Hz. Peygamber’in vefatından sonra ortaya çıkan İslâm toplumunun yönetimi meselesi ilk dönemlerden itibaren Müslümanların gündemini meşgul etmiştir. Toplumun yönetimini düzen esası üzere tesis etmek isteyen Müslümanlar zamanla çeşitli yönetim nazariyeleri geliştirmiştir. Muâmelâta tekabül eden imâmet meselesi Şiîlerin müdahelesiyle itikadi bir zemine çekilmiştir. Şiîlerin inanç sisteminin merkezini oluşturan imâmet, itikadi bir konumda telakki edilmiş ve kendileri gibi düşünmeyen mezhepler eleştirilere tabi tutulmuştur. Şiîlerin bu tutum ve tavırlarının izale edilmesi sebebiyle kelam âlimleri de çeşitli yazım faaliyetlerinde bulunmuşlardır. Bunun neticesinde de imâmet konuları kelam kitapları içerisinde yer edinerek tartışılmaya başlanmıştır. Kelam âlimleri cevap vermek amaçlı bu meseleleri kelam eserlerine dahil etseler de imâmetin yönetimsel bir mesele olduğu noktasında aynı kanaatlerini devam ettirmişlerdir. Son dönem Mu‘tezilesinin en önemli temsilcisi kabul edilen Ebü’l-Hüseyin el-Basrî de bu âlimlerden birisidir. Kendisinden sonra görüşleri etrafında tesis edilen Hüseyniyye ekolünün kurucusu kabul edilen Ebü’l-Hüseyin el-Basrî, görüşleriyle gerek mezhep içinde gerek
mezhep dışında önemli etkiye sahip olmuştur. Bu sebeple Ebü’l-Hüseyin el-Basrî’nin imâmet düşüncesi etrafındaki görüşleri ve özellikle 10. yüzyıl İmâmiyye algısına yönelttiği eleştirileri önem arz etmektedir. Bu çalışmada Ebü’l-Hüseyin el-Basrî’nin imâmet meselesine yaklaşımı ele alınacak olup, takipçileri tarafından görüşlerinin nasıl sürdürüldüğünün izleri sürülmektedir. İmâmet noktasında Ebü’l-Hüseyin el-Basrî, kendisinden önceki üstatları Behşemî ekolle, özellikle hocası Kadî Abdülcebbâr ile yer yer farklı düşünmekle birlikte genel anlamda hem fikir oldukları gözlemlenmektedir. İmâmetin gerekliliği noktasında Şiîlerin ileri sürmüş olduğu lütuf ve temkin merkezli iddiaları reddetmektedir. Ayrıca fazilet sıralaması yapılmasına diğer bir ifadeyle ashabın fazilet yarışına sokulmasına karşı çıkmaktadır. Ebü’l-Hüseyin el-Basrî imâmet meselesini yönetimsel bir mesele olarak algılamakta ve insanların maslahatı açısından meselelere yaklaşmaktadır. Ona göre imâmetteki en önemli unsur toplumsal faydadır. Temelde amaç dini ve dünyevi işlerin doğru bir şekilde tanzim edilmesidir. Bu noktadaki tavrı imâmetin gayesi, imâmetin şartları, mefdûlün imâmeti, imamın atanması, imamın azli gibi konularda net bir şekilde gözlemlenmektedir.
The issue of the governance of the Islamic society, which came to the agenda after the Prophet's death, has been on the agenda of Muslims since the early periods. Muslims, who wanted to estab-lish the governance of society on the basis of order, developed various theories of governance over time. The issue of imāmete, which corresponds to the practice, was drawn to a theological ground by the intervention of the Shiites. Imāmete, which constitutes the center of the belief sys-tem of the Shiites, was considered in a theological position and the sects that did not think like them were subjected to criticism. Due to the elimination of these attitudes and behaviors of the Shiites, theological scholars also engaged in various writing activities. As a result, imāmete began to be discussed in the books of theology. Although the theological scholars included these issues in their theological works in order to respond to them, they maintained the same conviction that the imāmete was an administrative issue. Abu 'l-Ḥusayn al-Baṣrī, who is considered the most important representative of the late Muʿtazila, is one of these scholars. Abu 'l-Ḥusayn al-Baṣrī, who is considered the founder of the Ḥusayniyya school established around his views, had a sig-nificant influence both within and outside the sect with his views. For this reason, Abu 'l-Ḥusayn al-Baṣrī's views on the idea of Imāmete and especially his criticisms of the 10th century Imāmiyya perception are important. In this study, Abu 'l-Ḥusayn al-Baṣrī's approach to the issue of Imāmete will be discussed and how his views were maintained by his followers will be traced. What stands out in Abu‘l-Husayn al-Basrī’s views on imāmate and politics is his introduction to the issue by defining the imāmah. These issues were previously discussed within the Mu’ tazila. What differentiates al-Basrī here is that he begins by defining this issue. This should not be interpreted as meaning that the issues mentioned in the definition were not discussed before al-Basrī. The elements that al-Basrī mentioned in the definition were discussed before him. A clear definition and discussion of the issue
began only with al-Basrī. This definition mentioned by al-Basrī was adopted by later Mu‘tazilite scholars. Al-Basrī disagrees with the Bahshamiyya’s claim that the imāmate is necessary from the sam’ī point of view and states that it is necessary both intellectually and by tradition. He rejected Shiite’s claims on the necessity of the imāmate based on grace and caution. Basrī thinks that the removal of harm, rather than favor, can be evidence of the necessity of an imāmate. al-Basrī’s extensive treatment of the issue of grace and his criticism of the Shiites in this regard suggest that he was addressing the Imāmī thought of the 10th century. In this respect, it is especially important for the reader to witness the debates that occurred in his time and region.
Abū al-Husayn al-Basrī perceives the issue of imāmate as an administrative matter and approaches it from the point of view of the public good. According to him, the most important element in imamates is social benefit. The aim is to organize religious and worldly affairs in the correct way. His stance on this point is clearly observed in issues such as the purpose of the imāmate, the conditions of the imāmate, the imāmate of the
mafḍūl, the appointment of the imām, and the dismissal of the imām. The most prominent distinction within the Mu‘tazila at this point was the degree of virtue of the person who would succeed to the imamate. al-Basrī opposed the ranking of the rāshid caliphs who undertook the issue of governance after the Prophet (pbuh) in terms of virtue, in other words, he opposed putting the companions in a race of virtue. al-Basrī, who argues that all of them were favored by the Prophet, opposes those who make a ranking at this point. al-Basrī criticizes his own sect as he criticizes different sects. According to al-Basrī, no scale can measure virtue in imameteç, and al-Basrī believes that political competence is decisive in such cases. On the other hand, al-Basrī does not mention virtue in situations where the imam should be dismissed. According to him, even if there is someone more virtuous than the imam in society, the current imam should not be dismissed to avoid causing chaos; that is, the imām of the mafḍūl is permissible according to him.
Primary Language | Turkish |
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Subjects | Kalam |
Journal Section | Research Article |
Authors | |
Publication Date | December 30, 2023 |
Submission Date | October 19, 2023 |
Acceptance Date | December 16, 2023 |
Published in Issue | Year 2023 Volume: 65 Issue: 65 |
International Journal of Theological and Islamic Studies
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