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KONSTRÜKTİVİST MANTIĞIN SİNEMADAKİ ETKİLERİ: KULESHOV DENEYİ ÜZERİNE BİR İNCELEME

Year 2025, Volume: 18 Issue: 50, 1086 - 1108, 28.06.2025
https://doi.org/10.12981/mahder.1565733

Abstract

Konstrüktivizm, Sanayi Devrimi’nin mekanik mantığından doğan bir sanat akımı olarak öncelikle modern endüstriyel toplumu ve kentsel mekânı yansıtmayı hedeflemiştir. Bu akım, aynı zamanda insanları makineleşmeye, zamanın kullanımına ve her şeyi özne temelli ve subjektif olarak şekillendirmeye sevk eden bir düşünce yapısını yansıtmaktadır. Sinema sanatı ise zamanı ve mekânı kullanarak anlatıları sıralama işlemidir. Bu iki disiplini bir araya getirmek sinemanın görsel anlatım gücünü şekillendiren ve izleyicilerin algısını etkileyen önemli bir etkiye yol açmıştır. Konstrüktivizmin odaklandığı açık biçimsel düzen ise basitlik ve organizasyon ekonomisi gibi unsurlar, sinemanın görsel anlatımında ve üretiminde hâlen başat unsurlar olarak yer almaktadır.
Lev Kuleshov’un ünlü deneyi olan Kuleshov Etkisi konstrüktivist düşünceyi önemli bir temel olarak benimsemiştir. Bu deney, öncelikle izleyicilerin gördükleri görüntünün anlamının, önceki ve sonraki görüntülerle birlikte oluştuğu varsayımına dayanmaktadır. Konstrüktivizmden önceki avangart akımlar, sanat eserini bir yapı olarak ele almıştır; fakat ilk defa konstrüktivizm, sanatçıyı nesneler inşa eden bir mühendise dönüştüren, parçalara indirgenmiş yeni bir toplum inşası amacına yönelik bir anlayışla hareket etmektedir. Konstrüktivistler için etkin varoluş ulaşılacak en yüksek güzellik biçimidir. Sanatçı, kesinlik ve objektiflik ilkesi ile tanımlanana bağlı kalır ve yapısal düzenlemelerle karmaşıklıktan uzaklaşarak sade, düzenli ve işlevsel bir estetik yaklaşımı hedefler. İşte bu çalışmada Lev Kuleshov’un filmleri ve yazıları özelinde dönemin konstrüktivist mantığı açıklanmaya çalışılmıştır. Böylelikle sinema sanatının kökenlerine ve günümüzde film izleme algılarına dair daha derin bir bilgi sahibi olmak amaçlanmıştır.

References

  • Angelini, A. (2023). Psychoanalytic perspectives on Sergei M. Eisenstein's work: Cinema and psychoanalysis in Soviet Russia. London: Taylor & Francis.
  • Angenot, M. (2014). L'Histoire des idees. Problematiques, objets, concepts, methodes, enj eux, débats. Liège: Presses universitaires de Liège.
  • Bergan, R. (1999). Eisenstein : A life in conflict. New York: The Overlook Press.
  • Beumers, B. (2011). Drama and theatre. The Cambridge Companion to Twentieth-Century Russian Literature, (eds.: E. Dobrenko - M. Balina), 215-235, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Bloch, E. (2020). Umut ilkesi. C.1, (çev.: T. Bora), İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları.
  • Bordwell, D. (1972). The idea of montage in Soviet art and film. Cinema Journal, 11(2), 9-17.
  • Bradford, R. (1994). Roman Jakobson: Life, language, art. London: Routledge.
  • Castrillo, C. F. (2013). Rethinking interdisciplinarity:Futurist cinema as metamedium. Back to the Futurists: The avant-garde and Its Legacy, (ed.: E. Adamowicz - S. Storchi), 272-284, Manchester: Manchester University Press.
  • Eisenstein, S. (1984). Film duyumu. (çev.: N. Özön), İstanbul: Payel Yayınevi.
  • Erjavec, A. (2019). The politics of futurism. Handbook of International Futurism, (ed.: G. Berghaus), 28-47, Berlin: De Gruyter.
  • Glisic, I. (2018). The futurist files: Avant-garde, politics, and ideology in Russia, 1905–1930. Dekalb: Cornell University Press.
  • Goodwin, J. (1993). Eisenstein, cinema, and history. Chicago: University of Illinois Press.
  • Gray, C. (1971). The Russian experiment in art, 1863-1922. London: Thames And Hudson.
  • Groys, B. (1992). The total art of Stalinism. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
  • Kessler, F. - Loiperdinger, M. (1993). Früher film in Deutschland. Frankfurt: Stroemfeld Verlag.
  • Khoklova, E. (1996). News concerning the 'Kuleshov effect'. Film History, 8(3), 365-365.
  • Kuleshov, L. (1935). Praktika kinorejissurı. Moskova: Goslitizdat.
  • Kuleshov, L. (1974). Kuleshov on film: Writings. London: University of California Press.
  • Leach, R. (1989). Vsevolod Meyerhold. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Leach, R. (2018). Russian futurist theatre. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
  • Levaco, R. (2024). Introduction. Kuleshov on film : Writings of Lev Kuleshov, (ed.: L. Kuleshov), 1-41, California: University of California Press.
  • Mannheim, K. (2002). İdeoloji ve ütopya. (çev.: M. Okyavuz), İstanbul: Epos Yayınları.
  • Medina, J. (2010). Language: Key concepts in philosophy. London: Continuum.
  • Meyerhold, V. - Hoover, M. L. (1966). Two lectures. The Tulane Drama Review, 11(1), 186-195.
  • Milner, J. (1985). Vladimir Tatlin and the Russian avant-garde. London: Yale University Press.
  • Mumford, L. (1996). Makina efsanesi. (çev.: F. Oruç), İstanbul: İnsan Yayınları.
  • Poggi, C. (2009). Inventing futurism: The art and politics of artificial optimism. Oxford: Princeton University Press. Prince, S. - Hensley, W. E. (1992). The Kuleshov effect: Recreating the classic experiment. Cinema Journal, 31(2), 59-75.
  • Reavey, G. - Slonim, M. (1934). Soviet literature an anthology. New York: Covici Friede.
  • Ruhrberg, K. (2000). Art of the 20th century. Köln: Taschen.
  • Salazkina, M. (2016). (V)GIK and the history of film education in The Soviet Union, 1920's-1930's. A Companion to Russian Cinema, (ed.: B. Beumers), 45-66, Oxford: Wiley Blackwell.
  • Sikov, E. (2010). Film studies : An introduction. New york: Columbia University Press.
  • Steinberg, M. D. (2021). Russian utopia: A century of revolutionary possibilities. London: Bloomsbury Publishing.
  • Tsivian, Y. (1993). Cutting and framing in Bauer's and Kuleshov's Films. KINtop. Jahrbuch zur Erforschung des frühen, 1993, 103-111.
  • Tsivian, Y. - Khokhlova, E. (1996). The rediscovery of a Kuleshov experiment: A dossier. Cinema and Nation, 8(3), 357-367.
  • Vertov, D. (1967). Kinoks revolution, selections. Film Makers On Film Making, (ed.: H. M. Gedulo), 79-106, London: Indiana University Press.
  • Veyne, P. (2014). Foucault: Düşüncesi, kişiliği. (çev.: I. Ergüden), İstanbul: Alfa Kitap.
  • Vovelle, M. (1990). Ideologies and mentalities. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Walworth, C. (2018). Soviet Salvage: Imperial debris, revolutionary reuse, and Russian constructivism. Penn State: PSU Press.
  • Weststeijn, W. G. (2007). Mayakovsky as literary critic. Avant-Garde and Criticism, (eds.: K. Beekman - J. de Vries), 139-157, Amsterdam: Rodopi.
  • Žižek, S. (2020). The plague of fantasies. London: Verso.

THE EFFECTS OF CONSTRUCTIVIST LOGIC IN CINEMA: A STUDY ON THE KULESHOV EXPERIMENT

Year 2025, Volume: 18 Issue: 50, 1086 - 1108, 28.06.2025
https://doi.org/10.12981/mahder.1565733

Abstract

Constructivism, as an art movement born from the mechanical logic of the Industrial Revolution, primarily aimed to reflect modern industrial society and urban space. This movement also reflects a mindset that encourages people to adapt to mechanization, time management, and shaping everything based on subjectivity and individuality. Cinema, on the other hand, is the process of organizing narratives through the use of time and space. Combining these two disciplines has had a significant impact, shaping the visual storytelling power of cinema and influencing audience perception. The clear formal structure that Constructivism focuses on, emphasizing simplicity and economy of organization, remains dominant elements in the visual storytelling and production of cinema. Lev Kuleshov's famous experiment, known as the Kuleshov Effect, adopted Constructivist thought as an important foundation. This experiment is based on the assumption that the meaning of the image viewers see is formed in relation to the preceding and succeeding images. Avant-garde movements before Constructivism treated the artwork as a structure; however, for the first time, Constructivism operated with an understanding that aimed to build a new society by reducing it to parts and transforming the artist into an engineer constructing objects. For Constructivists, effective existence is the highest form of beauty to be attained. The artist adheres to the principles of precision and objectivity, moving away from complexity through structural arrangements, aiming for a simple, orderly, and functional aesthetic approach. In this study, the Constructivist logic of the era is explained with a focus on Lev Kuleshov’s films and writings. Thus, it is intended to provide a deeper understanding of the roots of cinematic art and current perceptions of film viewing.

References

  • Angelini, A. (2023). Psychoanalytic perspectives on Sergei M. Eisenstein's work: Cinema and psychoanalysis in Soviet Russia. London: Taylor & Francis.
  • Angenot, M. (2014). L'Histoire des idees. Problematiques, objets, concepts, methodes, enj eux, débats. Liège: Presses universitaires de Liège.
  • Bergan, R. (1999). Eisenstein : A life in conflict. New York: The Overlook Press.
  • Beumers, B. (2011). Drama and theatre. The Cambridge Companion to Twentieth-Century Russian Literature, (eds.: E. Dobrenko - M. Balina), 215-235, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Bloch, E. (2020). Umut ilkesi. C.1, (çev.: T. Bora), İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları.
  • Bordwell, D. (1972). The idea of montage in Soviet art and film. Cinema Journal, 11(2), 9-17.
  • Bradford, R. (1994). Roman Jakobson: Life, language, art. London: Routledge.
  • Castrillo, C. F. (2013). Rethinking interdisciplinarity:Futurist cinema as metamedium. Back to the Futurists: The avant-garde and Its Legacy, (ed.: E. Adamowicz - S. Storchi), 272-284, Manchester: Manchester University Press.
  • Eisenstein, S. (1984). Film duyumu. (çev.: N. Özön), İstanbul: Payel Yayınevi.
  • Erjavec, A. (2019). The politics of futurism. Handbook of International Futurism, (ed.: G. Berghaus), 28-47, Berlin: De Gruyter.
  • Glisic, I. (2018). The futurist files: Avant-garde, politics, and ideology in Russia, 1905–1930. Dekalb: Cornell University Press.
  • Goodwin, J. (1993). Eisenstein, cinema, and history. Chicago: University of Illinois Press.
  • Gray, C. (1971). The Russian experiment in art, 1863-1922. London: Thames And Hudson.
  • Groys, B. (1992). The total art of Stalinism. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
  • Kessler, F. - Loiperdinger, M. (1993). Früher film in Deutschland. Frankfurt: Stroemfeld Verlag.
  • Khoklova, E. (1996). News concerning the 'Kuleshov effect'. Film History, 8(3), 365-365.
  • Kuleshov, L. (1935). Praktika kinorejissurı. Moskova: Goslitizdat.
  • Kuleshov, L. (1974). Kuleshov on film: Writings. London: University of California Press.
  • Leach, R. (1989). Vsevolod Meyerhold. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Leach, R. (2018). Russian futurist theatre. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
  • Levaco, R. (2024). Introduction. Kuleshov on film : Writings of Lev Kuleshov, (ed.: L. Kuleshov), 1-41, California: University of California Press.
  • Mannheim, K. (2002). İdeoloji ve ütopya. (çev.: M. Okyavuz), İstanbul: Epos Yayınları.
  • Medina, J. (2010). Language: Key concepts in philosophy. London: Continuum.
  • Meyerhold, V. - Hoover, M. L. (1966). Two lectures. The Tulane Drama Review, 11(1), 186-195.
  • Milner, J. (1985). Vladimir Tatlin and the Russian avant-garde. London: Yale University Press.
  • Mumford, L. (1996). Makina efsanesi. (çev.: F. Oruç), İstanbul: İnsan Yayınları.
  • Poggi, C. (2009). Inventing futurism: The art and politics of artificial optimism. Oxford: Princeton University Press. Prince, S. - Hensley, W. E. (1992). The Kuleshov effect: Recreating the classic experiment. Cinema Journal, 31(2), 59-75.
  • Reavey, G. - Slonim, M. (1934). Soviet literature an anthology. New York: Covici Friede.
  • Ruhrberg, K. (2000). Art of the 20th century. Köln: Taschen.
  • Salazkina, M. (2016). (V)GIK and the history of film education in The Soviet Union, 1920's-1930's. A Companion to Russian Cinema, (ed.: B. Beumers), 45-66, Oxford: Wiley Blackwell.
  • Sikov, E. (2010). Film studies : An introduction. New york: Columbia University Press.
  • Steinberg, M. D. (2021). Russian utopia: A century of revolutionary possibilities. London: Bloomsbury Publishing.
  • Tsivian, Y. (1993). Cutting and framing in Bauer's and Kuleshov's Films. KINtop. Jahrbuch zur Erforschung des frühen, 1993, 103-111.
  • Tsivian, Y. - Khokhlova, E. (1996). The rediscovery of a Kuleshov experiment: A dossier. Cinema and Nation, 8(3), 357-367.
  • Vertov, D. (1967). Kinoks revolution, selections. Film Makers On Film Making, (ed.: H. M. Gedulo), 79-106, London: Indiana University Press.
  • Veyne, P. (2014). Foucault: Düşüncesi, kişiliği. (çev.: I. Ergüden), İstanbul: Alfa Kitap.
  • Vovelle, M. (1990). Ideologies and mentalities. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Walworth, C. (2018). Soviet Salvage: Imperial debris, revolutionary reuse, and Russian constructivism. Penn State: PSU Press.
  • Weststeijn, W. G. (2007). Mayakovsky as literary critic. Avant-Garde and Criticism, (eds.: K. Beekman - J. de Vries), 139-157, Amsterdam: Rodopi.
  • Žižek, S. (2020). The plague of fantasies. London: Verso.
There are 39 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Arts and Cultural Policy
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Süleyman Duyar 0000-0002-5036-908X

Early Pub Date June 28, 2025
Publication Date June 28, 2025
Submission Date October 12, 2024
Acceptance Date June 14, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 18 Issue: 50

Cite

APA Duyar, S. (2025). KONSTRÜKTİVİST MANTIĞIN SİNEMADAKİ ETKİLERİ: KULESHOV DENEYİ ÜZERİNE BİR İNCELEME. Motif Akademi Halkbilimi Dergisi, 18(50), 1086-1108. https://doi.org/10.12981/mahder.1565733