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TOPLUM VE KÜLTÜRÜN PANDEMİ SÜRECİNDE DEĞİŞİME OLAN ETKİLERİ: SOSYOLOJİK BİR ANALİZ

Year 2022, Volume: 15 Issue: 37, 318 - 333, 16.03.2022
https://doi.org/10.12981/mahder.1024476

Abstract

COVID-19 virüsü, 2020'nin başından bu yana dünyadaki tüm ülkeleri etkilemiştir. Küreselleşmenin etkisi ile dünya her zamankinden daha fazla birbirine bağlı olduğu için virüs çok hızlı yayılım göstermiştir. Bu süreçte bireylerin virüse karşı farklı tepki verdikleri ve yönetmeye çalıştığı görülmüştür. Toplumlar arasındaki kültürel farklılıklar, bireysel davranışlarda, inançlarda, değerlerde ve normlarda kendini gösterir. Dünyanın farklı bölgelerindeki toplumlar arasındaki karşılaştırmalar, kültürün insan davranışını nasıl etkileyebileceğini açıkça göstermektedir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, kültürün, ülkeleri ve toplumun pandemiye karşı farklı yaklaşımları seçme şeklini nasıl etkilediğini incelemektir. Ülkeler arasındaki kültürel farklılıkların salgınlarla mücadelede etkili olup olmadığını belirlemektir. Bu makale pandemi sürecinde kültürün rolüne (toplumda paylaşılan anlamlar, değerler ve uygulamalara) odaklanırken, küresel düzeyde toplumların bu süreçte geliştirdiği önlemler, farklı uygulamalar ve düşünceler üzerinde sosyolojik bir analiz geliştirmeyi amaçlamaktadır. Akademik açıdan bakıldığında bu çalışma, kültür ve COVID-19 pandemisi arasındaki ilişkiyi sosyolojik açıdan ele alması nedeniyle önemlidir. Uygulama açısından bakıldığında çalışma, sadece teknik önlemlere odaklanılmaması, aynı zamanda bu önlemleri kültürel unsurlarla pekiştirerek geliştirmeleri gerektiğine vurgu yapmaktadır. Çalışmada literatür taramasına dayalı nitel araştırma yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Yerli ve yabancı literatür incelenerek, ülkelerin aldıkları önlemler, yer alan mekanizmalar ve uygulamalara değinilmiştir

References

  • Andersen, K. G. - Rambaut, A. - Lipkin, W. I. - Holmes, E. C. - Garry, R. F. (2020). The proximal origin of SARS-CoV-2. Nature medicine, 26(4), 450-452.
  • Beck, U. (1992). Risk society: Towards a new modernity. London: Sage Publications.
  • Belligonj, S. (2020). 5 reasons the coronavirus hit Italy so hard. The Conversation, https://theconversation.com/5-reasons-the-coronavirus-hit-italy-so-hard-134636 (Erişim: 13.09.2021)
  • Bird, S. E. (2003). The Audience in Everyday Life. London: Routledge.
  • Böhrer, A. (2020), ‘I wear my mask for you’—a note on face masks, Pandemic (Im)Possibilities(1). The European Sociologist, Vol. 45, https://www.europeansociologist.org/issue-45-pandemic-impossibilities-vol-1/masking-%E2%80%93-%E2%80%9Ci-wear-my-mask-you%E2%80%9D-note-face-masks (Erişim: 10.06.2021)
  • Cheung,H. “Coronavirus: What Could the West Learn from Asia”, BBC, 21 Mart 2020. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-51970379
  • Cong, C. - Ning L. - Li, L. (2020). Do national cultures matter in the containment of COVID-19?. International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy, 40 (9/10), 939-961.
  • Douglas, K. M. - Sutton, R. M. - Cichocka, A. (2017). The psychology of conspiracy theories. Current directions in psychological science, 26(6), 538-542.
  • Douglas, K. M. - Uscinski, J. E. - Sutton, R. M. - Cichocka, A. - Nefes, T. - Ang, C. S. - Deravi, F. (2019). Understanding conspiracy theories. Political Psychology, 40, 3-35.
  • Durkheim, E. (1984). The division of labour in society. (Çev.) W.D. Halls, Houndmills: Macmillan.
  • E. O. Wahab. (2012). Causes and consequences of rapid erosion of cultural values in a traditional African society. Journal of Anthropology, Volume 2012 |Article ID 327061.
  • Earnshaw, V. A. - Eaton, L. A. - Kalichman, S. C. - Brousseau, N. M. - Hill, E. C. - Fox, A. B. (2020). COVID-19 conspiracy beliefs, health behaviors, and policy support. Translational behavioral medicine, 10(4), 850-856.
  • Gelfand, M. J. - Raver, J. L. - Nishii, L. - Leslie, L. M. - Lun, J. - Lim, B. C. - Yamaguchi, S. (2011). Differences between tight and loose cultures: A 33-nation study. Science, 332 (6033), 1100-1104.
  • Gelfand, M. J. - Harrington, J. R. - Jackson, J. C. (2017). The strength of social norms across human groups. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 12(5), 800-809.
  • Hardeman, R. R. - Medina, E. M. - Kozhimannil, K. B. (2016). Structural racism and supporting black lives-the role of health professionals. New England Journal of Medicine, 375(22), 2113-2115.
  • Hechter, M. (2015). Solidarity, sociology of. International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences: Second Edition. Amsterdam: Elsevier Inc,6-9.
  • Hofstede, G. (1983). Dimensions of national culture in fifty countries and three regions.In J.B. Deregowski, S. Dziurawiec, & R.C. Annis (Eds.), Expiscations in cross-culturalpsychology (pp. 335-355). Lisse, Netherlands: Swets and Zeitlinger
  • Hofstede, G. (2001). Culture's consequences: Comparing values, behaviors, institutions and organizations across nations. Thousand Oaks: Sage.
  • Huneman, P. - Vorms, M. (2018). Is a unified account of conspiracy theories possible? Argumenta Oeconomica Cracoviensia, Cracow University of Economics Press, 3, 49-72.
  • Imhoff, R. - Bruder, M. (2014). Speaking (un–) truth to power: Conspiracy mentality as a generalised political attitude. European Journal of Personality, 28(1), 25-43.
  • İstikbal, D. (2020). Asya’nın Koronovirüs ile Mücadelesi. Seta Perspektif Dergisi, Sayı 275. https://setav.org/assets/uploads/2020/04/P275.pdf
  • Jiang, S. - Wei, Q. - Zhang, L. (2020). Individualism vs. Collectivism and the Early-Stage Transmission of COVID-19. SSRN, https://ssrn.com/abstract=3646229 (Erişim: 15.08.2021)
  • Kahissay, M. H. - Fenta, T. G. - Boon, H. (2017). Beliefs and perception of ill-health causation: a socio-cultural qualitative study in rural North-Eastern Ethiopia. BMC public health, 17(1), 1-10.
  • Kitayama, S. - Park, J. - Miyamoto, Y. - Date, H. - Boylan, J. M. - Markus, H. R. - Ryff, C. D. (2018). Behavioral adjustment moderates the link between neuroticism and biological health risk: A US–Japan comparison study. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 44(6), 809-822.
  • Macoloo C. (2020) The Cultural and Social Challenges to Slowing the Pandemic in Africa. Stanford Social Innovation Review, https://ssir.org/articles/entry/the_cultural_and_social_challenges_to_slowing_the_pandemic_in_africa# (Erişim: 14.09.2021)
  • Mansouri, F. - Sefidgarbaei, F. (2021). Risk society and COVID-19. Canadian Journal of Public Health, 112, 36–37.
  • Markus, H. R. - Kitayama, S. (1994). The cultural shaping of emotion: A conceptual framework. S. Kitayama ve H. R. Markus (Ed), Emotion and culture: Empirical studies of mutual influence (s. 339–351). American Psychological Association.
  • Mishra, C. - Rath, N. (2020). Social solidarity during a pandemic: Through and beyond Durkheimian Lens. Social Sciences & Humanities Open 2(1), 100079.
  • Oliver, J. E. - Wood, T. J. (2014). Conspiracy theories and the paranoid style (s) of mass opinion. American Journal of Political Science, 58(4), 952-966.
  • Oyserman, D. (2016). What does a priming perspective reveal about culture: Culture-as-situated cognition. Current Opinion in Psychology, 12, 94-99.
  • WHO (2020), Report of the WHO-China Joint Mission on Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), World Health Organization, https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/who-china-joint-mission-on-covid-19-final-report.pdf (Erişim: 01.10.2021)
  • Stempel, C. - Hargrove, T. - Stempel III, G. H. (2007). Media use, social structure, and belief in 9/11 conspiracy theories. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 84(2), 353-372.
  • Uscinski, J. E. (2018). Down the rabbit hole we go! In J. E. Uscinski, (Ed.), Conspiracy theories and the people who believe them,New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
  • Vinck, P. - Pham, P. N. - Bindu, K. K. - Bedford, J. - Nilles, E. J. (2019). Institutional trust and misinformation in the response to the 2018–19 Ebola outbreak in North Kivu, DR Congo: a population-based survey. The Lancet Infectious Diseases, 19(5), 529-536.
  • Ward, A. (2020). How Spain’s coronavirus outbreak got so bad so fast. Vox . https://www.vox.com/2020/3/20/21183315/coronavirus-spain-outbreak-cases-tests (Erişim: 03.10.2021)
  • West, H. G. - Sanders, T. (2003). Transparency and conspiracy: Ethnographies of suspicion in the New World Order. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
  • Workneh, T. - Emirie, G. - Kaba, M. - Mekonnen, Y. - Kloos, H. (2018). Perceptions of health and illness among the Konso people of southwestern Ethiopia: persistence and change. Journal of ethnobiology and ethnomedicine, 14(1), 1-9.
  • Zinn, J. O. (2020). A monstrous threat’: how a state of exception turns into a ‘new normal. Journal of Risk Research, 23(7-8), 1083-1091.

THE IMPACTS OF SOCIETY AND CULTURE ON THE CHANGES IN PANDEMIC PERIOD: A SOCIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS

Year 2022, Volume: 15 Issue: 37, 318 - 333, 16.03.2022
https://doi.org/10.12981/mahder.1024476

Abstract

COVID-19 virus has been affecting all countries in the world since the beginning of 2020. The virus has spread in a rapid way because the globalized world is interconnected more than ever. It is observed that the individuals react and manage the virus differently in this process. Cultural differences between societies become apparent in individual behaviors, beliefs, values, and norms. The comparisons between the societies in different regions of the world manifest how culture affects human behavior. The aim of this study is to examine how culture affects the approaches of countries and societies towards pandemic period and to identify that the cultural differences between countries is effective or not in the matter of struggling with pandemic. This paper focuses the role of culture (common understanding, values, and applications in society) and aims to develop a sociological analysis on the different strategies, applications, and thoughts which global societies adopt in this period. This study is sociologically investigating the relation between culture and COVID-19 pandemic, and it has importance when considered from academic point of view. From the practical perspective, there is an emphasis on not to solely focus on technical measures but to reinforce these measures with cultural elements. Qualitative research method based on literature review was used in the study. By referring national and foreign literature about the precautions taken by countries, mechanisms and practices was examined.

References

  • Andersen, K. G. - Rambaut, A. - Lipkin, W. I. - Holmes, E. C. - Garry, R. F. (2020). The proximal origin of SARS-CoV-2. Nature medicine, 26(4), 450-452.
  • Beck, U. (1992). Risk society: Towards a new modernity. London: Sage Publications.
  • Belligonj, S. (2020). 5 reasons the coronavirus hit Italy so hard. The Conversation, https://theconversation.com/5-reasons-the-coronavirus-hit-italy-so-hard-134636 (Erişim: 13.09.2021)
  • Bird, S. E. (2003). The Audience in Everyday Life. London: Routledge.
  • Böhrer, A. (2020), ‘I wear my mask for you’—a note on face masks, Pandemic (Im)Possibilities(1). The European Sociologist, Vol. 45, https://www.europeansociologist.org/issue-45-pandemic-impossibilities-vol-1/masking-%E2%80%93-%E2%80%9Ci-wear-my-mask-you%E2%80%9D-note-face-masks (Erişim: 10.06.2021)
  • Cheung,H. “Coronavirus: What Could the West Learn from Asia”, BBC, 21 Mart 2020. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-51970379
  • Cong, C. - Ning L. - Li, L. (2020). Do national cultures matter in the containment of COVID-19?. International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy, 40 (9/10), 939-961.
  • Douglas, K. M. - Sutton, R. M. - Cichocka, A. (2017). The psychology of conspiracy theories. Current directions in psychological science, 26(6), 538-542.
  • Douglas, K. M. - Uscinski, J. E. - Sutton, R. M. - Cichocka, A. - Nefes, T. - Ang, C. S. - Deravi, F. (2019). Understanding conspiracy theories. Political Psychology, 40, 3-35.
  • Durkheim, E. (1984). The division of labour in society. (Çev.) W.D. Halls, Houndmills: Macmillan.
  • E. O. Wahab. (2012). Causes and consequences of rapid erosion of cultural values in a traditional African society. Journal of Anthropology, Volume 2012 |Article ID 327061.
  • Earnshaw, V. A. - Eaton, L. A. - Kalichman, S. C. - Brousseau, N. M. - Hill, E. C. - Fox, A. B. (2020). COVID-19 conspiracy beliefs, health behaviors, and policy support. Translational behavioral medicine, 10(4), 850-856.
  • Gelfand, M. J. - Raver, J. L. - Nishii, L. - Leslie, L. M. - Lun, J. - Lim, B. C. - Yamaguchi, S. (2011). Differences between tight and loose cultures: A 33-nation study. Science, 332 (6033), 1100-1104.
  • Gelfand, M. J. - Harrington, J. R. - Jackson, J. C. (2017). The strength of social norms across human groups. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 12(5), 800-809.
  • Hardeman, R. R. - Medina, E. M. - Kozhimannil, K. B. (2016). Structural racism and supporting black lives-the role of health professionals. New England Journal of Medicine, 375(22), 2113-2115.
  • Hechter, M. (2015). Solidarity, sociology of. International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences: Second Edition. Amsterdam: Elsevier Inc,6-9.
  • Hofstede, G. (1983). Dimensions of national culture in fifty countries and three regions.In J.B. Deregowski, S. Dziurawiec, & R.C. Annis (Eds.), Expiscations in cross-culturalpsychology (pp. 335-355). Lisse, Netherlands: Swets and Zeitlinger
  • Hofstede, G. (2001). Culture's consequences: Comparing values, behaviors, institutions and organizations across nations. Thousand Oaks: Sage.
  • Huneman, P. - Vorms, M. (2018). Is a unified account of conspiracy theories possible? Argumenta Oeconomica Cracoviensia, Cracow University of Economics Press, 3, 49-72.
  • Imhoff, R. - Bruder, M. (2014). Speaking (un–) truth to power: Conspiracy mentality as a generalised political attitude. European Journal of Personality, 28(1), 25-43.
  • İstikbal, D. (2020). Asya’nın Koronovirüs ile Mücadelesi. Seta Perspektif Dergisi, Sayı 275. https://setav.org/assets/uploads/2020/04/P275.pdf
  • Jiang, S. - Wei, Q. - Zhang, L. (2020). Individualism vs. Collectivism and the Early-Stage Transmission of COVID-19. SSRN, https://ssrn.com/abstract=3646229 (Erişim: 15.08.2021)
  • Kahissay, M. H. - Fenta, T. G. - Boon, H. (2017). Beliefs and perception of ill-health causation: a socio-cultural qualitative study in rural North-Eastern Ethiopia. BMC public health, 17(1), 1-10.
  • Kitayama, S. - Park, J. - Miyamoto, Y. - Date, H. - Boylan, J. M. - Markus, H. R. - Ryff, C. D. (2018). Behavioral adjustment moderates the link between neuroticism and biological health risk: A US–Japan comparison study. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 44(6), 809-822.
  • Macoloo C. (2020) The Cultural and Social Challenges to Slowing the Pandemic in Africa. Stanford Social Innovation Review, https://ssir.org/articles/entry/the_cultural_and_social_challenges_to_slowing_the_pandemic_in_africa# (Erişim: 14.09.2021)
  • Mansouri, F. - Sefidgarbaei, F. (2021). Risk society and COVID-19. Canadian Journal of Public Health, 112, 36–37.
  • Markus, H. R. - Kitayama, S. (1994). The cultural shaping of emotion: A conceptual framework. S. Kitayama ve H. R. Markus (Ed), Emotion and culture: Empirical studies of mutual influence (s. 339–351). American Psychological Association.
  • Mishra, C. - Rath, N. (2020). Social solidarity during a pandemic: Through and beyond Durkheimian Lens. Social Sciences & Humanities Open 2(1), 100079.
  • Oliver, J. E. - Wood, T. J. (2014). Conspiracy theories and the paranoid style (s) of mass opinion. American Journal of Political Science, 58(4), 952-966.
  • Oyserman, D. (2016). What does a priming perspective reveal about culture: Culture-as-situated cognition. Current Opinion in Psychology, 12, 94-99.
  • WHO (2020), Report of the WHO-China Joint Mission on Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), World Health Organization, https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/who-china-joint-mission-on-covid-19-final-report.pdf (Erişim: 01.10.2021)
  • Stempel, C. - Hargrove, T. - Stempel III, G. H. (2007). Media use, social structure, and belief in 9/11 conspiracy theories. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 84(2), 353-372.
  • Uscinski, J. E. (2018). Down the rabbit hole we go! In J. E. Uscinski, (Ed.), Conspiracy theories and the people who believe them,New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
  • Vinck, P. - Pham, P. N. - Bindu, K. K. - Bedford, J. - Nilles, E. J. (2019). Institutional trust and misinformation in the response to the 2018–19 Ebola outbreak in North Kivu, DR Congo: a population-based survey. The Lancet Infectious Diseases, 19(5), 529-536.
  • Ward, A. (2020). How Spain’s coronavirus outbreak got so bad so fast. Vox . https://www.vox.com/2020/3/20/21183315/coronavirus-spain-outbreak-cases-tests (Erişim: 03.10.2021)
  • West, H. G. - Sanders, T. (2003). Transparency and conspiracy: Ethnographies of suspicion in the New World Order. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
  • Workneh, T. - Emirie, G. - Kaba, M. - Mekonnen, Y. - Kloos, H. (2018). Perceptions of health and illness among the Konso people of southwestern Ethiopia: persistence and change. Journal of ethnobiology and ethnomedicine, 14(1), 1-9.
  • Zinn, J. O. (2020). A monstrous threat’: how a state of exception turns into a ‘new normal. Journal of Risk Research, 23(7-8), 1083-1091.
There are 38 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Cultural Studies
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Ebru Çetin 0000-0003-3462-2521

Publication Date March 16, 2022
Submission Date November 16, 2021
Published in Issue Year 2022 Volume: 15 Issue: 37

Cite

APA Çetin, E. (2022). TOPLUM VE KÜLTÜRÜN PANDEMİ SÜRECİNDE DEĞİŞİME OLAN ETKİLERİ: SOSYOLOJİK BİR ANALİZ. Motif Akademi Halkbilimi Dergisi, 15(37), 318-333. https://doi.org/10.12981/mahder.1024476