Bu çalışma şeyhülislâm fetvalarının formüle edilme sürecinde ve sonrasında tabi tutulduğu tecrit ve telhis işlemlerine odaklanmaktadır. Şeyhülislâm fetvaları genellikle gerçek kişi, yer ve zaman isimleri içermez. Meşihat görevlileri müsteftînin anlattığı somut olayları fıkıh kitaplarındaki en yakın soyut hükümlere benzetmek için elden geldiğince gerçek unsurlardan tecrit ederler ve uygun şekilde özetlerler. Bu işlem iftâ faaliyetinin daha hızlı ve güvenli bir şekilde yütürülmesi bakımından gereklidir. Ayrıca fetva sadır olduğu gerçek olayın ötesinde genel bir hüküm mahiyetinde olduğu için soyut bir tarzda formüle edilmelidir. Şeyhülislâm fetvalarında tecrit ve telhis ilk aşamada müsteftînin anlattığı meselenin hukuki cevap için gerekli olmayan unsurlardan arındırılması ve temsili isimler eklenerek mesele-cevap formunda fetva diline aktarılmasıyla gerçekleşir. Tecrit ve telhisin bu aşaması çalışmada 16. yüzyılda bir ferman ve bir fetvaya konu olan gerçek bir olay örneğinde gösterilmiştir. Orijinal fetvalar derlenip mecmualara aktarılırken genellikle ikinci bir tecrit işlemi meydana gelir. Fetvalar mesele ve cevaptan oluşan temel bölümleri dışındaki bütün unsurlardan soyutlanır. Hukuki meselenin ve cevabın anlaşılmasında pratik faydası olmayan dua ve talep ifadeleri ile imza dışarda bırakılır. Bu aşamada telhisten ziyade tecrit söz konusudur. Bazen salt mesele ve cevaptan oluşan fetvaların bir kez daha tecrit ve telhis işlemine tabi tutulduğu görülür. Bu aşama fetvaların mesele-cevap formlarının bozularak genellikle tek cümlelik soyut ya da yarı-soyut fikhî meselelere dönüştürülmesiyle gerçekleşir. Çalışmada 59 kelimeden oluşan orijinal bir fetvanın, tecrit ve telhis sürecinde tedrici olarak önce soru ve cevaptan ibaret fetvaya, ardından da 10 kelimelik soyut fıkhî bir hükme dönüşme aşamaları gösterilmiştir. Şeyhülislâm fetvalarının toplandığı mecmualar tecrit ve telhis yoluyla ait oldukları zamanların güncel hukuki meselerini yansıtan muhtasar fıkıh metinlerine dönüştürülebilir.
Ottoman Shaykhs al-Islām sometimes formulated their fatwās from issues posed by the mustaftīs and other times from phrases in classical fiqh or fatwā books. Fatwās issued by the muftīs of Anatolia and Rumelia, particularly the Shaykhs al-Islām, generally lack specific details such as time, place, persons, objects, and events related to real life. These specific details were minimized during the fatwā formulation process. Non-essential details were excluded in order to focus on the legal answer. Real names and dates are rarely found in fatwa texts. Place names are relatively more common. In contrast, fatwās from scholars in regions such as southern Anatolia, Yemen, and North Africa tend to be more detailed, often including concrete information about language, history, and social life. In the literature, fatwās that retain almost the exact question and answer in their original form are referred to as primary fatwās. Secondary fatwās are derived when primary fatwās are modified by jurists, typically through processes of abstraction (tajrīd) and abridgment (talkhīs). Abstraction involves removing unnecessary elements that do not pertain to the study of fiqh or the compilation of secondary fatwās, such as legal documents and contracts, though some details may be retained to prevent distorting the facts of the legal aspect of the fatwā. Abridgment, on the other hand, refines the content, ensuring that the fatwā remains suitable for inclusion in standard fiqh works while maintaining its legal essence. This study describes how abstraction and abridgment were applied in the fatwās of Ottoman Shaykhs al-Islām through concrete examples.
The mustaftī typically uses his/her own language and style when describing events, often including many details that do not affect the legal outcome. To conform to the fatwā technique, officials in the Shaykh al-Islām office must remove these extraneous details. As the fatwā is intended to make a general legal statement, the original formulation must be abstracted from specific records and aligned with corresponding abstract issues found in classical fiqh or fatwā books. Formulating concrete issues by likening them to their abstract counterparts allows for quick, easy, and confident answers. In original fatwās, the phrase “What is the reply of the great Hanafi teachers?” written immediately after the prayer statement would ultimately require the issue to be likened to its counterparts in fiqh books. Making the likening during the formulation process allows the iftā duty to be performed more quickly and securely. The issue narrated by the mustaftī was subject to abstract and abridgment by the officers in the Shaykh al-Islām office. During this process, the unique languages and styles of thousands of mustaftīs are distilled into the standardized technical language of fatwās.
In Shaykh al-Islām fatwās, abstraction and abridgment are in the first stage realized by eliminating real time, place, persons, events, and things that are irrelevant to the legal response. This stage of abstraction and abridgment is illustrated in the study with the example of a real event in the 16th century, which was the subject of an edict and a fatwa. When the original fatwās are compiled into collections, a further level of abstraction occurs. Non-essential elements such as prayer statements, request expressions, and signatures are removed, leaving only the question and answer sections. This process is primarily abstract, with the texts of the fatwās largely preserved. In many fatwā collections, only the question and answer remain. Occasionally, fatwās consisting only of a question and answer undergo abstraction and abridgment, sometimes becoming abstract or semi-abstract, one-sentence fiqh issues. This study explores the transformation of an original fatwā comprising 59 words into one that is reduced to a question and answer and further condensed into a 10-word abstract legal ruling. Through abstraction and abridgment, fatwā collections can be transformed into fiqh texts that reflect the legal issues of their time.
Primary Language | Turkish |
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Subjects | Islamic Law |
Journal Section | Araştırma Notu |
Authors | |
Publication Date | December 30, 2024 |
Submission Date | September 26, 2024 |
Acceptance Date | December 5, 2024 |
Published in Issue | Year 2024 Volume: 67 Issue: 67 |
International Journal of Theological and Islamic Studies
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