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Savunmacı Kötümserlik Ölçeği-Kısa5 (SK-5) Türkçe Formunun Geçerlik ve Güvenirliği

Year 2020, Volume: 51 Issue: 51, 243 - 259, 15.01.2020
https://doi.org/10.15285/maruaebd.553399

Abstract

Bu çalışmanın amacı Norem, Butler ve Prayson (2015) tarafından oluşturulan Savunmacı Kötümserlik Ölçeği Kısa Formu’nu (SK-5) Türk kültürüne uyarlamak ve Türkçe formun psikometrik özelliklerini test etmektir. Çalışmaya lise ve üniversiteye devam eden 677 öğrenci katılmıştır. Gerçekleştirilen doğrulayıcı faktör analizi sonucunda tek faktörlü yapının iyi uyum derecesine sahip olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Ölçme aracındaki maddelerin faktör yükleri .74 ile .84 arasında değer almaktadır. İç tutarlık katsayısı .89, test tekrar test korelasyonu ise .82 olarak bulunmuştur. SK-5’in ölçüt bağımlı geçerliği Savunmacı Kötümserlik Ölçeği, Yaşam Yönelimleri Testi ve Durumluk Sürekli Kaygı Envanterleri ile ilişkisine bakılarak değerlendirilmiştir. SK-5’in Savunmacı Kötümserlik ve Durumluk Sürekli Kaygı Envanteri ile pozitif, Yaşam Yönelimleri Testi ile negatif korelasyon vermesi ölçüt bağımlı geçerliğine kanıt olarak kabul edilmiştir. Analiz sonuçları Savunmacı Kötümserlik Ölçeği-Kısa5’in (SK-5) Türk kültüründe kullanılabilecek geçerlik ve güvenirlik düzeyi yüksek bir ölçme aracı olduğunu ifade etmektedir.

References

  • Avcı, D. (2009). Öğrenilmiş iyimserlik eğitim programının 9. ve 10. Sınıf öğrencilerinin iyimserlik düzeylerine etkisi. Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi, Gazi Üniversitesi, Ankara.
  • Avşar, F. (2007). Doğrulayıcı faktör analizi ve Beck Depresyon Envanteri üzerine bir uygulama. Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi, Yıldız Teknik Üniversitesi, İstanbul.
  • Aydın, G. & Tezer, E. (1991). İyimserlik, sağlık sorunları ve akademik başarı ilişkisi. Psikoloji Dergisi, 7(2), 2-9.
  • Bentler, P. M., & Bonett, D. G. (1980). Significance tests and goodness of fit in the analysis of covariance structures. Psychological Bulletin, 88(3), 588-606. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.88.3.588.
  • Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2014). Sosyal bilimler için veri analizi el kitabı: İstatistik, araştırma deseni, SPSS uygulamaları ve yorum. (5. Baskı). Ankara: Pegem A Yayıncılık.
  • Canedo, M. D. M. F., Rodríguez, C. F., Fernández, B. R., & Arias, A. V. (2018). Defensive pessimism, self-esteem and achievement goals: A person-centered approach. Psicothema, 30(1), 53-58.
  • Colvin, C. R., Block, J., & Funder, D. C. (1995). Overly positive self-evaluations and personality: Negative implications for mental health. Journal of personality and social psychology, 68(6), 1152-1162.
  • Çelik-Örücü, M. (2013). Psychometric evaluation of the Turkish version of the defensive pessimism scale. Eurasian Journal of Educational Research, 53, 115-130.
  • Çokluk, O., Şekercioğlu, G. ve Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2012) Sosyal bilimler için çok değişkenli istatistik: SPSS ve LIREL uygulamaları. (2. bs.). Ankara: Pegem.
  • El-Anzi, F. O. (2005). Academic achievement and its relationship with anxiety, self-esteem, optimism, and pessimism in Kuwaiti students. Social Behavior and Personality: An International Journal, 33(1), 95-104.
  • Ergin, D. Y. (1995). Ölçeklerde geçerlik ve güvenirlik. Marmara Üniversitesi Eğitim Bilimleri Dergisi, 7, 125–148.
  • Gibb, B. E., Zhu, L., Alloy, L. B., & Abramson, L. Y. (2002). Attributional styles and academic achievement in university students: A longitudinal investigation. Cognitive therapy and research, 26(3), 309-315.
  • Goodhart, D. E. (1985). Some psychological effects associated with positive and negative thinking about stressful event outcomes: Was Pollyanna right. Journal of personality and social psychology, 48(1), 216-232.
  • Held, B. S. (2004). The negative side of positive psychology. Journal of humanistic psychology, 44(1), 9-46.
  • Joiner Jr, T. E., & Wagner, K. D. (1995). Attributional style and depression in children and adolescents: A meta-analytic review. Clinical Psychology Review, 15(8), 777-798.
  • Lang, F. R., Weiss, D., Gerstorf, D. & Wagner, G.G. (2013). D715? Psychology and Aging, 428, 249-261.
  • Lee, J., Bong, M., & Kim, S. I. (2014). Interaction between task values and self-efficacy on maladaptive achievement strategy use. Educational Psychology, 34(5), 538-560. doi: 10.1080/01443410.2014.895296.
  • MacDonald, L. (2013). Change Your Thinking, Change Your Life. Watkins Media Limited.
  • Martin, A. J. (1998). Self-handicapping and defensive pessimism: Predictors and consequences from a self-worth motivation perspective. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Faculty of Educatıon, University of Western Sydney, Macarthur.
  • Martin, A. J., Marsh, H. W., Williamson, A., & Debus, R. L. (2003). Self-handicapping, defensive pessimism, and goal orientation: A qualitative study of university students. Journal of Educational Psychology, 95(3), 617.
  • Myers, D. G., & Diener, E. (1995). Who is happy?. Psychological science, 6(1), 10-19. http://www.jstor.org/stable/40062870 adresinden edinilmiştir.
  • Norem, J. K. , Butler, S. & Prayson, B. (2015, June). Development of a new Defensive Pessimism Questionnaire-Short Form. Poster presented at the meeting of the Association for Research in Personality, St. Louis, MO.
  • Norem, J. K. (2001a). Defensive pessimism, optimism and pessimism. In Chang, E. C. (Eds.), Optimism, and pessimism: Implications for theory, research, and practice. (pp. 77-100). APA Press: Washington, D. C.
  • Norem, J. K. (2001b). The positive power of negative thinking: Using defensive pessimism to harness anxiety and perform at your peak. Basic Book.
  • Norem, J. K. (2014). The right tool for the job: Functional analysis and evaluating positivity/negativity. In W. G. Parrott,; W. G. (Ed) Parrott (Eds.), The positive side of negative emotions. (pp. 247-272). Guilford Press.
  • Norem, J. K., & Cantor, N. (1986a). Anticipatory and post hoc cushioning strategies: Optimism and defensive pessimism in “risky” situations. Cognitive therapy and research, 10(3), 347-362.
  • Norem, J. K., & Cantor, N. (1986b). Defensive pessimism: Harnessing anxiety as motivation. Journal of personality and social psychology, 51(6), 1208-1217.
  • Norem, J. K., & Chang, E. C. (2002). The positive psychology of negative thinking. Journal of clinical psychology, 58(9), 993-1001.
  • Norem, J. K., & Illingworth, K. S. (1993). Strategy-dependent effects of reflecting on self and tasks: Some implications of optimism and defensive pessimism. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65(4), 822.
  • Nunnally, J. C. & Bernstein, I. H. (1994). Psychometric theory. (3rd Ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.
  • Öner, N., & Le Compte, A. (1985). Durumluk-Sürekli Kaygı Envanteri el kitabi. (2. bs.). İstanbul: Boğaziçi Yayınları.
  • Özgüven, İ. E. (2007). Psikolojik Testler. Ankara: PDREM Yayınları.
  • Pérès, C., Cury, F., Famose, J. P., Sarrazin, P. (2002). When anxiety is not always a handicap in physical education and sport: Some ımplications of the defensive pessimism strategy. European Journal of Sport Science, 2(1), 1-9.
  • Peterson, C., & Chang, E. C. (2003). Optimism and flourishing. In C. L. M. Keyes & J. Haidt (Eds.), Flourishing: Positive psychology and the life well-lived (pp. 55-79). Washington, DC, US: American Psychological Association. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/10594-003.
  • Sanna, L. J. (1996). Defensive pessimism, optimism, and stimulating alternatives: Some ups and downs of prefactual and counterfactual thinking. Journal of personality and social psychology, 71(5), 1020.
  • Scheier, M. F., & Carver, C. S. (1985). Optimism, coping, and health: assessment and implications of generalized outcome expectancies. Health psychology, 4(3), 219-247.
  • Schermelleh-Engel, K., Moosbrugger, H., and Müler, H. (2003). Evaluating the fit of structural equation models: Tests of significance and descriptive goodness-offit measures. Psychological Research Online, 2(8), 23-74.
  • Schoneman, S. W. (2002). The role of the cognitive coping strategy of defensive pessimism within the social-evaluative continuum. Doctoral dissertation, Texas Tech University.
  • Seçer, İ. (2015). Psikolojik test geliştirme ve uyarlama süreci: SPSS ve LISREL uygulamaları. Ankara: Anı yayıncılık.
  • Seginer, R. (2000). Defensive pessimism and optimism correlates of adolescent future orientation: A domain-specific analysis. Journal of Adolescent Research, 15(3), 307-326.
  • Shimizi, H., Nakashima, K. ve Morinaga, Y. (2016). The Role of Defensive Pessimism in Interpersonal Communication Involving Behavioral Intentions with Others. The Japanese Journal of Personality 24(3):202-214. doi:10.2132/personality.24.202.
  • Showers, C. & Ruben, C. (1990). Distinguishing defensive pessimism from depression: Negative expectations and positive coping mechanisms. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 14(4), 385-399.
  • Spencer, S. M., & Norem, J. K. (1996). Reflection and distraction defensive pessimism, strategic optimism, and performance. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 22(4), 354-365.
  • Sümer, N. (2000). Yapısal eşitlik modelleri: Temel kavramlar ve örnek uygulamalar. Türk psikoloji yazıları, 3(6), 49-74.
  • Tavşancıl, E. (2010). Tutumların ölçülmesi ve SPSS ile veri analizi. Ankara: Nobel Yayınları.
  • Tekin, I. (2018). Savunmacı kötümserliğin akademik başarı, bilişsel esneklik, kaygı ve kişilik açısından incelenmesi. Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi. Marmara Üniversitesi.
  • Tezbaşaran, A. A. (1996). Likert tipi ölçek geliştirme kılavuzu. Ankara: Türk Psikologlar Derneği.

Validity and Reliability of the Turkish Version of the Defensive Pessimism Scale-Short5

Year 2020, Volume: 51 Issue: 51, 243 - 259, 15.01.2020
https://doi.org/10.15285/maruaebd.553399

Abstract

The aims of this study are to adapt the Defensive Pessimism Questionnaire-Short Form (DPQ-5), created by Norem, Butler, and Prayson (2015), to Turkish culture and to investigate the psychometric properties of the Turkish version of the measurement tool; 677 students from high school and university participated in the study. As a result of the confirmatory factor analysis, the single factor structure of the scale is found to have good fit. The factor loadings for the scale’s items vary between .74 and .84. The internal consistency coefficient is .89, and the test-retest correlation is .82. The criterion-related validity of the DPQ-5 has been examined by investigating the relationships among the Defensive Pessimism Scale, Life Orientation Test, and State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. DPQ-5’s positive correlations with the Defensive Pessimism Scale and State-Trait Anxiety Inventory and negative correlation with the Life Orientation Test are accepted as evidence for its criterion-related validity. The results of the analysis reveal DPQ-5 to be a valid and reliable measurement tool that can be used in Turkish culture.

References

  • Avcı, D. (2009). Öğrenilmiş iyimserlik eğitim programının 9. ve 10. Sınıf öğrencilerinin iyimserlik düzeylerine etkisi. Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi, Gazi Üniversitesi, Ankara.
  • Avşar, F. (2007). Doğrulayıcı faktör analizi ve Beck Depresyon Envanteri üzerine bir uygulama. Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi, Yıldız Teknik Üniversitesi, İstanbul.
  • Aydın, G. & Tezer, E. (1991). İyimserlik, sağlık sorunları ve akademik başarı ilişkisi. Psikoloji Dergisi, 7(2), 2-9.
  • Bentler, P. M., & Bonett, D. G. (1980). Significance tests and goodness of fit in the analysis of covariance structures. Psychological Bulletin, 88(3), 588-606. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.88.3.588.
  • Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2014). Sosyal bilimler için veri analizi el kitabı: İstatistik, araştırma deseni, SPSS uygulamaları ve yorum. (5. Baskı). Ankara: Pegem A Yayıncılık.
  • Canedo, M. D. M. F., Rodríguez, C. F., Fernández, B. R., & Arias, A. V. (2018). Defensive pessimism, self-esteem and achievement goals: A person-centered approach. Psicothema, 30(1), 53-58.
  • Colvin, C. R., Block, J., & Funder, D. C. (1995). Overly positive self-evaluations and personality: Negative implications for mental health. Journal of personality and social psychology, 68(6), 1152-1162.
  • Çelik-Örücü, M. (2013). Psychometric evaluation of the Turkish version of the defensive pessimism scale. Eurasian Journal of Educational Research, 53, 115-130.
  • Çokluk, O., Şekercioğlu, G. ve Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2012) Sosyal bilimler için çok değişkenli istatistik: SPSS ve LIREL uygulamaları. (2. bs.). Ankara: Pegem.
  • El-Anzi, F. O. (2005). Academic achievement and its relationship with anxiety, self-esteem, optimism, and pessimism in Kuwaiti students. Social Behavior and Personality: An International Journal, 33(1), 95-104.
  • Ergin, D. Y. (1995). Ölçeklerde geçerlik ve güvenirlik. Marmara Üniversitesi Eğitim Bilimleri Dergisi, 7, 125–148.
  • Gibb, B. E., Zhu, L., Alloy, L. B., & Abramson, L. Y. (2002). Attributional styles and academic achievement in university students: A longitudinal investigation. Cognitive therapy and research, 26(3), 309-315.
  • Goodhart, D. E. (1985). Some psychological effects associated with positive and negative thinking about stressful event outcomes: Was Pollyanna right. Journal of personality and social psychology, 48(1), 216-232.
  • Held, B. S. (2004). The negative side of positive psychology. Journal of humanistic psychology, 44(1), 9-46.
  • Joiner Jr, T. E., & Wagner, K. D. (1995). Attributional style and depression in children and adolescents: A meta-analytic review. Clinical Psychology Review, 15(8), 777-798.
  • Lang, F. R., Weiss, D., Gerstorf, D. & Wagner, G.G. (2013). D715? Psychology and Aging, 428, 249-261.
  • Lee, J., Bong, M., & Kim, S. I. (2014). Interaction between task values and self-efficacy on maladaptive achievement strategy use. Educational Psychology, 34(5), 538-560. doi: 10.1080/01443410.2014.895296.
  • MacDonald, L. (2013). Change Your Thinking, Change Your Life. Watkins Media Limited.
  • Martin, A. J. (1998). Self-handicapping and defensive pessimism: Predictors and consequences from a self-worth motivation perspective. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Faculty of Educatıon, University of Western Sydney, Macarthur.
  • Martin, A. J., Marsh, H. W., Williamson, A., & Debus, R. L. (2003). Self-handicapping, defensive pessimism, and goal orientation: A qualitative study of university students. Journal of Educational Psychology, 95(3), 617.
  • Myers, D. G., & Diener, E. (1995). Who is happy?. Psychological science, 6(1), 10-19. http://www.jstor.org/stable/40062870 adresinden edinilmiştir.
  • Norem, J. K. , Butler, S. & Prayson, B. (2015, June). Development of a new Defensive Pessimism Questionnaire-Short Form. Poster presented at the meeting of the Association for Research in Personality, St. Louis, MO.
  • Norem, J. K. (2001a). Defensive pessimism, optimism and pessimism. In Chang, E. C. (Eds.), Optimism, and pessimism: Implications for theory, research, and practice. (pp. 77-100). APA Press: Washington, D. C.
  • Norem, J. K. (2001b). The positive power of negative thinking: Using defensive pessimism to harness anxiety and perform at your peak. Basic Book.
  • Norem, J. K. (2014). The right tool for the job: Functional analysis and evaluating positivity/negativity. In W. G. Parrott,; W. G. (Ed) Parrott (Eds.), The positive side of negative emotions. (pp. 247-272). Guilford Press.
  • Norem, J. K., & Cantor, N. (1986a). Anticipatory and post hoc cushioning strategies: Optimism and defensive pessimism in “risky” situations. Cognitive therapy and research, 10(3), 347-362.
  • Norem, J. K., & Cantor, N. (1986b). Defensive pessimism: Harnessing anxiety as motivation. Journal of personality and social psychology, 51(6), 1208-1217.
  • Norem, J. K., & Chang, E. C. (2002). The positive psychology of negative thinking. Journal of clinical psychology, 58(9), 993-1001.
  • Norem, J. K., & Illingworth, K. S. (1993). Strategy-dependent effects of reflecting on self and tasks: Some implications of optimism and defensive pessimism. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65(4), 822.
  • Nunnally, J. C. & Bernstein, I. H. (1994). Psychometric theory. (3rd Ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.
  • Öner, N., & Le Compte, A. (1985). Durumluk-Sürekli Kaygı Envanteri el kitabi. (2. bs.). İstanbul: Boğaziçi Yayınları.
  • Özgüven, İ. E. (2007). Psikolojik Testler. Ankara: PDREM Yayınları.
  • Pérès, C., Cury, F., Famose, J. P., Sarrazin, P. (2002). When anxiety is not always a handicap in physical education and sport: Some ımplications of the defensive pessimism strategy. European Journal of Sport Science, 2(1), 1-9.
  • Peterson, C., & Chang, E. C. (2003). Optimism and flourishing. In C. L. M. Keyes & J. Haidt (Eds.), Flourishing: Positive psychology and the life well-lived (pp. 55-79). Washington, DC, US: American Psychological Association. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/10594-003.
  • Sanna, L. J. (1996). Defensive pessimism, optimism, and stimulating alternatives: Some ups and downs of prefactual and counterfactual thinking. Journal of personality and social psychology, 71(5), 1020.
  • Scheier, M. F., & Carver, C. S. (1985). Optimism, coping, and health: assessment and implications of generalized outcome expectancies. Health psychology, 4(3), 219-247.
  • Schermelleh-Engel, K., Moosbrugger, H., and Müler, H. (2003). Evaluating the fit of structural equation models: Tests of significance and descriptive goodness-offit measures. Psychological Research Online, 2(8), 23-74.
  • Schoneman, S. W. (2002). The role of the cognitive coping strategy of defensive pessimism within the social-evaluative continuum. Doctoral dissertation, Texas Tech University.
  • Seçer, İ. (2015). Psikolojik test geliştirme ve uyarlama süreci: SPSS ve LISREL uygulamaları. Ankara: Anı yayıncılık.
  • Seginer, R. (2000). Defensive pessimism and optimism correlates of adolescent future orientation: A domain-specific analysis. Journal of Adolescent Research, 15(3), 307-326.
  • Shimizi, H., Nakashima, K. ve Morinaga, Y. (2016). The Role of Defensive Pessimism in Interpersonal Communication Involving Behavioral Intentions with Others. The Japanese Journal of Personality 24(3):202-214. doi:10.2132/personality.24.202.
  • Showers, C. & Ruben, C. (1990). Distinguishing defensive pessimism from depression: Negative expectations and positive coping mechanisms. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 14(4), 385-399.
  • Spencer, S. M., & Norem, J. K. (1996). Reflection and distraction defensive pessimism, strategic optimism, and performance. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 22(4), 354-365.
  • Sümer, N. (2000). Yapısal eşitlik modelleri: Temel kavramlar ve örnek uygulamalar. Türk psikoloji yazıları, 3(6), 49-74.
  • Tavşancıl, E. (2010). Tutumların ölçülmesi ve SPSS ile veri analizi. Ankara: Nobel Yayınları.
  • Tekin, I. (2018). Savunmacı kötümserliğin akademik başarı, bilişsel esneklik, kaygı ve kişilik açısından incelenmesi. Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi. Marmara Üniversitesi.
  • Tezbaşaran, A. A. (1996). Likert tipi ölçek geliştirme kılavuzu. Ankara: Türk Psikologlar Derneği.
There are 47 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Studies on Education
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Işıl Tekin 0000-0002-3369-4083

Müge Yüksel 0000-0002-7425-2716

Publication Date January 15, 2020
Acceptance Date August 15, 2019
Published in Issue Year 2020 Volume: 51 Issue: 51

Cite

APA Tekin, I., & Yüksel, M. (2020). Savunmacı Kötümserlik Ölçeği-Kısa5 (SK-5) Türkçe Formunun Geçerlik ve Güvenirliği. Marmara Üniversitesi Atatürk Eğitim Fakültesi Eğitim Bilimleri Dergisi, 51(51), 243-259. https://doi.org/10.15285/maruaebd.553399