Research Article
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Year 2018, Volume: 1 Issue: 3, 114 - 129, 28.09.2018

Abstract

References

  • Auel, H., Harjes, M., da Rocha, R., Stubing, D., Hagen, W.( 2002) Lipid biomarkers indicate different acological niches and trophic relations of the Arctic hyperiid amphipods Themisto abyssorum and T. Libellula. Polar Biology 25:374-383. https://doi.org/ 10.1007/s00300-001-0354-7
  • Brjekkan, O.R., Lambertsen, G., Yklestad, H.M. (1963) Alpha-Tocopherol in Some Marine Organisms and Fish Oils. Fiskeridirektoratets skrifter serie teknologiske undersokelser (Reports on Technological Research concerning), Norwegian Fish Industry 4(8):1-10
  • Boran, G., Karaçam, H. (2011) Seasonal Changes in Proximate Composition of Some Fish Species from the Black Sea. Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 1: 01-05. https://doi.org/10.4194/trjfas.2011.0101
  • Christie, W.W. (1990) Gas chromatography and lipids, A practical guide. Bridgewater. Somerset, The Oily Press.
  • Carcupino, M., Baldacci, A., Mazzini, M., Franzoi, P. (2002) Functional significance of the male brood pouch in the reproductive strategies of pipefishes and seahorses, a morphological and ultrastructural comparative study on three anatomically different pouches. Journal of Fish Biology 61: 1465‐1480. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.2002.tb02490.x
  • Curtis, J.M.R., Vincent, A.C.J. (2005) Distribution of sympatric seahorse species along a gradient of habitat complexity in a seagrass‐dominated community. Marine Ecology Progress Series 291: 81‐91 https://doi.org/ 10.3354/meps291081
  • Curtis, J.M.R., Vincent, A.C.J. (2006) Life history of an unusual marine fish, survival, growth and movement patterns of Hippocampus guttulatus Cuvier 1829. Journal of Fish Biology 68, 707‐733. https://doi.org/ 10.1111/j.0022-1112.2006.00952.x
  • Curtis, J.M.R. (2007). Validation of a method for estimating realized annual fecundity in a multiple spawner, the longsnouted seahorse (Hippocampus guttulatus) using underwater visual census. Fishery Bulletin 105: 327‐336.
  • Dalsgaard, J., St. John, M., Kattner, G., Muller-Navarra, D., Hagen, W. (2003) Fatty acid trophic markers in the pelagic marine environment. Advances in Marine Biology 46: 225-340. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/S0065-2881(03)46005-7
  • Debier, C., Pomeroy, Van, P.P., Wouwe, N., Mingolet, E., Baret, P.V., Larondelle, Y. (20020 Dynamics of vitamin A in grey seal (Halichoerus grypus) mothers and pups throughout lacatation. Canadian Journal of Zoology 80: 1262-1273. https://doi.org/10.1139/z02-107
  • Faleiro, F., Narciso, L., Vicente, L. (2008) Seahorse behavior and aquaculture, how to improve Hippocampus guttulatus husbandry and reproduction? Aquaculture 282: 33‐40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2008.05.038
  • Faleiro, F., Narciso, L. (2010) Lipid Dynamics during early development of Hippocampus guttulatus seahorses, searching for clues on fatty acid requirements. Aquaculture 307: 56-64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2010.07.005
  • Fritzsche, R.A. (1980) Revision of the eastern Pacific syngnathidae (Pisces, syngnathiformes), including both recent and fossil forms. Proceedings of the California Academy Sciences 42(6): 181-227.
  • Gil, P., Farinas, F., Casado, A., Lo´pez-Ferna´ndez, E. (2002) Malondialdehyde, a possible marker of ageing. Gerontology 48: 209-214. https://doi.org/10.1159/000058352
  • Graeve, M., Kattner, G, Hagen, W. (1994) Diet-induced changes in the fatty acid composition of Arctic herbivorous copepods, experimental evidence of trophic markers. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 182: 97-110. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/0022-0981(94)90213-5
  • Gurkan, S., Akalin, S., Taskavak, E., Ozaydin, O. (2007) The investigation of biometric characteristics of seahorse species (Hippocampus hippocampus (Linnaeus, 1758) and Hippocampus guttulatus Cuvier, 1829) in Izmir Bay. Ege Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 24(1-2): 149-153.
  • Gurkan, S., Taskavak, E. (2007) Length-weight relationships for syngnathid fishes of the Aegean Sea, Turkey. Belgian Journal of Zoology 137(2): 219-222.Hara, A., Radin, N.S. (1978) Lipid extraction of tissues with a low-toxicity solvent. Analytical Biochemistry 90(1): 420-426. https://doi.org/10.1016/0003-2697(78)90046-5
  • Harlioglu, A.G. (2012) Fatty acid composition, fat soluble, vitamins and cholesterol content of farmed rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), Pakistan Journal of Zoology 44(4): 1013-1019.
  • Henderson, R.J., Tocher, D.R. (1987) The lipid composition and biochemistry of freshwater fish. Progress in Lipid Research 26: 281-347. https://doi.org/10.1016/0163-7827(87)90002-6
  • Janero, D.R. (1990) Malondialdehyde and thiobarbituric acid-reactivity as diagnostic indices of lipid peroxidation and peroxidative tissue injury. Free Radical Biology and Medicine 9: 515-540. https://doi.org/10.1016/0891-5849(90)90131-2
  • Kasapoglu, N., Duzgunes, E. (2014) Some Population Characteristics of Long-snouted Seahorse (Hippocampus guttulatus Cuvier, 1829) (Actinopterygii, Syngnathidae) in the Southeastern Black Sea. Acta Zoologica Bulgarica 66 (1); 127-131.
  • Katsanidi, E., Addis, P.B. (1999) Novel HPLC analysis of tocopherols and cholesterol in tissue. Free Radical Biology and Medicine 27: 1137-1140. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0891-5849(99)00205-1
  • Kelly, J.R., Scheibling, R.E. 92012) Fatty acids as dietary tracers in benthic food webs. Marine Ecoogy Progress Series 44: 1-22. https://doi.org/10.3354/meps09559
  • Keskin, C., Unsal, N., Oral, M. (2002) Abundance and distribution on the species of Syngnathidae in Erdek Bay (Southern Marmara Sea) Turkey’s Coastal and Sea areas. IV. National Conference, Nov. 5-8.
  • Lammi-Keefe, C.J., Jensen, R.G. (1984) Lipids in human milk, a review. 2, Composition and fat-soluble vitamins. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology Nutrition 3: 172-198. https://doi.org/10.1097/00005176-198403000-00004
  • Lin, Q., Lin, J., Lu, J., Li, B. (2008) Biochemical composition of six seahorse species, Hippocampus sp, from the Chinese Coast. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society, 39(2): 225-234. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-7345.2008.00159.x
  • Lin, Q., Lu, J.Y,, Gao, Y.L. (2006) The effect of temperature on gonad, embryonic development and survival rate of juvenile seahorses, Hippocampus kuda Bleeker. Aquaculture 254, 701-713. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2005.11.005
  • López-Barea, J., Gómez-Ariza, J.L. (2006) Environmental proteomics and metallomics. Proteomics, 1: 51-62. http://doi.org/10.1002/pmic.200500374
  • Lowry, O.H., Rosebrough, N.J., Farr, A.L., Randall, R.J. (1951) Protein measurement with folin phenol reagent. Journal of Biological Chemistry 193 (1): 265-275. Machlin, L.J. (1991) Handbook of Vitamins. Marcel Dekker, Inc, New York and Basel.
  • Marnett, L.J. (1999) Lipid peroxidation-DNA damage by malondialdehyde. Mutation Research 424: 83-95. http://doi.org/10.1016/S0027-5107(99)00010-X Meng, X.Q., Xu, D.H., Mei, X.T. (2005) Research on Hippocampus capsule therapy of experimental benign prostatic hyperplasia. China Pharmaceutical Journal 40: 190-193.
  • Mourente, G., Bell, J.G., Bell, G., Tocher, D.R. (2007) Does dietary tocopherol level affect fatty acid metabolism in fish? Article in Fish Physiology and Biochemistry 33(3), 269-280. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10695-007-9139-4
  • Orban, E., Di Lena, G., Nevigato, T., Casini, I., Santaroni, G., Marzetti, A., Caproni, R. (2002) Quality characteristics of sea bass bream (Diplodus puntazzo) from different intensive rearing systems. Food Chemistry 70; 27-32. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0956-7135(99)00112-7
  • Orban, E., Nevigato, T., Masci, M., Di Lena, G., Casini, I., Caproni, R., Gambelli, L., De Angelis, P., Rampacci, M. (2007) Nutritional quality and safety of European perch (Perca fluviatilis) from three lakes of Central Italy. Food Chemistry 100: 482-490. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2005.09.069
  • Owen, J.B., Butterfield, D.A. (2010) Measurement of oxidized/reduced glutathione ratio. Methods in Molecular Biology 648: 269-277. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-60761-756-3_18
  • Özparlak, H. (2013) Effect of seasons on fatty acid composition and n-3/n-6 ratios of muscle lipids of some fish species in Apa Dam Lake, Turkey. Pakistan Journal of Zoology 45(4): 1027-1033.
  • Parish, E.J. (1991) The biosynthesis of oxysterols in plants and microorangisms. In: Patterson, G.W., Nes, W.D., (Eds.) Physiology and Biochemistry of Sterols New York, pp. 324-336. ISBN 9781439821831
  • Parrish, C.C. (2013) Lipids in marine ecosystems. ISRN Oceanography 2013: 1-16. https://doi.org/10.5402/2013/604045
  • Parrish, C.C., Pethybridge, H., Young, J.W., Nichols, P.D. (2015) Spatial variation in fatty acid trophic markers in albacore tuna from the southwestern Pasific Ocean- A potential ‘tropicalization’ signal. Deep-Sea Research Part II, Topical studies in Oceanography 113: 199-207. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.dsr2.2013.12.003
  • Rainuzzo, J.R., Reitan, K.L., Olsen, Y. (1997) The significance of lipids at early stages of marine fish, a review. Aquaculture 155: 103-115.bhttps://doi.org/10.1016/S0044-8486(97)00121-X
  • Pollard, D.A. (1984) A rewiev of ecological studies on seagrass-fish communities, with particular reference to recent studies in Australia. Aquatic Botany 18: 3-42. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3770(84)90079-2
  • Prein, M. (1995) The aquaculture potential of seahorses and pipefishes. Infofish International 6/95: 35-38.
  • Sikorski, Z.E. (1994) Charakterystyka białek głownych surowcow zywnos´ciowych. In: Chemiczne i funkcjonalne włas´ciwos´ci składnikow zywnos´ci.WN-T, Warszawa.
  • Stolting, K.N., Wilson, A.B. (2007) Male pregnancy in seahorses and pipefish, beyond the mammalian model. BioEssays 29: 884‐896. https://doi.org/10.1002/bies.20626
  • Tipton, K., Bell, S.S. (1988) Foraging patterns of two syngnathid fishes, importance of harpacticoid copepods. Marine Ecology Progress Series 47: 31-43.
  • Tocher, D.R. (2003) Metabolism and functions of lipids and fatty acids in teleost fish. Reviews in Fish Science 11(2): 107-184. https://doi.org/10.1080/713610925
  • Velu, C.S., Munuswamy, N. (2007) Composition and nutritional efficacy of adult fairy shrimp Streptocephalus dichotomous as live feed. Food Chemistry 100(4): 1435-1442. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2005.12.017
  • Viso, A.C., Marty, J.C. (1993) Fatty acids from 28 marine microalgae. Phytochemistry 34: 1521-1533. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)90839-2Vincent, A.C.J. (1996) The International Trade in Seahorses. A traffic Network report, Cambridge, UK.
  • Vite-García, N., Arjona, O., Morales-Bojorquez, E., Mascaro, M., Simoes, N., Palacios, E. (2014) Assessment of lipid classes and fatty acid levels in wild newborn seahorses (Hippocampus erectus) (Perry 1810), implications for survival and growth in aquarium culture. Marine and Freshwater Behaviour and Physiology 47(6): 401-413. https://doi.org/10.1080/10236244.2014.959368
  • Woods, C.M.C. (2003) Effect of stocking density and gender segregation in the seahorse Hippocampus abdominalis. Aquaculture 218: 167-176. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0044-8486(02)00202-8
  • Xu, D.H., Mei, X.T., Li, B. (2003) The Pharmacological effects of Hippocampus capsule on enhancing sexual functions of rats. Chinese Medicine 26(11): 807-808
  • Yamamoto, Y., Akio, Fujisawa, A., Hara, A., Dunlap, W.C. (2001) An unusual vitamin E constituent (α-tocomonoenol) provides enhanced antioxidant protection in marine organisms adapted to cold-water environments, PNAS 98(23): 13144-13148. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.241024298
  • Yanes-Roca, C., Rhody, N., Nystrom, M., Main, K.L. (2009) Effects of fattty acid composition and spawning season patterns on egg quality and larval survival in common snook (Centropomus undecimalis). Aquaculture 287: 335-340. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2008.10.043

Biochemical Composition of The Wild Long-Snouted Female and Male Seahorses (Hippocampus guttulatus Cuvier, 1829)

Year 2018, Volume: 1 Issue: 3, 114 - 129, 28.09.2018

Abstract

The biochemical
composition in wild long-snouted female and male individuals of Hippocampus guttulatus was investigated
in Southeastern Black Sea. PUFA were the most important fatty acids in males
(40%) and in females (41%). The main components of PUFA were DHA (20-22%) and
EPA (9-11%). DHA was the most abundant fatty acids in H. guttulatus. Cholesterol was the most important sterol in the
males and females (205.36 µg/g; 200.36 µg/g, respectively). α- tocopherols
(vitamin E) was the most important lipophilic vitamins and α-tocopherol acetate
was the highest amount (6.67 µg/g; 7.88 µg/g, respectively) in the females and
males. Total protein was 13.87 mg/g in the male and 14.38 mg/g in the females.
GSH (Glutathione) and GSSG (Oxidised Glutathione) levels were lower than MDA
(Malondialdehyde). GSH was 99.66 µg/g in the male and 98.18 µg/g in the female.
GSSG was 40.25 µg/g in the males and 40.18 µg/g in the females. It was thought
that high MDA level (251.07-256.30 µg/g) occurred, because low vitamin E level
did not prevent PUFA peroxidation. Our findings showed that biochemical
composition of seahorses did not differ between male and female individuals
except for fatty acids (p<0.01).

References

  • Auel, H., Harjes, M., da Rocha, R., Stubing, D., Hagen, W.( 2002) Lipid biomarkers indicate different acological niches and trophic relations of the Arctic hyperiid amphipods Themisto abyssorum and T. Libellula. Polar Biology 25:374-383. https://doi.org/ 10.1007/s00300-001-0354-7
  • Brjekkan, O.R., Lambertsen, G., Yklestad, H.M. (1963) Alpha-Tocopherol in Some Marine Organisms and Fish Oils. Fiskeridirektoratets skrifter serie teknologiske undersokelser (Reports on Technological Research concerning), Norwegian Fish Industry 4(8):1-10
  • Boran, G., Karaçam, H. (2011) Seasonal Changes in Proximate Composition of Some Fish Species from the Black Sea. Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 1: 01-05. https://doi.org/10.4194/trjfas.2011.0101
  • Christie, W.W. (1990) Gas chromatography and lipids, A practical guide. Bridgewater. Somerset, The Oily Press.
  • Carcupino, M., Baldacci, A., Mazzini, M., Franzoi, P. (2002) Functional significance of the male brood pouch in the reproductive strategies of pipefishes and seahorses, a morphological and ultrastructural comparative study on three anatomically different pouches. Journal of Fish Biology 61: 1465‐1480. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.2002.tb02490.x
  • Curtis, J.M.R., Vincent, A.C.J. (2005) Distribution of sympatric seahorse species along a gradient of habitat complexity in a seagrass‐dominated community. Marine Ecology Progress Series 291: 81‐91 https://doi.org/ 10.3354/meps291081
  • Curtis, J.M.R., Vincent, A.C.J. (2006) Life history of an unusual marine fish, survival, growth and movement patterns of Hippocampus guttulatus Cuvier 1829. Journal of Fish Biology 68, 707‐733. https://doi.org/ 10.1111/j.0022-1112.2006.00952.x
  • Curtis, J.M.R. (2007). Validation of a method for estimating realized annual fecundity in a multiple spawner, the longsnouted seahorse (Hippocampus guttulatus) using underwater visual census. Fishery Bulletin 105: 327‐336.
  • Dalsgaard, J., St. John, M., Kattner, G., Muller-Navarra, D., Hagen, W. (2003) Fatty acid trophic markers in the pelagic marine environment. Advances in Marine Biology 46: 225-340. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/S0065-2881(03)46005-7
  • Debier, C., Pomeroy, Van, P.P., Wouwe, N., Mingolet, E., Baret, P.V., Larondelle, Y. (20020 Dynamics of vitamin A in grey seal (Halichoerus grypus) mothers and pups throughout lacatation. Canadian Journal of Zoology 80: 1262-1273. https://doi.org/10.1139/z02-107
  • Faleiro, F., Narciso, L., Vicente, L. (2008) Seahorse behavior and aquaculture, how to improve Hippocampus guttulatus husbandry and reproduction? Aquaculture 282: 33‐40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2008.05.038
  • Faleiro, F., Narciso, L. (2010) Lipid Dynamics during early development of Hippocampus guttulatus seahorses, searching for clues on fatty acid requirements. Aquaculture 307: 56-64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2010.07.005
  • Fritzsche, R.A. (1980) Revision of the eastern Pacific syngnathidae (Pisces, syngnathiformes), including both recent and fossil forms. Proceedings of the California Academy Sciences 42(6): 181-227.
  • Gil, P., Farinas, F., Casado, A., Lo´pez-Ferna´ndez, E. (2002) Malondialdehyde, a possible marker of ageing. Gerontology 48: 209-214. https://doi.org/10.1159/000058352
  • Graeve, M., Kattner, G, Hagen, W. (1994) Diet-induced changes in the fatty acid composition of Arctic herbivorous copepods, experimental evidence of trophic markers. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 182: 97-110. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/0022-0981(94)90213-5
  • Gurkan, S., Akalin, S., Taskavak, E., Ozaydin, O. (2007) The investigation of biometric characteristics of seahorse species (Hippocampus hippocampus (Linnaeus, 1758) and Hippocampus guttulatus Cuvier, 1829) in Izmir Bay. Ege Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 24(1-2): 149-153.
  • Gurkan, S., Taskavak, E. (2007) Length-weight relationships for syngnathid fishes of the Aegean Sea, Turkey. Belgian Journal of Zoology 137(2): 219-222.Hara, A., Radin, N.S. (1978) Lipid extraction of tissues with a low-toxicity solvent. Analytical Biochemistry 90(1): 420-426. https://doi.org/10.1016/0003-2697(78)90046-5
  • Harlioglu, A.G. (2012) Fatty acid composition, fat soluble, vitamins and cholesterol content of farmed rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), Pakistan Journal of Zoology 44(4): 1013-1019.
  • Henderson, R.J., Tocher, D.R. (1987) The lipid composition and biochemistry of freshwater fish. Progress in Lipid Research 26: 281-347. https://doi.org/10.1016/0163-7827(87)90002-6
  • Janero, D.R. (1990) Malondialdehyde and thiobarbituric acid-reactivity as diagnostic indices of lipid peroxidation and peroxidative tissue injury. Free Radical Biology and Medicine 9: 515-540. https://doi.org/10.1016/0891-5849(90)90131-2
  • Kasapoglu, N., Duzgunes, E. (2014) Some Population Characteristics of Long-snouted Seahorse (Hippocampus guttulatus Cuvier, 1829) (Actinopterygii, Syngnathidae) in the Southeastern Black Sea. Acta Zoologica Bulgarica 66 (1); 127-131.
  • Katsanidi, E., Addis, P.B. (1999) Novel HPLC analysis of tocopherols and cholesterol in tissue. Free Radical Biology and Medicine 27: 1137-1140. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0891-5849(99)00205-1
  • Kelly, J.R., Scheibling, R.E. 92012) Fatty acids as dietary tracers in benthic food webs. Marine Ecoogy Progress Series 44: 1-22. https://doi.org/10.3354/meps09559
  • Keskin, C., Unsal, N., Oral, M. (2002) Abundance and distribution on the species of Syngnathidae in Erdek Bay (Southern Marmara Sea) Turkey’s Coastal and Sea areas. IV. National Conference, Nov. 5-8.
  • Lammi-Keefe, C.J., Jensen, R.G. (1984) Lipids in human milk, a review. 2, Composition and fat-soluble vitamins. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology Nutrition 3: 172-198. https://doi.org/10.1097/00005176-198403000-00004
  • Lin, Q., Lin, J., Lu, J., Li, B. (2008) Biochemical composition of six seahorse species, Hippocampus sp, from the Chinese Coast. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society, 39(2): 225-234. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-7345.2008.00159.x
  • Lin, Q., Lu, J.Y,, Gao, Y.L. (2006) The effect of temperature on gonad, embryonic development and survival rate of juvenile seahorses, Hippocampus kuda Bleeker. Aquaculture 254, 701-713. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2005.11.005
  • López-Barea, J., Gómez-Ariza, J.L. (2006) Environmental proteomics and metallomics. Proteomics, 1: 51-62. http://doi.org/10.1002/pmic.200500374
  • Lowry, O.H., Rosebrough, N.J., Farr, A.L., Randall, R.J. (1951) Protein measurement with folin phenol reagent. Journal of Biological Chemistry 193 (1): 265-275. Machlin, L.J. (1991) Handbook of Vitamins. Marcel Dekker, Inc, New York and Basel.
  • Marnett, L.J. (1999) Lipid peroxidation-DNA damage by malondialdehyde. Mutation Research 424: 83-95. http://doi.org/10.1016/S0027-5107(99)00010-X Meng, X.Q., Xu, D.H., Mei, X.T. (2005) Research on Hippocampus capsule therapy of experimental benign prostatic hyperplasia. China Pharmaceutical Journal 40: 190-193.
  • Mourente, G., Bell, J.G., Bell, G., Tocher, D.R. (2007) Does dietary tocopherol level affect fatty acid metabolism in fish? Article in Fish Physiology and Biochemistry 33(3), 269-280. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10695-007-9139-4
  • Orban, E., Di Lena, G., Nevigato, T., Casini, I., Santaroni, G., Marzetti, A., Caproni, R. (2002) Quality characteristics of sea bass bream (Diplodus puntazzo) from different intensive rearing systems. Food Chemistry 70; 27-32. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0956-7135(99)00112-7
  • Orban, E., Nevigato, T., Masci, M., Di Lena, G., Casini, I., Caproni, R., Gambelli, L., De Angelis, P., Rampacci, M. (2007) Nutritional quality and safety of European perch (Perca fluviatilis) from three lakes of Central Italy. Food Chemistry 100: 482-490. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2005.09.069
  • Owen, J.B., Butterfield, D.A. (2010) Measurement of oxidized/reduced glutathione ratio. Methods in Molecular Biology 648: 269-277. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-60761-756-3_18
  • Özparlak, H. (2013) Effect of seasons on fatty acid composition and n-3/n-6 ratios of muscle lipids of some fish species in Apa Dam Lake, Turkey. Pakistan Journal of Zoology 45(4): 1027-1033.
  • Parish, E.J. (1991) The biosynthesis of oxysterols in plants and microorangisms. In: Patterson, G.W., Nes, W.D., (Eds.) Physiology and Biochemistry of Sterols New York, pp. 324-336. ISBN 9781439821831
  • Parrish, C.C. (2013) Lipids in marine ecosystems. ISRN Oceanography 2013: 1-16. https://doi.org/10.5402/2013/604045
  • Parrish, C.C., Pethybridge, H., Young, J.W., Nichols, P.D. (2015) Spatial variation in fatty acid trophic markers in albacore tuna from the southwestern Pasific Ocean- A potential ‘tropicalization’ signal. Deep-Sea Research Part II, Topical studies in Oceanography 113: 199-207. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.dsr2.2013.12.003
  • Rainuzzo, J.R., Reitan, K.L., Olsen, Y. (1997) The significance of lipids at early stages of marine fish, a review. Aquaculture 155: 103-115.bhttps://doi.org/10.1016/S0044-8486(97)00121-X
  • Pollard, D.A. (1984) A rewiev of ecological studies on seagrass-fish communities, with particular reference to recent studies in Australia. Aquatic Botany 18: 3-42. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3770(84)90079-2
  • Prein, M. (1995) The aquaculture potential of seahorses and pipefishes. Infofish International 6/95: 35-38.
  • Sikorski, Z.E. (1994) Charakterystyka białek głownych surowcow zywnos´ciowych. In: Chemiczne i funkcjonalne włas´ciwos´ci składnikow zywnos´ci.WN-T, Warszawa.
  • Stolting, K.N., Wilson, A.B. (2007) Male pregnancy in seahorses and pipefish, beyond the mammalian model. BioEssays 29: 884‐896. https://doi.org/10.1002/bies.20626
  • Tipton, K., Bell, S.S. (1988) Foraging patterns of two syngnathid fishes, importance of harpacticoid copepods. Marine Ecology Progress Series 47: 31-43.
  • Tocher, D.R. (2003) Metabolism and functions of lipids and fatty acids in teleost fish. Reviews in Fish Science 11(2): 107-184. https://doi.org/10.1080/713610925
  • Velu, C.S., Munuswamy, N. (2007) Composition and nutritional efficacy of adult fairy shrimp Streptocephalus dichotomous as live feed. Food Chemistry 100(4): 1435-1442. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2005.12.017
  • Viso, A.C., Marty, J.C. (1993) Fatty acids from 28 marine microalgae. Phytochemistry 34: 1521-1533. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)90839-2Vincent, A.C.J. (1996) The International Trade in Seahorses. A traffic Network report, Cambridge, UK.
  • Vite-García, N., Arjona, O., Morales-Bojorquez, E., Mascaro, M., Simoes, N., Palacios, E. (2014) Assessment of lipid classes and fatty acid levels in wild newborn seahorses (Hippocampus erectus) (Perry 1810), implications for survival and growth in aquarium culture. Marine and Freshwater Behaviour and Physiology 47(6): 401-413. https://doi.org/10.1080/10236244.2014.959368
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There are 52 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Hydrobiology
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Nurgül Özdemir 0000-0001-6656-822X

Fatma Caf 0000-0002-0363-4848

Publication Date September 28, 2018
Submission Date May 31, 2018
Published in Issue Year 2018 Volume: 1 Issue: 3

Cite

APA Özdemir, N., & Caf, F. (2018). Biochemical Composition of The Wild Long-Snouted Female and Male Seahorses (Hippocampus guttulatus Cuvier, 1829). Mediterranean Fisheries and Aquaculture Research, 1(3), 114-129. https://doi.org//medfar.v1i39443.429185

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