Research Article
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Year 2021, Volume: 5 Issue: 1, 70 - 91, 31.03.2021

Fatma Armağan Teke Lloyd , Umut Türk

https://doi.org/10.31200/makuubd.876519
Cited By: 1

Abstract

While Turkey was not mentioned in the first 20 country list as a refugee hosting country until 2012, in 2015 it became a country with the largest refugee population in the World (UNHCR 2015). The number of the refugees has currently reached to 3.5 million in the country and in some regions the number of the refugees has surpassed the local population. This article examines the changes that occurred in the social capital stock of the country triggered by the changes in the demographic shifts. In using quantile regression model analysis, this article concludes that while the density of migrant population is in positive correlation with bonding social capital, it displays a negative correlation with bridging social capital. In this sense, our findings are in line with the international literature on the relationship between social capital and migration.

Keywords

Social Capital Syrian Migration Turkey Irregular Migration Quantile Regression

References

  • Adam, F., ve Roncevic B., 2003. “Social Capital: Recent Debates and Research Trends”, Social Science Information, 42: 155-183.
  • Alesina, A. and La Ferrara, E. 2000. “Participation in Heterogeneous Communities”, The Quarterly Journal of Economics 115 (3): 847-904.
  • Amati, V., Meggiolaro, S., Rivellini, G., & Zaccarin, S. (2018). Social relations and life satisfaction: the role of friends. Genus, 74(1),
  • Beugelsdijk S ve Van Schaik, T. 2005. “Social Capital and Growth in European Regions: An Empirical test”, European Journal of Political Economy 21(2):301–324.
  • Blum, T. C. ve Kingston, P. W. 1984, “Homeownership and Social Attachment”, Sociological Perspectives, 27(2): 159-180.
  • Bourdieu, P. 1986. “The Forms of Capital”. In: John G. Richardson (ed.): Handbook of Theory and Research for the Sociology of Education. New York: Greenwood Press, 241-258.
  • Buğra, A. 2001 “Non-market mechanisms of market formation: The development of the consumer durables industry in Turkey”, New Perspectives on Turkey, Sayı 19.
  • Costa, D., Kahn, M. 2003. “Civic Engagement and Community Heterogeneity: An Economist's Perspective.” Perspectives on Politics 1 (1): 103-11.
  • Delhey, J., ve Newton, K. 2005. "Predicting Cross-National Levels of Social Trust: Global Pattern or Nordic Exceptionalism?" European Sociological Review 21 (4): 311-27.
  • Almond, G.A. and Verba, S., 2015. The Civic Culture: Political Attitudes And Democracy In Five Nations. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
  • Bankston, C, ve Zhou, M. 2002. “Social Capital as a Process: The Meanings and Problems of a Theoretical Metaphor”, Sociological Inquiry 72: 285-317
  • Coleman, J.S., 1988. “Social Capital In The Creation Of Human Capital”, American Journal Of Sociology, 94, 95-120.
  • Ekici, T. and Koydemir, S., 2014. “Social capital, government and democracy satisfaction, and happiness in Turkey: A Comparison of Surveys in 1999 and 2008”, Social Indicators Research, 118(3): 1031-1053.
  • Forsander, A., 2004. “Social capital in the context of immigration and diversity: Economic participation in the Nordic welfare states”, Journal of International Migration and Integration/Revue de l'integration et de la migration Internationale, 5(2): 207-227.
  • Fukuyama, F., 1995. Trust: The Social Virtues And The Creation Of Prosperity (Vol. 99). New York, NY: Free press.
  • Glaeser EL, Laibson D, Sacerdote B.2002. “An Economic Approach To Social Capital”, Economy Journal, 112(483).
  • Grootaert, C.1999. Social capital, household welfare and poverty in. Indonesia, World Bank Policy Research Working Paper, No. 2148.
  • Guiso L, Sapienza P, Zingales L. 2000. The Role of Social Capital in Financial Development. National Bureau of National Economic Research, Working Paper, No. 7563, Cambridge
  • Helliwell JF, Putnam RD.1995. “Economic Growth and Social Capital in Italy”, East Economy Journal, 21(3):295–307
  • Hooghe, M., Reeskens, T., Stolle, D. and Trappers, A., 2009. “Ethnic diversity and generalized trust in Europe: A cross-national multilevel study”, Comparative Political Studies, 42(2):198- 223.
  • Hughes, P., Bellamy, J. and Black, A. 2000. “Building Social Trust Through Education”, I. (Ed.), Social Capital and Public Policy in Australia, Australian Institute of Family Studies, Melbourne, 225-49.
  • Kazemipur, A. 2006. “A Canadian Exceptionalism? Trust and Diversity in Canadian Cities”, Journal of International Migration and Integration 1 (2): 219-40.
  • Knack, S., ve Keefer, P. 1997. “Does Social Capital Have An Economic Pay off? A Cross-Country Investigation”, Quarterly Journal of Economics 112 (4): 1251-88.
  • Kymlicka, W. 2001. Politics In The Vernacular: Nationalism, Multiculturalism And Citizenship. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
  • Lancee B. 2010 “The economic returns of Immigrant’s bonding and bridging social capital: the case of the Netherlands,” International Migration Review 44(1):202–226. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1747- 7379.2009.00803.x
  • Harrison, L.E., 2000. Underdevelopment Is A State Of Mind: The Latin American Case. Seattle: Madison Books.
  • Karagül, M. and Masca, M., 2005. “Sosyal Sermaye Üzerine Bir Inceleme”, Ekonomik ve Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi.
  • Kesler, C. and Bloemraad, I., 2010. “Does immigration erode social capital? The conditional effects of immigration-generated diversity on trust, membership, and participation across 19 countries, 1981–2000”, Canadian Journal of Political Science/Revue canadienne de science politique, 43(2): 319-347.
  • Kınovich, R. 2009. “The Sources and Consequences of National Identification”, American Sociological Review, 74: 573-593.
  • Koenker, R., & Bassett Jr, G. 1978. “Regression quantiles”, Econometrica: journal of the Econometric Society, 33-50.
  • Koenker, R., & Hallock, K. F. 2001. Quantile regression. Journal of economic perspectives, 15(4), 143-156.
  • Letki, N., 2008. “Does diversity erode social cohesion? Social Capital and Race in British Neighbourhoods”, Political Studies, 56(1), pp.99-126.
  • Lin, N., 2000. “Inequality in social capital”, Contemporary sociology, 29(6), pp.785-795.
  • Miller, D. 2000. Citizenship And National Identity. London, UK: Polity Press.
  • Norris, P. and Inglehart, R., 2013. “Gendering social capital”, Gender and social capital, ss.73-98.
  • Paxton P. 2002 “Social Capital And Democracy: An Interdependent Relationship”, Am Sociol Rev 67(2):254–277.
  • Lin, N., 2002. Social capital: A theory of social structure and action (Vol. 19). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Nahapiet, J. and Ghoshal, S. 1998. “Social Capital, Intellectual Capital, and the Organizational Advantage”, Academy of Management Review 23(2):242.
  • Nannestad, P. 2007. “Immigration and welfare states: A survey of 15 years of research”, European Journal Of Political Economy, 23(2), 512-532.
  • Patulny, R.V. and Svendsen, G., 2007. “Exploring The Social Capital Grid: Bonding, Bridging, Qualitative, Quantitative”, International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy, 27(1/2), ss.32-51.
  • Paxton, P. 1999. “Is social capital declining in the United States? A multiple indicator assessment.”, American Journal of Sociology, 105, 88-127.
  • Pehrson, S., Vignoles V.L., ve Brown, R. 2009. “National Identification and Anti-Immigration Prejudice: Individual and Contextual Effects of National Definitions”, Social Psychology Quarterly, 72, 24-38.
  • Peri, G. 2016. “Immigrants, Productivity, and Labor Markets”, Journal of Economic Perspectives, 30(4), 3-30.
  • Phan, M.B. 2008. “We Are All In This Together: Context, Contracts, And Social Trust In Canada”, Anal. Soc. Issues Public Policy, 8:23-51.
  • Poortinga W. 2006 “Social Capital: An Individual Or Collective Resource For Health?”, Soc Sci Med, 62(2):292– 302.
  • Putnam, R.D., 1995a. “Bowling Alone: America's Declining Social Capital”, Journal of Democracy, 6(1), pp.65-78.
  • Putnam, R.D., 1995b. “Tuning In, Tuning Out: The Strange Disappearance Of Social Capital In America”, PS: Political Science & Politics, 28(4), pp.664-683.
  • Putnam, R.D., Leonardi, R. and Nanetti, R.Y., 1994. Making Democracy Work: Civic Traditions In Modern Italy. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
  • Putnam, Robert D. 2000. Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community. New York: Simon & Schuster.
  • Putnam, R, D. 2007. "E Pluribus Unum: Diversity and Community in the Twenty first Century.", Scandinavian Political Studies 30 (2): 137-74.
  • Rohe, W. M., Van Zandt, S., & McCarthy, G. 2013.”The social benefits and costs of homeownership: A critical assessment of the research” In Ed, The Affordable Housing Reader, 40, 00-01.
  • Siisiainen, M., 2003. Two concepts of social capital: Bourdieu vs. Putnam. International Journal of Contemporary Sociology, 40(2), pp.183-204.
  • UNHCR Mid-Year Trends 2015, 2015, available at: https://www.refworld.org/docid/568fbb8f4.html
  • Uslaner, E. 1999. “Trust but verify: social capital and moral behaviour”, Social Science Information, Vol. 38, pp. 29-56.
  • Varshney, A. 2002. Ethnic Conflict and Civic Life. Hindus and Muslims in India, Yale University Press, New Haven, CT.
  • Woolcock, M. 1998. “Social Capital and economic development: toward a theoretical synthesis and policy framework”, Theory and Society, Vol. 27, pp. 151-208.
  • Reeskens, T. and Wright, M., 2013. “Nationalism and the cohesive society: A multilevel analysis of the interplay among diversity, national identity, and social capital across 27 European societies”, Comparative Political Studies, 46(2), pp.153-181.
  • Stolle, D., Soroka, S. and Johnston, R., 2008. When does diversity erode trust? Neighborhood diversity, interpersonal trust and the mediating effect of social interactions. Political studies, 56(1), pp.57-75

Türkiye’de Sosyal Sermaye ve Göç

Year 2021, Volume: 5 Issue: 1, 70 - 91, 31.03.2021

Fatma Armağan Teke Lloyd , Umut Türk

https://doi.org/10.31200/makuubd.876519
Cited By: 1

Abstract

Türkiye 2012 yılına kadar mülteciler için ev sahipliği kategorisinde ilk 20 ülke arasına girmezken, 2015 yılı itibariyle dünyanın en fazla mülteci nüfusuna sahip ülkesi konumuna gelmiştir (UNHCR, 2015). Bu yıldan itibaren ülkedeki mülteci sayısı artarak bugün 3.5 milyonun üzerinde bir rakama ulaşmıştır. Ülkenin bazı bölgelerinde mülteci nüfus yoğunluğunun, yerel nüfusun üzerinde olduğu görülmektedir. Bu makalede demografik yapıda gerçekleşen bu değişimin Türkiye’deki sosyal sermaye birikimi ile ilişkisi araştırılmıştır. Kantil regresyon modeli ile yürütülen analizlere göre düzensiz göç sonucu oluşan yabancı nüfus yoğunluğu, dayanışmacı (bonding) sosyal sermaye ile pozitif, köprüleyici (bridging) sosyal sermaye ile ise negatif bir korelasyon kurmaktadır. Çalışmada, dayanışmacı sosyal sermayenin kutuplaştırıcı yönüne dikkat çekilirken, köprüleyici sosyal sermayeye ilişkin sonuçların uluslararası yazında gözlemlenen bulgularla benzerliği vurgulanmıştır.

Keywords

Sosyal Sermaye Suriye Göçü Kantil Regresyon Türkiye Düzensiz Göç

References

  • Adam, F., ve Roncevic B., 2003. “Social Capital: Recent Debates and Research Trends”, Social Science Information, 42: 155-183.
  • Alesina, A. and La Ferrara, E. 2000. “Participation in Heterogeneous Communities”, The Quarterly Journal of Economics 115 (3): 847-904.
  • Amati, V., Meggiolaro, S., Rivellini, G., & Zaccarin, S. (2018). Social relations and life satisfaction: the role of friends. Genus, 74(1),
  • Beugelsdijk S ve Van Schaik, T. 2005. “Social Capital and Growth in European Regions: An Empirical test”, European Journal of Political Economy 21(2):301–324.
  • Blum, T. C. ve Kingston, P. W. 1984, “Homeownership and Social Attachment”, Sociological Perspectives, 27(2): 159-180.
  • Bourdieu, P. 1986. “The Forms of Capital”. In: John G. Richardson (ed.): Handbook of Theory and Research for the Sociology of Education. New York: Greenwood Press, 241-258.
  • Buğra, A. 2001 “Non-market mechanisms of market formation: The development of the consumer durables industry in Turkey”, New Perspectives on Turkey, Sayı 19.
  • Costa, D., Kahn, M. 2003. “Civic Engagement and Community Heterogeneity: An Economist's Perspective.” Perspectives on Politics 1 (1): 103-11.
  • Delhey, J., ve Newton, K. 2005. "Predicting Cross-National Levels of Social Trust: Global Pattern or Nordic Exceptionalism?" European Sociological Review 21 (4): 311-27.
  • Almond, G.A. and Verba, S., 2015. The Civic Culture: Political Attitudes And Democracy In Five Nations. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
  • Bankston, C, ve Zhou, M. 2002. “Social Capital as a Process: The Meanings and Problems of a Theoretical Metaphor”, Sociological Inquiry 72: 285-317
  • Coleman, J.S., 1988. “Social Capital In The Creation Of Human Capital”, American Journal Of Sociology, 94, 95-120.
  • Ekici, T. and Koydemir, S., 2014. “Social capital, government and democracy satisfaction, and happiness in Turkey: A Comparison of Surveys in 1999 and 2008”, Social Indicators Research, 118(3): 1031-1053.
  • Forsander, A., 2004. “Social capital in the context of immigration and diversity: Economic participation in the Nordic welfare states”, Journal of International Migration and Integration/Revue de l'integration et de la migration Internationale, 5(2): 207-227.
  • Fukuyama, F., 1995. Trust: The Social Virtues And The Creation Of Prosperity (Vol. 99). New York, NY: Free press.
  • Glaeser EL, Laibson D, Sacerdote B.2002. “An Economic Approach To Social Capital”, Economy Journal, 112(483).
  • Grootaert, C.1999. Social capital, household welfare and poverty in. Indonesia, World Bank Policy Research Working Paper, No. 2148.
  • Guiso L, Sapienza P, Zingales L. 2000. The Role of Social Capital in Financial Development. National Bureau of National Economic Research, Working Paper, No. 7563, Cambridge
  • Helliwell JF, Putnam RD.1995. “Economic Growth and Social Capital in Italy”, East Economy Journal, 21(3):295–307
  • Hooghe, M., Reeskens, T., Stolle, D. and Trappers, A., 2009. “Ethnic diversity and generalized trust in Europe: A cross-national multilevel study”, Comparative Political Studies, 42(2):198- 223.
  • Hughes, P., Bellamy, J. and Black, A. 2000. “Building Social Trust Through Education”, I. (Ed.), Social Capital and Public Policy in Australia, Australian Institute of Family Studies, Melbourne, 225-49.
  • Kazemipur, A. 2006. “A Canadian Exceptionalism? Trust and Diversity in Canadian Cities”, Journal of International Migration and Integration 1 (2): 219-40.
  • Knack, S., ve Keefer, P. 1997. “Does Social Capital Have An Economic Pay off? A Cross-Country Investigation”, Quarterly Journal of Economics 112 (4): 1251-88.
  • Kymlicka, W. 2001. Politics In The Vernacular: Nationalism, Multiculturalism And Citizenship. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
  • Lancee B. 2010 “The economic returns of Immigrant’s bonding and bridging social capital: the case of the Netherlands,” International Migration Review 44(1):202–226. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1747- 7379.2009.00803.x
  • Harrison, L.E., 2000. Underdevelopment Is A State Of Mind: The Latin American Case. Seattle: Madison Books.
  • Karagül, M. and Masca, M., 2005. “Sosyal Sermaye Üzerine Bir Inceleme”, Ekonomik ve Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi.
  • Kesler, C. and Bloemraad, I., 2010. “Does immigration erode social capital? The conditional effects of immigration-generated diversity on trust, membership, and participation across 19 countries, 1981–2000”, Canadian Journal of Political Science/Revue canadienne de science politique, 43(2): 319-347.
  • Kınovich, R. 2009. “The Sources and Consequences of National Identification”, American Sociological Review, 74: 573-593.
  • Koenker, R., & Bassett Jr, G. 1978. “Regression quantiles”, Econometrica: journal of the Econometric Society, 33-50.
  • Koenker, R., & Hallock, K. F. 2001. Quantile regression. Journal of economic perspectives, 15(4), 143-156.
  • Letki, N., 2008. “Does diversity erode social cohesion? Social Capital and Race in British Neighbourhoods”, Political Studies, 56(1), pp.99-126.
  • Lin, N., 2000. “Inequality in social capital”, Contemporary sociology, 29(6), pp.785-795.
  • Miller, D. 2000. Citizenship And National Identity. London, UK: Polity Press.
  • Norris, P. and Inglehart, R., 2013. “Gendering social capital”, Gender and social capital, ss.73-98.
  • Paxton P. 2002 “Social Capital And Democracy: An Interdependent Relationship”, Am Sociol Rev 67(2):254–277.
  • Lin, N., 2002. Social capital: A theory of social structure and action (Vol. 19). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Nahapiet, J. and Ghoshal, S. 1998. “Social Capital, Intellectual Capital, and the Organizational Advantage”, Academy of Management Review 23(2):242.
  • Nannestad, P. 2007. “Immigration and welfare states: A survey of 15 years of research”, European Journal Of Political Economy, 23(2), 512-532.
  • Patulny, R.V. and Svendsen, G., 2007. “Exploring The Social Capital Grid: Bonding, Bridging, Qualitative, Quantitative”, International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy, 27(1/2), ss.32-51.
  • Paxton, P. 1999. “Is social capital declining in the United States? A multiple indicator assessment.”, American Journal of Sociology, 105, 88-127.
  • Pehrson, S., Vignoles V.L., ve Brown, R. 2009. “National Identification and Anti-Immigration Prejudice: Individual and Contextual Effects of National Definitions”, Social Psychology Quarterly, 72, 24-38.
  • Peri, G. 2016. “Immigrants, Productivity, and Labor Markets”, Journal of Economic Perspectives, 30(4), 3-30.
  • Phan, M.B. 2008. “We Are All In This Together: Context, Contracts, And Social Trust In Canada”, Anal. Soc. Issues Public Policy, 8:23-51.
  • Poortinga W. 2006 “Social Capital: An Individual Or Collective Resource For Health?”, Soc Sci Med, 62(2):292– 302.
  • Putnam, R.D., 1995a. “Bowling Alone: America's Declining Social Capital”, Journal of Democracy, 6(1), pp.65-78.
  • Putnam, R.D., 1995b. “Tuning In, Tuning Out: The Strange Disappearance Of Social Capital In America”, PS: Political Science & Politics, 28(4), pp.664-683.
  • Putnam, R.D., Leonardi, R. and Nanetti, R.Y., 1994. Making Democracy Work: Civic Traditions In Modern Italy. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
  • Putnam, Robert D. 2000. Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community. New York: Simon & Schuster.
  • Putnam, R, D. 2007. "E Pluribus Unum: Diversity and Community in the Twenty first Century.", Scandinavian Political Studies 30 (2): 137-74.
  • Rohe, W. M., Van Zandt, S., & McCarthy, G. 2013.”The social benefits and costs of homeownership: A critical assessment of the research” In Ed, The Affordable Housing Reader, 40, 00-01.
  • Siisiainen, M., 2003. Two concepts of social capital: Bourdieu vs. Putnam. International Journal of Contemporary Sociology, 40(2), pp.183-204.
  • UNHCR Mid-Year Trends 2015, 2015, available at: https://www.refworld.org/docid/568fbb8f4.html
  • Uslaner, E. 1999. “Trust but verify: social capital and moral behaviour”, Social Science Information, Vol. 38, pp. 29-56.
  • Varshney, A. 2002. Ethnic Conflict and Civic Life. Hindus and Muslims in India, Yale University Press, New Haven, CT.
  • Woolcock, M. 1998. “Social Capital and economic development: toward a theoretical synthesis and policy framework”, Theory and Society, Vol. 27, pp. 151-208.
  • Reeskens, T. and Wright, M., 2013. “Nationalism and the cohesive society: A multilevel analysis of the interplay among diversity, national identity, and social capital across 27 European societies”, Comparative Political Studies, 46(2), pp.153-181.
  • Stolle, D., Soroka, S. and Johnston, R., 2008. When does diversity erode trust? Neighborhood diversity, interpersonal trust and the mediating effect of social interactions. Political studies, 56(1), pp.57-75
There are 57 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Economics
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Fatma Armağan Teke Lloyd 0000-0001-5439-439X

Umut Türk 0000-0002-8440-7048

Publication Date March 31, 2021
Acceptance Date February 26, 2021
Published in Issue Year 2021 Volume: 5 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Teke Lloyd, F. A., & Türk, U. (2021). Türkiye’de Sosyal Sermaye ve Göç. Mehmet Akif Ersoy Üniversitesi Uygulamalı Bilimler Dergisi, 5(1), 70-91. https://doi.org/10.31200/makuubd.876519

Cited By

SOSYAL SERMAYE VE İNOVASYON: OECD ÜLKELERİ ÜZERİNE AMPİRİK BİR ANALİZ
Çukurova Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi
https://doi.org/10.35379/cusosbil.1062703
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