. Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy, 30(4), 213-222. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10942-012-0150-z
  • Neff, K. D., Hsieh, Y. P., & Dejitterat, K. (2005). Self-compassion, Achievement Goals, and Coping with Academic Failure. Self and Identity, 4(3), 263–287. https://doi.org/10.1080/13576500444000317
  • Obenza, B. N., Kileste, F. L., Mesajon, J., Canciller, C., Escudero, M. J. F., Ligasan, N. G., ... & Solis, J. (2024). The mediating effect of academic stress on fear of failure and academic procrastination of college students. International Journal of Humanities, Management and Social Science (IJ-HuMaSS), 7(2), 63-73.
  • Patrzek, J., Grunschel, C., & Fries, S. (2015). Academic procrastination: The perspective of university counsellors. International Journal for the Advancement of Counselling, 37(1), 36-50. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10447-014-9224-8
  • Peker, M., Erol, R., & Gultekin, M. (2012). Investigation of the academic procrastination behavior of preservice teachers. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 47, 650-659. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.06.712
  • Phillips, L., & Shewmaker, J. (2024). Supporting Healthy Affect and Coping After Perceived Failure in College Students in Christian Higher Education. Christian Higher Education, 24(1), 22–37. https://doi.org/10.1080/15363759.2024.2385300
  • Rabin, L. A., Fogel, J., & Nutter-Upham, K. E. (2011). Academic procrastination in college students: The role of self-reported executive function. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 33(3), 344-357. https://doi.org/10.1080/13803395.2010.518597
  • Sabalani Taleshmekaeil, N. ., Panah Ali, A., Badri Gargari, R., & Hoseini Nasab, S. D. . (2025). Formulation of an Academic Failure Model Based on Fear of Failure and Academic Procrastination with the Mediating Role of Mindfulness. International Journal of Education and Cognitive Sciences, 1-10. https://journalecs.com/index.php/ecs/article/view/230
  • Sirois, F. M., & Pychyl, T. A. (2013). Procrastination and the priority of short-term mood regulation: Consequences for future self. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 7(2), 115-127. https://doi.org/10.1111/spc3.12011
  • Snyder, K. E., & Adelson, J. L. (2017). The development and validation of the Perceived Academic Underachievement Scale. Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment, 35(2), 192-203. https://doi.org/10.1177/0734282915618295
  • Solomon, L. J., & Rothblum, E. D. (1984). Academic procrastination: Frequency and cognitive-behavioral correlates. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 31(4), 503-509. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.31.4.503
  • Steel, P. (2007). The nature of procrastination: A meta-analytic and theoretical review of quintessential self-regulatory failure. Psychological Bulletin, 133(1), 65-94. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.133.1.65
  • Steel, P., & Ferrari, J. (2013). Sex, education and procrastination: An epidemiological study of procrastinators' characteristics from a global sample. European Journal of Personality, 27(1), 51-58. https://doi.org/10.1002/per.1851
  • Steel, P., & Klingsieck, K. B. (2016). Academic procrastination: Psychological antecedents revisited. Australian Psychologist, 51(1), 36-46. https://doi.org/10.1111/ap.12173
  • Strüber, D., Lück, M., & Roth, G. (2008). Sex, aggression and impulse control: An integrative account. Neurocase, 14(1), 93-121. https://doi.org/10.1080/13554790801992854
  • Sudirman, S. A., Reza, F. A., Yusri, N. A., Rina, R., & Bah, M. (2023). Putting Off Until Tomorrow: Academic Procrastination, Perfectionism, and Fear of Failure. International Journal of Islamic Educational Psychology, 4(1), 136–153. https://doi.org/10.18196/ijiep.v4i1.17576
  • Tan, E. W. Y., & Prihadi, K. D. (2022). Fear of Failure and Academic Procrastination among University Students: The role of achievement expectancy and year of study. International Journal of Evaluation and Research in Education, 11(1), 69-77.
  • Ucar, H., Bozkurt, A., & Zawackı-rıchter, O. (2021). Academic procrastination and performance in distance education: A causal-comparative study in an online learning environment. Turkish Online Journal of Distance Education, 22(4), 13-23.
  • Uzun Özer, B., Demir, A., & Ferrari, J. R. (2009). Exploring academic procrastination among Turkish students: Possible gender differences in prevalence and reasons. The Journal of Social Psychology, 149(2), 241-257. https://doi.org/10.3200/SOCP.149.2.241-257
  • Zacks, S., & Hen, M. (2018). Academic interventions for academic procrastination: A review of the literature. Journal of Prevention & Intervention in the Community, 46(2), 117-130. https://doi.org/10.1080/10852352.2016.1198154
  • Zarrin, S. A., Gracia, E., & Paixão, M. P. (2020). Prediction of academic procrastination by fear of failure and self-regulation. Educational Sciences: Theory and Practice, 20(3), 34-43.
There are 40 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Adult Education
Journal Section Makaleler
Authors

Nihal Dulkadir Yaman 0000-0002-5339-7449

Fatih Yaman 0000-0002-7425-1369

Publication Date October 31, 2025
Submission Date July 21, 2025
Acceptance Date September 23, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Issue: 76

Cite

APA Dulkadir Yaman, N., & Yaman, F. (2025). Those who say they will start tomorrow: Success in the shadow of academic procrastination. Mehmet Akif Ersoy University Journal of Education Faculty(76), 149-167. https://doi.org/10.21764/maeuefd.1747033

Mehmet Akif Ersoy University Journal of Education Faculty

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