Research Article
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Year 2023, Volume: 12 Issue: 2, 172 - 181, 30.06.2023
https://doi.org/10.33714/masteb.1276367

Abstract

References

  • Bayraktar, M., & Yüksel, O. (2023). Analysis of the nuclear energy systems as an alternative propulsion system option on commercial marine vessels by utilizing the SWOT-AHP method. Nuclear Engineering and Design, 407, 112265. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nucengdes.2023.112265
  • ClassNK. (2021). Outlines of EEXI regulation. Retrieved on March 2, 2023, from https://www.classnk.or.jp/hp/pdf/activities/statutory/eexi/eexi_rev3e.pdf
  • CMA CGM. (2023). SSLMED Cross Med Service. Retrieved on March 5, 2023, from https://www.cma-cgm.com/products-services/line-services/flyer/CROSSMED
  • Davidson, I., Scianni, C., Hewitt, C., Everett, R., Holm, E., Tamburri, M., & Ruiz, G. (2016). Mini-review: Assessing the drivers of ship biofouling management–aligning industry and biosecurity goals. Biofouling, 32(4), 411-428. https://doi.org/10.1080/08927014.2016.1149572
  • DNV. (2022). Cybutryne banned in anti-fouling systems from 1 January 2023. Retrieved on February 11, 2023, from https://www.dnv.com/news/cybutryne-banned-in-anti-fouling-systems-from-1-january-2023-224593
  • DNV. (2023). EEXI – Energy Efficiency Existing Ship Index. Retrieved on March 17, 2023, from https://www.dnv.com/maritime/insights/topics/eexi/index.html
  • Erol, E., Cansoy, C. E., & Aybar, O. Ö. (2020). Assessment of the impact of fouling on vessel energy efficiency by analyzing ship automation data. Applied Ocean Research, 105, 102418. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apor.2020.102418
  • European Commission. (2023). Fourth annual report from the European Commission on CO2 emissions from maritime transport (period 2018-2021). Retrieved on March 15, 2023, from https://climate.ec.europa.eu/system/files/2023-03/swd_2023_54_en.pdf
  • Farkas, A., Degiuli, N., Martić, I., & Dejhalla, R. (2020). Impact of hard fouling on the ship performance of different ship forms. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, 8(10), 748. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse8100748
  • Hakim, M. L., Nugroho, B., Nurrohman, M. N., Suastika, I. K., & Utama, I. K. A. P. (2019). Investigation of fuel consumption on an operating ship due to biofouling growth and quality of anti-fouling coating. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 339(1), 012037.
  • Hakim, M. L., Utama, I. K. A. P., Nugroho, B., Yusim, A. K., Baithal, M. S., & Suastika, I. K. (2017). Review of correlation between marine fouling and fuel consumption on a ship. Proceeding of SENTA: 17th Conference on Marine Technology, Greece. pp. 122-129.
  • IEA. (2009). Transport, Energy and CO2 Moving towards Sustainability. Retrieved on March 1, 2023, from https://www.iea.org/reports/transport-energy-and-co2
  • IMO. (2003). Anti-fouling systems. Retrieved on March 21, 2023, from https://wwwcdn.imo.org/localresources/en/OurWork/Environment/Documents/FOULING2003.pdf
  • IMO. (2012). Guidance for minimizing the transfer of invasive aquatic species as biofouling (Hull Fouling) for Recreational Craft. Retrieved on March 21, 2023, from https://wwwcdn.imo.org/localresources/en/OurWork/Environment/Documents/MEPC.1-Circ.792.pdf
  • IMO. (2021a). Guidelines on the operational carbon intensity reduction factors relative to reference lines (CII reduction factors guidelines, G3). Retrieved on January 21, 2023, from https://wwwcdn.imo.org/localresources/en/OurWork/Environment/Documents/Air%20pollution/MEPC.338(76).pdf
  • IMO. (2021b). 2021 Guidelines on the reference liens for use with carbon intensity indicators (CII Reference Llnes rating guidelines, G2). Retrieved on January 12, 2023, from https://wwwcdn.imo.org/localresources/en/OurWork/Environment/Documents/Air%20pollution/MEPC.337(76).pdf
  • IMO. (2021c). 2021 Guidelines on the operational carbon intensity rating of ships (CII rating guidelines, G4). Retrieved on January 1, 2023, from https://wwwcdn.imo.org/localresources/en/OurWork/Environment/Documents/Air%20pollution/MEPC.339(76).pdf
  • IMO. (2023a). IMO and Sustainable Development. Retrieved on March 15, 2023, from: https://wwwcdn.imo.org/localresources/en/MediaCentre/HotTopics/Documents/IMO%20SDG%20Brochure.pdf
  • IMO. (2023b). Biofouling. Retrieved on January 21, 2023, from https://www.imo.org/en/OurWork/Environment/Pages/Biofouling.aspx
  • IMO. (2023c). EEXI and CII - ship carbon intensity and rating system. Retrieved on March 17, 2023, from https://www.imo.org/en/MediaCentre/HotTopics/Pages/EEXI-CII-FAQ.aspx
  • Konur, O., Yuksel, O., Korkmaz, S. A., Colpan, C. O., Saatcioglu, O. Y., & Koseoglu, B. (2023). Operation-dependent exergetic sustainability assessment and environmental analysis on a large tanker ship utilizing Organic Rankine cycle system. Energy, 262, 125477. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2022.125477
  • Laurie, A., Anderlini, E., Dietz, J., & Thomas, G. (2021). Machine learning for shaft power prediction and analysis of fouling related performance deterioration. Ocean Engineering, 234, 108886. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2021.108886
  • Levin, S. A. (2013). Encyclopedia of Biodiversity (2nd ed.). Elsevier Science.
  • Munk, T., Kane, D., & Yebra, D. M. (2009). The effects of corrosion and fouling on the performance of ocean-going vessels: A naval architectural perspective (pp. 148-176). In Hellio, C., & Yebra, D. (Eds.), Advances in marine antifouling coatings and technologies. Woodhead Publishing.
  • Notti, E., Figari, M., Sala, A., & Martelli, M. (2019). Experimental assessment of the fouling control coating effect on the fuel consumption rate. Ocean Engineering, 188, 106233. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2019.106233
  • Turan, O., Demirel, Y. K., Day, S., & Tezdogan, T. (2016). Experimental determination of added hydrodynamic resistance caused by marine biofouling on ships. Transportation Research Procedia, 14, 1649-1658. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trpro.2016.05.130
  • UNCTAD. (2023). Climate change adaptation and maritime transport. Retrieved on March 25, 2023, from https://unctad.org/topic/transport-and-trade-logistics/policy-and-legislation/climate-change-and-maritime-transport
  • United Nations. (2023). Goal 13: Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts. Retrieved on March 7, 2023, from https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/climate-change/
  • Wartsila. (2023). Anti-fouling paint. Retrieved on January 2, 2023, from https://www.wartsila.com/encyclopedia/term/anti-fouling-paint

Investigation of the Effect of Anti-fouling Systems on Meeting Energy Efficiency Regulations

Year 2023, Volume: 12 Issue: 2, 172 - 181, 30.06.2023
https://doi.org/10.33714/masteb.1276367

Abstract

The operational efficiency of marine vessels should be kept as high as possible to achieve sustainable development goals in the maritime field. However, a lot of factors such as resistance components reduce the operational efficiency of the ship. Frictional resistance is the biggest resistance component for the power needed on ships and its coefficient increases due to the biofouling as long as the ship interacts with seawater. The increased total resistance of the ship causes extra power needed and excessive fuel consumption to reach service speed. The increase in both fuel consumption and power will create an obstacle to meeting the EEXI and CII reference values which became mandatory after January 1, 2023. That’s why the utilization of effective anti-fouling systems is quite critical in maritime applications. The purpose of this study is to reveal anti-fouling systems’ effect on EEXI, CII, and CII ratings by utilization of the container ship operated in liner shipping. That’s why, high, medium, and low effective anti-fouling system scenarios have been created since the effect of each anti-fouling will not be the same on the container ship. According to the results, the required EEXI and CII reference values will have been met respectively when the effect of ship biofouling is ignored. However, the reduction ratios and biofouling effect have created quite a challenge in meeting EEXI and CII in the following years. Although the required EEXI value has been met for 2024 and 2025 by the high-effective anti-fouling system and reference value has not been met by the low-effective anti-fouling system in the following years. Any anti-fouling system utilized in this paper won’t be sufficient to meet the reference value at the end of 2023 because attained CII of the container ship is very close to the reference value of CII in 2023. The CII rating of the container ship will have been at C level until the end of 2026 when the biofouling effect is ignored. However, it decreased to D and E levels in the following two years depending on the best and worst scenarios. This study will be a valuable resource for scientists, researchers, experts, and maritime stakeholders who want to investigate the effect of EEXI, CII, and CII rating of antifouling systems.

References

  • Bayraktar, M., & Yüksel, O. (2023). Analysis of the nuclear energy systems as an alternative propulsion system option on commercial marine vessels by utilizing the SWOT-AHP method. Nuclear Engineering and Design, 407, 112265. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nucengdes.2023.112265
  • ClassNK. (2021). Outlines of EEXI regulation. Retrieved on March 2, 2023, from https://www.classnk.or.jp/hp/pdf/activities/statutory/eexi/eexi_rev3e.pdf
  • CMA CGM. (2023). SSLMED Cross Med Service. Retrieved on March 5, 2023, from https://www.cma-cgm.com/products-services/line-services/flyer/CROSSMED
  • Davidson, I., Scianni, C., Hewitt, C., Everett, R., Holm, E., Tamburri, M., & Ruiz, G. (2016). Mini-review: Assessing the drivers of ship biofouling management–aligning industry and biosecurity goals. Biofouling, 32(4), 411-428. https://doi.org/10.1080/08927014.2016.1149572
  • DNV. (2022). Cybutryne banned in anti-fouling systems from 1 January 2023. Retrieved on February 11, 2023, from https://www.dnv.com/news/cybutryne-banned-in-anti-fouling-systems-from-1-january-2023-224593
  • DNV. (2023). EEXI – Energy Efficiency Existing Ship Index. Retrieved on March 17, 2023, from https://www.dnv.com/maritime/insights/topics/eexi/index.html
  • Erol, E., Cansoy, C. E., & Aybar, O. Ö. (2020). Assessment of the impact of fouling on vessel energy efficiency by analyzing ship automation data. Applied Ocean Research, 105, 102418. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apor.2020.102418
  • European Commission. (2023). Fourth annual report from the European Commission on CO2 emissions from maritime transport (period 2018-2021). Retrieved on March 15, 2023, from https://climate.ec.europa.eu/system/files/2023-03/swd_2023_54_en.pdf
  • Farkas, A., Degiuli, N., Martić, I., & Dejhalla, R. (2020). Impact of hard fouling on the ship performance of different ship forms. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, 8(10), 748. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse8100748
  • Hakim, M. L., Nugroho, B., Nurrohman, M. N., Suastika, I. K., & Utama, I. K. A. P. (2019). Investigation of fuel consumption on an operating ship due to biofouling growth and quality of anti-fouling coating. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 339(1), 012037.
  • Hakim, M. L., Utama, I. K. A. P., Nugroho, B., Yusim, A. K., Baithal, M. S., & Suastika, I. K. (2017). Review of correlation between marine fouling and fuel consumption on a ship. Proceeding of SENTA: 17th Conference on Marine Technology, Greece. pp. 122-129.
  • IEA. (2009). Transport, Energy and CO2 Moving towards Sustainability. Retrieved on March 1, 2023, from https://www.iea.org/reports/transport-energy-and-co2
  • IMO. (2003). Anti-fouling systems. Retrieved on March 21, 2023, from https://wwwcdn.imo.org/localresources/en/OurWork/Environment/Documents/FOULING2003.pdf
  • IMO. (2012). Guidance for minimizing the transfer of invasive aquatic species as biofouling (Hull Fouling) for Recreational Craft. Retrieved on March 21, 2023, from https://wwwcdn.imo.org/localresources/en/OurWork/Environment/Documents/MEPC.1-Circ.792.pdf
  • IMO. (2021a). Guidelines on the operational carbon intensity reduction factors relative to reference lines (CII reduction factors guidelines, G3). Retrieved on January 21, 2023, from https://wwwcdn.imo.org/localresources/en/OurWork/Environment/Documents/Air%20pollution/MEPC.338(76).pdf
  • IMO. (2021b). 2021 Guidelines on the reference liens for use with carbon intensity indicators (CII Reference Llnes rating guidelines, G2). Retrieved on January 12, 2023, from https://wwwcdn.imo.org/localresources/en/OurWork/Environment/Documents/Air%20pollution/MEPC.337(76).pdf
  • IMO. (2021c). 2021 Guidelines on the operational carbon intensity rating of ships (CII rating guidelines, G4). Retrieved on January 1, 2023, from https://wwwcdn.imo.org/localresources/en/OurWork/Environment/Documents/Air%20pollution/MEPC.339(76).pdf
  • IMO. (2023a). IMO and Sustainable Development. Retrieved on March 15, 2023, from: https://wwwcdn.imo.org/localresources/en/MediaCentre/HotTopics/Documents/IMO%20SDG%20Brochure.pdf
  • IMO. (2023b). Biofouling. Retrieved on January 21, 2023, from https://www.imo.org/en/OurWork/Environment/Pages/Biofouling.aspx
  • IMO. (2023c). EEXI and CII - ship carbon intensity and rating system. Retrieved on March 17, 2023, from https://www.imo.org/en/MediaCentre/HotTopics/Pages/EEXI-CII-FAQ.aspx
  • Konur, O., Yuksel, O., Korkmaz, S. A., Colpan, C. O., Saatcioglu, O. Y., & Koseoglu, B. (2023). Operation-dependent exergetic sustainability assessment and environmental analysis on a large tanker ship utilizing Organic Rankine cycle system. Energy, 262, 125477. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2022.125477
  • Laurie, A., Anderlini, E., Dietz, J., & Thomas, G. (2021). Machine learning for shaft power prediction and analysis of fouling related performance deterioration. Ocean Engineering, 234, 108886. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2021.108886
  • Levin, S. A. (2013). Encyclopedia of Biodiversity (2nd ed.). Elsevier Science.
  • Munk, T., Kane, D., & Yebra, D. M. (2009). The effects of corrosion and fouling on the performance of ocean-going vessels: A naval architectural perspective (pp. 148-176). In Hellio, C., & Yebra, D. (Eds.), Advances in marine antifouling coatings and technologies. Woodhead Publishing.
  • Notti, E., Figari, M., Sala, A., & Martelli, M. (2019). Experimental assessment of the fouling control coating effect on the fuel consumption rate. Ocean Engineering, 188, 106233. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2019.106233
  • Turan, O., Demirel, Y. K., Day, S., & Tezdogan, T. (2016). Experimental determination of added hydrodynamic resistance caused by marine biofouling on ships. Transportation Research Procedia, 14, 1649-1658. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trpro.2016.05.130
  • UNCTAD. (2023). Climate change adaptation and maritime transport. Retrieved on March 25, 2023, from https://unctad.org/topic/transport-and-trade-logistics/policy-and-legislation/climate-change-and-maritime-transport
  • United Nations. (2023). Goal 13: Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts. Retrieved on March 7, 2023, from https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/climate-change/
  • Wartsila. (2023). Anti-fouling paint. Retrieved on January 2, 2023, from https://www.wartsila.com/encyclopedia/term/anti-fouling-paint
There are 29 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Maritime Engineering, Transportation Engineering
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Murat Bayraktar 0000-0001-7252-4776

Onur Yüksel 0000-0002-5728-5866

Early Pub Date June 20, 2023
Publication Date June 30, 2023
Submission Date April 3, 2023
Acceptance Date May 31, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 12 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Bayraktar, M., & Yüksel, O. (2023). Investigation of the Effect of Anti-fouling Systems on Meeting Energy Efficiency Regulations. Marine Science and Technology Bulletin, 12(2), 172-181. https://doi.org/10.33714/masteb.1276367
AMA Bayraktar M, Yüksel O. Investigation of the Effect of Anti-fouling Systems on Meeting Energy Efficiency Regulations. Mar. Sci. Tech. Bull. June 2023;12(2):172-181. doi:10.33714/masteb.1276367
Chicago Bayraktar, Murat, and Onur Yüksel. “Investigation of the Effect of Anti-Fouling Systems on Meeting Energy Efficiency Regulations”. Marine Science and Technology Bulletin 12, no. 2 (June 2023): 172-81. https://doi.org/10.33714/masteb.1276367.
EndNote Bayraktar M, Yüksel O (June 1, 2023) Investigation of the Effect of Anti-fouling Systems on Meeting Energy Efficiency Regulations. Marine Science and Technology Bulletin 12 2 172–181.
IEEE M. Bayraktar and O. Yüksel, “Investigation of the Effect of Anti-fouling Systems on Meeting Energy Efficiency Regulations”, Mar. Sci. Tech. Bull., vol. 12, no. 2, pp. 172–181, 2023, doi: 10.33714/masteb.1276367.
ISNAD Bayraktar, Murat - Yüksel, Onur. “Investigation of the Effect of Anti-Fouling Systems on Meeting Energy Efficiency Regulations”. Marine Science and Technology Bulletin 12/2 (June 2023), 172-181. https://doi.org/10.33714/masteb.1276367.
JAMA Bayraktar M, Yüksel O. Investigation of the Effect of Anti-fouling Systems on Meeting Energy Efficiency Regulations. Mar. Sci. Tech. Bull. 2023;12:172–181.
MLA Bayraktar, Murat and Onur Yüksel. “Investigation of the Effect of Anti-Fouling Systems on Meeting Energy Efficiency Regulations”. Marine Science and Technology Bulletin, vol. 12, no. 2, 2023, pp. 172-81, doi:10.33714/masteb.1276367.
Vancouver Bayraktar M, Yüksel O. Investigation of the Effect of Anti-fouling Systems on Meeting Energy Efficiency Regulations. Mar. Sci. Tech. Bull. 2023;12(2):172-81.

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