Mersin Photogrammetry Journal 2687-654X Mersin University 10.53093/mephoj.1628803 Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing Fotogrametri ve Uzaktan Algılama Surface analysis of Roman Sarcophagus using multispectral close-range photogrammetry https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7657-5885 Pamuk Berna CANAKKALE ONSEKIZ MART UNIVERSITY https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0474-7518 Akçay Özgün ÇANAKKALE ONSEKİZ MART ÜNİVERSİTESİ 12 29 2025 7 2 43 51 01 28 2025 05 19 2025 Copyright © 2019, Mersin Photogrammetry Journal 2019 Mersin Photogrammetry Journal

Currently, cameras equipped with multispectral sensors are utilized to monitor cultural heritage. However, these cameras have a lower resolution compared to RGB cameras, resulting in a loss of detail during analysis. The method proposed in this study outlines a series of image processing and data analysis techniques for orthophotos generated through the photogrammetric evaluation of images captured with RGB and multispectral cameras. This study first enhances the low-resolution multispectral orthophotos and creates a multispectral image stack. The resulting image stack undergoes dimensional reduction via principal component analysis, followed by the implementation of a clustering algorithm. Consequently, a map is generated to identify and examine surface details using multispectral data. The discrimination capability was verified comparatively by analyzing the histograms of selected subregions from the generated maps. This validation demonstrates that meaningful information is successfully produced from the image stacks. This method offers a rapid, efficient, and adaptable analysis of photogrammetric products necessary for the field of cultural heritage.

 Multispectral Orthophotos Photogrammetry Clustering Data fusion This work was supported by Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University The Unit of Scientific Research Projects Coordination, Project number: FYL-2020-3462. FYL-2020-3462 Yakar, M., & Doğan, Y. (2017). Mersin Silifke Mezgit Kale Anıt Mezarı fotogrametrik rölöve alımı ve üç boyutlu modelleme çalışması. Geomatik, 2(1), 11-17. Zeybek, M., & Kaya, A. (2020). Tarihi Yığma Kiliselerde Hasarların Fotogrametrik Ölçme Tekniğiyle İncelenmesi: Artvin Tbeti Kilisesi Örneği. Geomatik, 5(1), 47-57. https://doi.org/10.29128/geomatik.568584 Bozdogan, O., Yaman, A., & Yılmaz, H. M. (2022). An analysis on the corrosion of a cultural heritage. International Journal of Engineering and Geosciences, 7(2), 112-127 Kasapakis, V., Gavalas, D., & Dzardanova, E. (2024). 3D Modelling Through Photogrammetry in Cultural Heritage. In Encyclopedia of Computer Graphics and Games, 23-26. Cham: Springer International Publishing. Yakar, İ., Çelik, M. Ö., Hamal, S. N. G., & Bilgi, S. (2021). Kültürel mirasın dokümantasyonu çalışmalarında farklı yazılımların karşılaştırılması: Dikilitaş (Theodosius Obeliski) Örneği. Geomatik, 6(3), 217-226. DOI: 10.29128/geomatik.761475 Yakar, M., Uysal, M., Toprak, A. S., & Polat, N. (2013). 3D modeling of historical doger caravansaries by digital photogrammetry. The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, 40, 695-698. Özdemir, E., Çallı, R., & Kartal, S. (2024). Utilization of unmanned aerial vehicles for the detection and localization of deteriorations in historical structures: a case study of Ishak Pasha Palace. International Journal of Engineering and Geosciences, 9(3), 377-389. https://doi.org/10.26833/ijeg.1464867 Mohammed, O., & Yakar, M. (2016). Yersel fotogrametrik yöntem ile ibadethanelerin modellenmesi. Selcuk University Journal of Engineering Sciences, 15(2), 85-95.. Kanun, E., Alptekin, A., Karataş , L., & Yakar, M. (2022). The use of UAV photogrammetry in modeling ancient structures: A case study of “Kanytellis”. Advanced UAV, 2(2), 41–50. Çolak, A., Aktan, N., & Yılmaz, H. M. (2022). Modelling of its surroundings and Selime Cadhetral by UAV data. Advanced UAV, 2(1), 24–28. Grifoni, E., Gargano, M., Melada, J., Interlenghi, M., Castiglioni, I., di Sturmeck, S. R. G., & Ludwig, N. (2022, April). Documenting Cultural Heritage in very hostile fruition contexts: the synoptic visualization of Giottesque frescoes by Multispectral and 3D Close-range Imaging. In Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2204(1), 012060. IOP Publishing. Erdal, K., & Makineci, H. B. (2023). Adaptation analysis of produced 3D models from UAV-SLAM and UAV-TLS data combinations. Mersin Photogrammetry Journal, 5(1), 18-23. https://doi.org/10.53093/mephoj.1269630 Tuncer, S., & Avdan, U. (2024). Comparative analysis of non-invasive measurement methods for optimizing architectural documentation. International Journal of Engineering and Geosciences, 9(2), 302-313. https://doi.org/10.26833/ijeg.1424881 Fischnaller, F., Guidazzoli, A., Imboden, S., De Luca, D., Liguori, M. C., Russo, A., ... & De Lucia, M. A. (2015, September). Sarcophagus of the Spouses installation intersection across archaeology, 3D video mapping, holographic techniques combined with immersive narrative environments and scenography. In 2015 Digital Heritage, 1, 365-368. IEEE. Unal, M., Yakar, M., & Yildiz, F. (2004, July). Discontinuity surface roughness measurement techniques and the evaluation of digital photogrammetric method. In Proceedings of the 20th international congress for photogrammetry and remote sensing, ISPRS (Vol. 1103, p. 1108). Abdelmoniem, A. M., Mahmoud, N., Mohamed, W. S., Ewais, A. Y., & Abdrabou, A. (2020). Archaeometric study of a polychrome wooden coffin from 26th dynasty-Egypt. Mediterranean Archaeology and Archaeometry, 20(1), 7-7. Yakar, M., & Doğan, Y. (2017). Mersin Silifke Mezgit Kale Anıt Mezarı fotogrametrik rölöve alımı ve üç boyutlu modelleme çalışması. Geomatik, 2(1), 11-17. Alberghina, M. F., Germinario, C., Bartolozzi, G., Bracci, S., Grifa, C., Izzo, F., ... & Lubritto, C. (2020). The Tomb of the Diver and the frescoed tombs in Paestum (southern Italy): New insights from a comparative archaeometric study. Plos One, 15(4), e0232375. Frank, E., Heath, S., & Stein, C. (2021). Integration of photogrammetry, reflectance transformation imaging (RTI), and multiband imaging (MBI) for visualization, documentation, and analysis of archaeological and related materials. ISAW Papers. Yilmaz, H. M., Yakar, M., & Yildiz, F. (2008). Digital photogrammetry in obtaining of 3D model data of irregular small objects. The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, 37, 125-130.. S Del Pozo, S., Rodríguez-Gonzálvez, P., Sánchez-Aparicio, L. J., Muñoz-Nieto, A., Hernández-López, D., Felipe-García, B., & González-Aguilera, D. (2017). Multispectral imaging in cultural heritage conservation. The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, 42, 155-162. Zainuddin, K., Majid, Z., Ariff, M. F. M., Idris, K. M., Abbas, M. A., & Darwin, N. (2019). 3D modeling for rock art documentation using lightweight multispectral camera. The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, 42, 787-793. Mandelli, A., Gobeil, C., Greco, C., & Rossi, C. (2021). Digital twin and 3d documentation of a Theban tomb at Deir Al-Medina (Egypt) using a multi-lenses photogrammetric approach. The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, 43, 591-597. Del Pozo, S., Herrero-Pascual, J., Felipe-García, B., Hernández-López, D., Rodríguez-Gonzálvez, P., & González-Aguilera, D. (2016). Multispectral radiometric analysis of façades to detect pathologies from active and passive remote sensing. Remote Sensing, 8(1), 80. Yaman, H., & Özhan, T. (2021). A Roman Sarcophagus Depicting Scylla in the Çanakkale Troia Museum. Tekmeria, 16, 209-244. McCann, A. M. (1978). Roman sarcophagi in the Metropolitan Museum of Art. Metropolitan museum of art. Baş, G., & Yaman, A. (2022). 3D modeling of historical artifacts with terrestrial photogrammetric method: Roman sarcophagus and tomb stele example. Cultural Heritage and Science, 3(1), 12-18. Yakar, M., Yildiz, F., Alyilmaz, C., & Yilmaz, H. M. (2009). Photogrammetric study for Sircali Medrese Door. In 9-th International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference SGEM 2009 (pp. 879-884).. Akçay, A., & Gürel, B. The contributions of computational imaging methods in archaeology: A case study in Termessos (Turkey), https://www.vi-mm.eu/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/A.Akcay-B.Gurel_A-Case-Study-In-Termessos-Turkey.pdf, Accessed 16 Mar 2024. Ugolotti, G., Collina, F., Zambruno, S., Cornaglia, M., Iannucci, A., & Urcia, A. (2022). The 3D recording of the so-called Spreti sarcophagus in the Basilica of San Vitale (Ravenna, Italy). Digital Scholarship in the Humanities, 37(4), 1281-1288. Browning Jr, D. C. (2024). Close-range photogrammetry for analysis of rock relief details: An investigation of symbols purported to be Jewish Menorahs in Rough Cilicia. Mersin Photogrammetry Journal, 6(1), 39-51. https://doi.org/10.53093/mephoj.1434605 Karataş, L., & Dal, M. (2023). Deterioration analysis of historical village house structure in Mersin Kanlıdivane archaeological area by UAV method. Mersin Photogrammetry Journal, 5(1), 32-41. https://doi.org/10.53093/mephoj.1290231 Kanun, E., Alptekin, A., Karataş, L., & Yakar, M. (2022). The use of UAV photogrammetry in modeling ancient structures: A case study of “Kanytellis”. Advanced UAV, 2(2), 41-50. Laben, C. A., & Brower, B. V. (2000). US Patent No. 6,011,875. US Patent. Ringnér, M. What is principal component analysis?, Nature biotechnology, 26 (3) (2008) 303–304. Ikotun, A. M., Ezugwu, A. E., Abualigah, L., Abuhaija, B., & Heming, J. (2023). K-means clustering algorithms: A comprehensive review, variants analysis, and advances in the era of big data. Information Sciences, 622, 178-210. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ins.2022.11.139.