<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.4 20241031//EN"
        "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.4/JATS-journalpublishing1-4.dtd">
<article  article-type="research-article"        dtd-version="1.4">
            <front>

                <journal-meta>
                                    <journal-id></journal-id>
            <journal-title-group>
                                                                                    <journal-title>Milel ve Nihal</journal-title>
            </journal-title-group>
                            <issn pub-type="ppub">1304-5482</issn>
                                        <issn pub-type="epub">2564-6478</issn>
                                                                                            <publisher>
                    <publisher-name>Milel ve Nihal: Eğitim, Kültür ve Düşünce Platformu Derneği</publisher-name>
                </publisher>
                    </journal-meta>
                <article-meta>
                                        <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17131/milel.695710</article-id>
                                                                <article-categories>
                                            <subj-group  xml:lang="en">
                                                            <subject>Religious Studies</subject>
                                                    </subj-group>
                                            <subj-group  xml:lang="tr">
                                                            <subject>Din Araştırmaları</subject>
                                                    </subj-group>
                                    </article-categories>
                                                                                                                                                        <title-group>
                                                                                                                        <trans-title-group xml:lang="en">
                                    <trans-title>Jewish Availability in the First Period on Soviet Bureaucracy</trans-title>
                                </trans-title-group>
                                                                                                                                                                                                <article-title>İlk Dönem Sovyet Bürokrasisinde Yahudi Mevcudiyeti</article-title>
                                                                                                    </title-group>
            
                                                    <contrib-group content-type="authors">
                                                                        <contrib contrib-type="author">
                                                                    <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">
                                        https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0136-1214</contrib-id>
                                                                <name>
                                    <surname>Dualı</surname>
                                    <given-names>Şir</given-names>
                                </name>
                                                                    <aff>Tokat Gaziosmanpaşa Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Felsefe ve Din Bilimleri Dinler Tarihi</aff>
                                                            </contrib>
                                                                                </contrib-group>
                        
                                        <pub-date pub-type="pub" iso-8601-date="20200630">
                    <day>06</day>
                    <month>30</month>
                    <year>2020</year>
                </pub-date>
                                        <volume>17</volume>
                                        <issue>1</issue>
                                        <fpage>45</fpage>
                                        <lpage>59</lpage>
                        
                        <history>
                                    <date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="20200227">
                        <day>02</day>
                        <month>27</month>
                        <year>2020</year>
                    </date>
                                                    <date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="20200501">
                        <day>05</day>
                        <month>01</month>
                        <year>2020</year>
                    </date>
                            </history>
                                        <permissions>
                    <copyright-statement>Copyright © 2003, Milel ve Nihal</copyright-statement>
                    <copyright-year>2003</copyright-year>
                    <copyright-holder>Milel ve Nihal</copyright-holder>
                </permissions>
            
                                                                                                <trans-abstract xml:lang="en">
                            <p>Almost every socio-political transformation that over the place in history gains importance with whom and for what purposes this transformation is realized. Therefore, it will be possible to reach correct conclusions when it is evaluated within the framework of the Bolshevik Revolution of 25 Octo-ber 1917, which brought the end of the Tsarist regime, and the goals and objectives of the cadres who realized this revolution. In fact, the Bolshevik Revolution and the ethnic roots of high-ranking personalities who played an active role in this process have been an issue that has been debated for a long time. In particular, the researchers who try to show that the Bolshevik Revolution is organized by external forces draw note to the presence of hundreds of Jews in the staff that carried out the revolution. On the other hand, Jewish researchers working on the subject accept the role played by the Jews in the revolution, but they emphasize that these people are &#039;renegade&#039;. According to them, these people have nothing to do with Judaism. This article focuses on Jewish bureaucrats, who played an active role in the establishment of the Soviet Union. In this framework show up the active role played by Jewish persons in the process of establishing the Soviets is revealed. Also, on bureaucracy, however, the reflections of the current Jew-ish power on Russian society are addressed and the process of forming the Jewish autonomous region (Birobidzhan) is shed light on.</p></trans-abstract>
                                                                                                                                    <abstract><p>Tarihte meydana gelen hemen her sosyo-politik dönüşüm, bu dönüşümün kimler tarafından ve hangi amaçlar uğruna gerçekleştirdiğine bağlı olarak anlam kazanmaktadır. Dolayısıyla Çarlık rejiminin sonunu getiren 1917 Şubat Devrimi ve onun doğurduğu 25 Ekim Bolşevik Devrimi, bu devrimleri gerçekleştiren kadroların amaç ve hedefleri çerçevesinde değerlendirildiğin-de doğru sonuçlara ulaşmak mümkün olacaktır. Esasında Bolşevik Devrimi ve bu süreçte aktif rol üstlenen üst düzey şahsiyetlerin etnik kökenleri, öte-den beri tartışılagelen bir husustur. Özellikle Bolşevik Devriminin dış güç-lerce örgütlendiğini ortaya koymaya çalışan araştırmacılar, devrimi gerçek-leştiren kadroda yer alan yüzlerce Yahudi’ye dikkat çekmekteler. Diğer ta-raftan konu ile ilgili çalışma yapan Yahudi araştırmacılar devrimde Yahu-dilerin oynadığı rolü kabul etmekle birlikte bu şahısların dinden çıkan kişi-ler oldukları üzerinde durmak suretiyle konunun Yahudilikle bir ilgisinin olmadığını belirtmeye çalışmaktalar. Bu makale, Sovyetler Birliği’nin tesi-sinde etkin rol üstlenen Yahudi bürokratlar ve görev aldıkları kurumlar üzerinde durmaktadır. Bu çerçevede Sovyetlerin tesisi sürecinde Yahudi kökenli şahsiyetlerin oynadıkları etkin rol gözler önüne serilmeye çalışıla-caktır. Bununla birlikte devletin üst kademelerinde mevcut Yahudi etkinli-ğinin Rus toplumu üzerindeki yansımaları ele alınmakta ve Yahudi özerk bölgesinin (Birobican) oluşturulması sürecine ışık tutulmaktadır.</p></abstract>
                                                            
            
                                                                                        <kwd-group>
                                                    <kwd>Sovyetler Birliği</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Yahudiler</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Bürokrasi</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  özerklik</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Birobican</kwd>
                                            </kwd-group>
                            
                                                <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
                                                    <kwd>Soviet union</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Jews</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Bureaucracy</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Autonomy</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Birobidzhan</kwd>
                                            </kwd-group>
                                                                                                                                    <funding-group specific-use="FundRef">
                    <award-group>
                                                    <funding-source>
                                <named-content content-type="funder_name">yok</named-content>
                            </funding-source>
                                                                            <award-id>yok</award-id>
                                            </award-group>
                </funding-group>
                                </article-meta>
    </front>
    <back>
                            <ref-list>
                                    <ref id="ref1">
                        <label>1</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Dikiy Andrey., Yevreyi v Rossii İ v SSSR, Russko-Yeveyskiy Dialog, Blagovest, Novosibirsk, 2005. (Дикий Андрей, Евреи в России и в СССР, Новосибирск).</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref2">
                        <label>2</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Fishbane Simcha, “The Bolshevik Revolution and Communism”, The Encyclopaedia of Judaism Second Edition, Volume IV, Boston, 2005.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref3">
                        <label>3</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Gennadiy V. Kostyrchenko, Taynaya Politika Stalina: Vlast i Antisemitizm, Moskova, 2003, s. 59. (Геннадий Костырченко, тайная политика сталина; власть и антисемитизм, Москва, 2003).</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref4">
                        <label>4</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Mikhail Tumshis, Yevrei v NKVD SSSR. 1936–1938 gg. Opyt Biograficheskogo Slovarya, Russkiy Fond Sodeystviya Obrazovaniyu i Nauke, 2016. (Михаил Тумшис, Вадим Золотарёв, Евреи в НКВД СССР. 1936–1938 гг. Опыт биографического словаря, 2016)</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref5">
                        <label>5</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">N. Berdyaev, Dostoyevski: Ruh Sürgünü, Çev, E. Gürol, İstanbul, Dünya Yayıncılık, 2004.
Paul Johnson, Yahudi Tarihi, çev, Filiz Orman, Pozitif Yayınları, 2001.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref6">
                        <label>6</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Rabinovich Yakov, Bit Evreyem v Rossii: Spasibo Solojenitsinu, Algoritma, Moskova, 2005. (Рабинович Яков, Бит Евреям в России; Спасибо Соложеницину, Москва, 2005).</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref7">
                        <label>7</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Simcha Fishbane, “The Bolshevik Revolution and Communism”, The Encyclopaedia of Judaism Second Edition, Volume IV, Boston, 2005.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref8">
                        <label>8</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">V. Moss, Orthodox Church at the Crossroads (1917-1999), İngilizceden Çev, T. A, Senina, Petersburg, 2001.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref9">
                        <label>9</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Yitzhak Arad, Katastrofa Evreev na Okkupirovannıkh Territoriyah Sovetskogo Soyuza (1941-1954), Tom I, Tsentr Holokost, Moskova, 2007. (Ицхак Арад, Катастрофа евреев на оккупированных территориях Советского Союза, 1941-1945, Ткума, 2007).</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                            </ref-list>
                    </back>
    </article>
