<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.4 20241031//EN"
        "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.4/JATS-journalpublishing1-4.dtd">
<article  article-type="research-article"        dtd-version="1.4">
            <front>

                <journal-meta>
                                                                <journal-id>meujfe</journal-id>
            <journal-title-group>
                                                                                    <journal-title>Mersin Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi</journal-title>
            </journal-title-group>
                                        <issn pub-type="epub">1306-7850</issn>
                                                                                            <publisher>
                    <publisher-name>Mersin University</publisher-name>
                </publisher>
                    </journal-meta>
                <article-meta>
                                        <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17860/mersinefd.434454</article-id>
                                                                <article-categories>
                                            <subj-group  xml:lang="en">
                                                            <subject>Studies on Education</subject>
                                                    </subj-group>
                                            <subj-group  xml:lang="tr">
                                                            <subject>Eğitim Üzerine Çalışmalar</subject>
                                                    </subj-group>
                                    </article-categories>
                                                                                                                                                        <title-group>
                                                                                                                        <trans-title-group xml:lang="en">
                                    <trans-title>Change and Continuity: Military-Civilian Relations and Coups in Turkey’s Citizenship and Social Studies Textbooks (1950-2012)</trans-title>
                                </trans-title-group>
                                                                                                                                                                                                <article-title>Değişim ve Devamlılık: Türkiye’de Vatandaşlık ve Sosyal Bilgiler Ders Kitaplarında Asker-Sivil İlişkileri ve Darbeler (1950-2012)</article-title>
                                                                                                    </title-group>
            
                                                    <contrib-group content-type="authors">
                                                                        <contrib contrib-type="author">
                                                                    <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">
                                        https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1869-312X</contrib-id>
                                                                <name>
                                    <surname>Şen</surname>
                                    <given-names>Abdulkerim</given-names>
                                </name>
                                                                    <aff>AMASYA ÜNİVERSİTESİ, EĞİTİM FAKÜLTESİ</aff>
                                                            </contrib>
                                                                                </contrib-group>
                        
                                        <pub-date pub-type="pub" iso-8601-date="20181225">
                    <day>12</day>
                    <month>25</month>
                    <year>2018</year>
                </pub-date>
                                        <volume>14</volume>
                                        <issue>3</issue>
                                        <fpage>1099</fpage>
                                        <lpage>1119</lpage>
                        
                        <history>
                                    <date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="20180618">
                        <day>06</day>
                        <month>18</month>
                        <year>2018</year>
                    </date>
                                                    <date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="20181026">
                        <day>10</day>
                        <month>26</month>
                        <year>2018</year>
                    </date>
                            </history>
                                        <permissions>
                    <copyright-statement>Copyright © 2005, Mersin University Journal of the Faculty of  Education</copyright-statement>
                    <copyright-year>2005</copyright-year>
                    <copyright-holder>Mersin University Journal of the Faculty of  Education</copyright-holder>
                </permissions>
            
                                                                                                <trans-abstract xml:lang="en">
                            <p>The Turkish military, one of the significant actors in Turkey’s nationalisation and modernisation, has had a dominant position within the Turkey’s state system. Its political autonomy in the state system and its interventions in politics have not complied with the norms and principles of democracy. By using public discourse production means like education, the military has attempted to normalise and legitimise its anti-democratic status and behaviours that constitute an anomaly according to democratic norms. Existing studies have not paid sufficient attention to ways in which the discourses legitimising the military’s anti-democratic status and behaviours were re-produced via social education. The present research aims to illustrate how militarist discourses was resonated in education by providing a critical discourse analysis of 16 middle school level citizenship and social studies textbooks, which were taught from 1950 to 2012. Findings revealed that, from the 1950s, the militarist discourses had found their expressions in the textbooks with varying degree of intensity and culminated in the post-1997 coup years. The militarist discourses in the textbooks normalised, legitimised and even glorified the anti-democratic political autonomy of the military within the state system and the military’s interventions in politics that either disrupted or harmed the functioning of Turkey’s democratic order. After the European Union (EU) recognised Turkey as a candidate state for membership in the 1999 Helsinki Summit, the militarist discourses in the textbooks began to dissipate and disappeared to a great extent in the 2010s. The present study, which puts forward that the EU membership reforms played a decisive role in clearing the textbooks from the militarist discourses, can contribute to the prevention of a possible come-back of militarist discourses in education and the democratisation of social education in Turkey.</p></trans-abstract>
                                                                                                                                    <abstract><p>Türkiye uluslaşma ve modernleşme tarihinin enönemli aktörlerinden birisi olan ordunun devlet sistemi içerisindeki politikotonomisi ve politikaya müdahil eylemleri demokrasi norm ve ilkeleriylebağdaşmayan bir görünüm sergilemiştir. Ordu, demokrasi normlarına göre biranomali teşkil eden bu konum ve eylemlerini, eğitim gibi kamusal diskur üretmearaçları ile meşrulaştırma yoluna gitmiştir. Mevcut eğitim araştırmaları,Türkiye’de ordunun anti-demokratik konum ve eylemlerini meşrulaştıran militaristdiskurların sosyal eğitim yoluyla nasıl yeniden üretildiklerine veyaygınlaştırıldıklarına yeterli ilgi göstermemiştir. Bu çalışma, militaristdiskurların eğitimde nasıl yankılandığını, 1950-2012 yılları arasında okutulmuş16 adet ortaokul (8. sınıf) vatandaşlık ve sosyal bilgiler ders kitabınınkritik söylem analizini yaparak göstermeyi amaçlamaktadır. Araştırmanınbulgularına göre, militarist diskurlar, 1950’den itibaren değişen yoğunlukta derskitaplarında yer bulmuş ve 28 Şubat 1997 askeri müdahalesi sonrası zirveyapmıştır. Ders kitaplarında tespit edilen militarist diskurlar ordunun devletsistemi içerisindeki politik otonomisini ve demokratik sistemin işleyişinezarar veren veya onu kesintiye uğratan müdahalelerini normalize etmiş,doğallaştırmış ve hatta yüceltmiştir. Türkiye’nin Avrupa Birliği (AB) üyeliğiiçin adaylık statüsü aldığı 1999 Helsinki Zirvesi sonrası azalmaya başlayanmilitarist diskurlar, 2010’lu yıllarda büyük ölçüde ders kitaplarındankaybolmuştur. Ders kitaplarının militarist diskurlardan temizlenmesinde ABüyelik reformlarının çok belirgin bir rol oynadığını ileri süren mevcutçalışma, militarist diskurların eğitimde tekrar yankılanmasını önlemeye ve Türkiye’desosyal eğitimin demokratikleşmesine katkılar sunabilir.</p></abstract>
                                                            
            
                                                                                        <kwd-group>
                                                    <kwd>Vatandaşlık eğitimi</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  sosyal bilgiler eğitimi</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  darbeler</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  militarizm</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  ders kitapları</kwd>
                                            </kwd-group>
                            
                                                <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
                                                    <kwd>Citizenship education</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  social studies education</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  coups</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  militarism</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  textbooks</kwd>
                                            </kwd-group>
                                                                                                                                        </article-meta>
    </front>
    <back>
                            <ref-list>
                                    <ref id="ref1">
                        <label>1</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Aksan, H. (1958). Yurttaşlık bilgisi III. İstanbul: Ders Kitapları Türk Ltd. Şti.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref2">
                        <label>2</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Aksan, H. (1963). Yurttaşlık bilgisi III. İstanbul: Ders Kitapları Anonim Şirketi.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref3">
                        <label>3</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Akşit, N., &amp; Sanır, F. (1973). Sosyal bilgiler III. İstanbul: Ders Kitapları Anonim Şirketi.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref4">
                        <label>4</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Altınay, A. G. (2004). The myth of the military nation: Militarism, gender, and education in Turkey. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref5">
                        <label>5</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Altınay, A. G. (2009). Can veririm kan dökerim: Ders kitaplarından militarizm. İçinde G. Tüzün (Ed.), Ders kitaplarında insan hakları II: Tarama sonuçları (ss. 143-165). İstanbul: Tarih Vakfı Yayınları.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref6">
                        <label>6</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Altinyelken, H. K. (2015). Democratising Turkey through student-centred pedagogy: opportunities and pitfalls. Comparative Education, 51(4), 484-501. https://doi.org/10.1080/03050068.2015.1081794</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref7">
                        <label>7</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Asal, T., Akşit, N., &amp; Sanır, F. (1975). Sosyal bilgiler III. Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref8">
                        <label>8</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Asal, T., Akşit, N., &amp; Sanır, F. (1984). Sosyal bilgiler III (9. bs). İstanbul: Milli Eğitim Basımevi.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref9">
                        <label>9</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Aşan, E. (2014). Vatandaşlık ve demokrasi eğitimi dersi 8. Ankara: Ekoyay.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref10">
                        <label>10</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Berkes, N. (1998). The development of secularism in Turkey. London: Routledge.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref11">
                        <label>11</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Bernstein, B. (2003). The structuring of pedagogic discourse. London: Routledge.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref12">
                        <label>12</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Blad, C. ve Koçer, B. (2012). Political Islam and state legitimacy in Turkey: The role of national culture in neoliberal state-building. International Political Sociology, 6(1), 36–56. doi:10.1111/j.1749-5687.2012.00150.x</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref13">
                        <label>13</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Burk, J. (2000). The citizen soldier and democratic societies: A comparative analysis of America’s revolutionary and civil wars. Citizenship Studies, 4(2), 149-165. https://doi.org/10.1080/13621020050078069</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref14">
                        <label>14</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Burk, J. (2002). Theories of democratic civil-military relations. Armed Forces &amp; Society, 29(1), 7-29. https://doi.org/10.1177/0095327X0202900102</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref15">
                        <label>15</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Celep, Ö. (2014). The political causes of party closures in Turkey. Parliamentary Affairs, 67(2), 371-390. https://doi.org/10.1093/pa/gss041</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref16">
                        <label>16</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Cizre, Ü. (2011). Disentangling the threads of civil-military relations in Turkey: promises and perils. Mediterranean Quarterly, 22(2), 57-75. https://doi.org/10.1215/10474552-1263397</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref17">
                        <label>17</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Cizre-Sakallıoğlu, Ü. (1997). The Anatomy of the Turkish military’s political autonomy. Comparative Politics, 29(2), 151. https://doi.org/10.2307/422077</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref18">
                        <label>18</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Cizre-Sakallıoğlu, Ü. (2003). Demythologyzing the national security concept: The case of Turkey. Middle East Journal, 57(2), 213-229.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref19">
                        <label>19</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Cizre-Sakallıoğlu, Ü., &amp; Çınar, M. (2003). Turkey 2002: Kemalism, İslamism, and politics in the light of the February 28 process. The South Atlantic Quarterly, 102(2), 309-332.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref20">
                        <label>20</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Çiftçi, F., Yüksel, İ., Yıldız, R., Kıvrak, M., Öztürk, R., Cereno, A., &amp; Efe, F. (1999). Vatandaşlık ve insan hakları eğitimi ders kitabı 8 (1. bs). Ankara: MEB Devlet Kitapları.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref21">
                        <label>21</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Çiftçi, F., Yüksel, İ., Yıldız, R., Kıvrak, M., Öztürk, R., Cereno, A., &amp; Efe, F. (2004). Vatandaşlık ve insan hakları eğitimi ders kitabı 8 (1. bs). Ankara: MEB Devlet Kitapları.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref22">
                        <label>22</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Dal, K., Çakıroğlu, O., &amp; Özyazgan, A. İ. (1986). Vatandaşlık bilgileri III (2. bs). Ankara: Milli Eğitim Basımevi.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref23">
                        <label>23</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Dal, K., Çakıroğlu, O., &amp; Özyazgan, A. İ. (1994). Vatandaşlık bilgileri III (10. bs). İstanbul: Milli Eğitim Basımevi.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref24">
                        <label>24</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Fairclough, N. (2010). Analysing discourse: textual analysis for social research. London: Routledge.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref25">
                        <label>25</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Hale, W. (2003). Human rights, the European Union and the Turkish accession process. Turkish Studies, 4(1), 107-126. https://doi.org/10.1080/714005714</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref26">
                        <label>26</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Heater, D. B. (2004). A history of education for citizenship. London: Routledge.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref27">
                        <label>27</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Jenkins, G. (2007). Continuity and change: prospects for civil military relations in Turkey. International Affairs, 83(2), 339-355. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2346.2007.00622.x</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref28">
                        <label>28</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Kancı, T., &amp; Altınay, A. G. (2007). Educating little soldiers and little Ayşes: Militarised and gendered citizenship in Turkish textbooks. İçinde M. Carlson, A. Rabo, &amp; F.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref29">
                        <label>29</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Gök (Ed.), Education in “multicultural societies”-Turkish and Swedish Perspectives (ss. 51-70). Stockholm: Roos Tryckerier AB.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref30">
                        <label>30</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Kanci, T. (2009). Reconfigurations in the discourse of nationalism and national identity: Turkey at the turn of the twenty-first century. Studies in Ethnicity and Nationalism, 9(3), 359-376. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1754-9469.2009.01057.x</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref31">
                        <label>31</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Kaplan, S. (2002). Din-u devlet all over again? The politics of military secularism and religious militarism in Turkey following the 1980 coup. International Journal of Middle East Studies, 34(01), 113-127.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref32">
                        <label>32</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Kaplan, S. (2005). “Religious nationalism”: A textbook case from Turkey. Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East, 25(3), 665-676.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref33">
                        <label>33</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Kaplan, S. (2006). The pedagogical state: Education and the politics of national culture in Post-1980 Turkey. Redwood City, CA: Stanford University Press.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref34">
                        <label>34</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Karaosmanoğlu, A. L. (2000). The evolution of the national security culture and the military in Turkey. Journal of International Affairs, 54(1), 199-216.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref35">
                        <label>35</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Lewis, B. (2002). The emergence of modern Turkey (3rd ed). New York ; Oxford: Oxford University Press.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref36">
                        <label>36</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">MEB. (1985, Nisan 26). Ortaokul sosyal bilgiler dersinin Milli Tarih, Milli Coğrafya ve Vatandaşlık Bilgisi adları ile üç ayrı ders olarak okutulması. Talim Terbiye Kurulu Başkanlığı Arşivi.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref37">
                        <label>37</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">MEB. (1995). Vatandaşlık ve insan hakları eğitimi dersi” programı ile ilgili değişikliklerin kabulü. Millî Eğitim Bakanlığı Tebliğler Dergisi, 58(2437), 696-698.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref38">
                        <label>38</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">MEB. (2005). İlköğretim okulu haftalık ders çizelgesi. Millî Eğitim Bakanlığı Tebliğler Dergisi, 68(2575), 539-541.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref39">
                        <label>39</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">MEB. (2012). İlköğretim kurumları (İlkokul ve Ortaokul) haftalık ders çizelgesi. Millî Eğitim Bakanlığı Tebliğler Dergisi, 75(2658), 314-316.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref40">
                        <label>40</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">MEB. (2010). İlköğretim okulu haftalık ders çizelgesi. Millî Eğitim Bakanlığı Tebliğler Dergisi, 73(2635), 1539-1545.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref41">
                        <label>41</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Ozgur, I. (2012). Islamic schools in modern Turkey: Faith, politics, and education. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref42">
                        <label>42</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Özdalga, E. (1999). Education in the name of “order and progress” reflections on the recent eight year obligatory school reform in Turkey. The Muslim World, 89(3-4), 414-438. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1478-1913.1999.tb02756.x</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref43">
                        <label>43</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Özpolat, V. (Ed.). (2012). Vatandaşlık ve demokrasi eğitimi: Ders kitabi 8 (2. bs). Ankara: MEB.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref44">
                        <label>44</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Özyürek, E. (2006). Nostalgia for the Modern: State Secularism and Everyday Politics in Turkey. Duke University Press.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref45">
                        <label>45</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Sen, A., &amp; Starkey, H. (2017). The rise and fall of citizenship and human rights education in Turkey. Journal of Social Science Education, 16(4), 84-96. https://doi.org/10.4119/UNIBI/jsse-v16-i4-1689</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref46">
                        <label>46</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Şerbetçioğlu, F., &amp; Tülin, H. (1958). Yurttaşlık bilgisi III. Ankara: Maarif Basımevi.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref47">
                        <label>47</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Şerbetçioğlu, F., &amp; Tülin, H. (1962). Yurttaşlık bilgisi III. Ankara: Milli Eğitim Basımevi.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref48">
                        <label>48</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Tanır, A. (1997). Vatandaşlık ve insan hakları eğitimi 8. Ankara: Özgün Matbaacılık.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref49">
                        <label>49</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">TBMM. (1982). Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Anayasası. Türkiye Büyük Millet Meclisi. Resmi. 17 Mayıs 2018 tarihinde https://www.tbmm.gov.tr/anayasa/anayasa82.htm adresinden erişildi.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref50">
                        <label>50</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Üstel, F. (2004). “Makbul vatandaş”ın peşinde: II. Meşrutiyet’ten bugüne Türkiye’de vatandaşlık eğitimi (1. baskı). İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref51">
                        <label>51</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Van Leeuwen, T. (2007). Legitimation in discourse and communication. Discourse &amp; Communication, 1(1), 91-112. https://doi.org/10.1177/1750481307071986</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref52">
                        <label>52</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">van Dijk, T. A. (1998). Ideology: A multidisciplinary approach. London: SAGE Publications.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref53">
                        <label>53</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Yavuz, M. H. (1999). The Assassination of collective memory: The case of Turkey. The Muslim World, 89(3-4), 193–207. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1478-1913.1999.tb02744.x</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref54">
                        <label>54</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Yiğit, U. (2007). Vatandaşlık ve insan hakları eğitimi ders kitabı 8. İstanbul: Batu.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref55">
                        <label>55</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Yiğit, U., &amp; Turan, T. (1996). Vatandaşlık ve insan hakları eğitimi 8. İstanbul: Bu Yayınevi.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref56">
                        <label>56</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Zürcher, E. J. (2005). How Europeans adopted Anatolia and created Turkey. European Review, 13(03), 379–394. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1062798705000529</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                            </ref-list>
                    </back>
    </article>
