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DETRAINING: COVID-19 VE ÜST DÜZEY PERFORMANS

Year 2020, Volume: 49 Issue: 227, 447 - 464, 01.08.2020

Abstract

Dünya Sağlık Örgütü (DSÖ), bir pandemiyi, insan popülasyonunda önceden var olan bağışıklığın az veya hiç olmadığı yeni bir hastalığın küresel yayılması olarak tanımlamaktadır ve şu anda koronavirüs (Covid-19) salgını olağanüstü bir halk sağlığı sorunu olarak görülmektedir. 11 Mart 2020 tarihinde Dünya Sağlık Örgütü tarafından pandemi ilan edilmiştir. Dünya Sağlık Örgütü (WHO) ve dünya çapındaki sağlık yetkilileri tarafından, COVID-19 virüsünün yayılmasıyla mücadele etmek için karantina, izolasyon ve sosyal mesafe önerilmiştir. 2019 yılının Aralık ayında, Çin'in Hubei eyaletinin Wuhan kentinde Koronavirüs 2' nin (SARS-CoV-2 veya COVID-19) neden olduğu ciddi bir akut solunum sendromu salgını başlamıştır. COVID-19 salgınında dünyanın, ani ve benzeri görülmemiş bir şekilde tam bir durma noktasına gelmesiyle birlikte, spor dünyası da eşi görülmemiş̧ bir krizle karşı karşıya kalmıştır. Birçok ülkede bütün branşlarda spor müsabakaları, turnuvalar, antrenmanlar süresiz iptal edilmiştir. küresel ve bölgesel nitelikli uluslararası mega etkinliklerin ertelenmiş olması, bu etkinliklere katılacak sporcuların psikolojik ve fiziksel performanslarını son derece olumsuz etkilediği tehdidi de ortaya çıkacaktır. Yapılan bu çalışmada Covid-19 salgınından dolayı zorunlu izolasyon döneminin sporcuların performansları üzerindeki etkileri incelenmiştir.

References

  • Abad, C., Cunıyochıb, R., Kobal, R., Gıl, S., Pascoto, K., Nakamura, F. & Loturco, I. (2016). Effect of detraining on body composition, vertical jumping ability and sprint performance in young elite soccer players. Rev Andal Med Deporte., 9(3), 124-130.
  • Abrantes, C.I., Nunes, M.I., Maçãs, V.M., Leite, N.M. & Sampaio, J.E. (2012). Effects of the number of players and game type constraints on heart rate, rating of perceived exertion, and technical actions of small-sided soccer games. J Strength Cond Res., 26, 976-981.
  • American College of Sports Medicine. (2000). Guidelines for exercise testing and prescription (6th Ed.). Philadelphia: Williams & Wilkins.
  • Babak Nakhostin-Roohi, B. (2020). The necessity for more attention by the health system to the role of regular physical activity in reducing viral infections induced mortality. Journal of Exercise Physiology And Health, 3(2), 19-20.
  • Bangsbo, J.(1994). Physiological demands. In: B. Ekblom (Ed). Football (soccer). London: Blackwell. Bompa, T.O. & Haff, G.G. (2015). Dönemleme antrenman kuramı ve yöntemi. (5. Basım). Ankara: Spor Yayın ve Kitabevi.
  • Bosquet, L. & Mujika, I. (2012). Detraining. In I. Mujika (Ed.). Endurance training: science and practice. Vitoria-Gasteiz: Iñigo Mujika S.L.U.
  • Caldwell, B.P. & Peters, D.M. (2009). Seasonal variation in physiological fitness of a semi professional soccer team. J Strength Cond Res., 23, 1370-1377.
  • Chen, P., Mao, L., Nassis, G.P., Harmer, P., Ainsworth, B.E. & Li, F. (2020). Coronavirus disease (COVID-19): the need to maintain regular physical activity while taking precautions. J. Sport Health Sci., 9, 103–104.
  • Christensen, P.M., Krustrup, P. & Gunnarsson, T.P. (2011). Vo2 kinetics and performance in soccer players after intense training and inactivity. Med Sci Sports Exerc., 43(9), 1716-24.
  • Clark, M.A., Ces, P., Lucett, S.C. & Mcgill PE. (2018). Personal fitness training. Jones & Bartlett Learning, Sixth Edition, 292,
  • Coyle, E.F., Martin, W.H., Sinacore, D.R., Joyner, M.J., Hagberg, J.M. & Holloszy, J.O. (1984). Time course of loss of adaptations after stopping prolonged intense endurance training. Journal Of Applied Physiology, 57,1857-1864.
  • Coyle, E.F., Martin W.H., Bloomfield, S.A., Lowry, O.H. & Holloszy, J.O. (1985). Effects of detraining on responses to submaximal exercise. J. Appl. Physiol., 59, 853-859.
  • Coyle, E.F., Hemmert, M.K. & Coggan, A.R. (1986). Effects Of Detraining On Cardiovascular Responses To Exercise: Role Of Blood Volume. Journal Of Applied Physiology., 60, 95-99.
  • Dai, B., Herman, D. & Liu, H. (2012). Prevention of ACL injury, part I: injury characteristics, risk factors, and loading mechanism. Res Sports Med., 20(3-4), 180-197.
  • Di Prampero, P.E., Atchou, G., Brückner, J.C. & Moia, C. (1986). The energetics of endurance running. European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology, 55(3), 259‐266, doi:/10.1007/BF02343797
  • Fleck, S.J. & Kraemer, W.J. (2004). Designing resistance training programmes (2nd ed). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
  • García-Pallarés, J., Sanchez-Medina, L., Perez, C.E., Izquierdo-Gabarren, M. & Izquierdo, M. (2010). Physiological effects of tapering and detraining in world-class kayakers. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc., 42, 1209-1214. Gavanda, S., Geisler, S., Quitmann, O.J., Bauhaus, H. & Schiffer, T. (2020). Three weeks of detraining does not decrease muscle thickness, strength or sport performance in adolescent athletes. Int. J. Exerc. Sci., 13(6), 633-644.
  • Giadaf, B., Depiccolib, F. & Sartorif, R. (1998). Cardiovascular adaptations to endurance training and detraining in young and older athletes. Int. J. Cardiol. 65, 149-155.
  • Güler, Ö. (2018). Futbolcularda 8 haftalık denge antrenmanlarının futbola özgü teknik becerilere etkileri ve biyomekanik analizi. Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi, Manisa Celal Bayar Üniversitesi, Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Manisa.
  • Hadi, G. (2015). Futbolda dar alan çalışmalarıyla, topsuz sürat çalışmalarının sürat, çeviklik, hızlanma ve beceri özelliklerine etkisinin ı̇ncelenmesi. Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi, Marmara Üniversitesi, Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü.
  • Hakkinen, K. & Komi, P.V. (1985.). Effect of explosive type strength training on electromyographic and force production characteristics of leg extensor muscles during concentric and force production characteristics of leg extensor muscles during concentric and various stretch-shortening cycle exercises. Scand. J. Sports Sci, 7, 65-76.
  • Halabchi, F., Ahmadinejad, Z. & Selk-Ghaffari, M. (2020). Covid-19 epidemic: Exercise or not to exercise that is the question. Asian Journal of Sports Medicine, 11(1), 1-3. doi:/10.5812/Asjsm.102630.
  • Houston, M.E., Froese, E.A., Valeriote, S.P., Green, H.J. & Ranney, D.A. (1983). Muscle performance, morhology and metabolic capacity during strenght training and detraining: Aone leg model. European Applied Physioloy, 51, 25-35.
  • Hyatt, J.P.K., Brown, E.A., Deacon, H.M. & McCall, G.E. (2019). Muscle specific sensitivity to voluntary physical activity and detraining. Frontiers in Physiology, 10, 1328.
  • Johns Hopkins University & Medicine (2020). World map. 04.05.2020 tarihinde https://Coronavirus.Jhu.Edu/Map.Html adresinden erişildi.
  • Joo, C.H. (2016). The effects of short-term detraining on exercise performance in soccer players. J Exerc Rehabil., 12, 54-59.
  • Joo, C.H. (2018). The effects of short term detraining and retraining on physical fitness in elite soccer players. Plos One, 13(5), e0196212.
  • Jukic, I., Calleja-González, J., Cos, F., Cuzzolin, Olmo, J., Terrados, N., Nenad-Njaradi, N., Sassi, R., Requena, B. & et al… (2020). Strategies and solutions for team sports athletes in isolation due to COVID-19. Sports 2020, 8, 56, doi:10.3390/Sports8040056.
  • Karakurt, S. (2017). Elit boksörlerde thera-band ile yapılan dinamik ve statik kuvvet antrenmanlarının motorik özellikler üzerine etkisi. Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi. Erzincan Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü.
  • Koundourakis, N.E., Androulakis N.E. & Malliaraki, N. (2014). Discrepancy between exercise performance, body composition, and sex steroid response after a six- week detraining period in professional soccer players. Plos One, 9(2), e87803.
  • Krustrup, P., Mohr, M., Nybo, L., Jensen, J.M., Nielsen, J.J. & Bangsbo, J. (2006). The Yo-Yo IR2 test: physiological response, reliability, and application to elite soccer. Med Sci Sports Exerc, 8,1666-1673.
  • Kubo, K., Ikebukuro, T. & Yata, H. (2010). Time course of changes in muscle and tendon properties during strength training and detraining. J. Strength Cond. Res., 24, 322-331.
  • Letieri, R.V., Teixeira, A.M., Furtado, G.E., Lamboglia, C.G., Rees, J.L. & Gomes, B.B. (2018). Effect of 16 weeks of resistance exercise and detraining comparing two methods of blood flow restriction in muscle strength of healthy older women: a randomized controlled trial. Exp Gerontol, 114, 78-86
  • Melchiorri, G., Ronconi, M., Triossi, T., Viero, V., De Sanctis, D., Tancredi, V., Salvati, A., Padua, E. & Alvero Cruz, J.R. (2014). Detraining in young soccer players. J Sports Med Phys Fitness, 54, 7-33.
  • Mujika, I. & Padilla, S. (2000a). Detraining: Loss of training-induced physiological and performance adaptations. Part I: Short term insufficient training stimulus. Sports Med., 30, 79–87.
  • Mujika, I. & Padilla, S. (2000b). Detraining: loss of training-induced physiological and performance adaptations. Part II: Long term insufficient training stimulus. Sports Med, 30, 145-154.
  • Mujika, I. & Padilla, S. (2001). Muscular characteristics of de-training in humans. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 33,1297-1303. Muratlı, S. & Hindistan, İ.E. (2018). Sporda kuvvet antrenmanı (1. Basım). Ankara: Spor Yayın ve Kitabevi.
  • Nakamura, D., Suzuki, T., Yasumatsu, M. & Akimoto, T. (2012). Moderate running and plyometric training during off-season did not show a significant difference on soccer-related high-intensity performances compared with no-training controls. J Strength Cond Res., 26, 3392-3397.
  • Neufer, P.D. (1989). The effects of detraining and recued training on the physiological adaptations to aerobic exercise training. Sports Medicine, 8(5), 302-321.
  • Parra, J., Cadefau, J., Rodas, G., Amigo, N. & Cusso, R. (2000). The distribution of rest periods affects performance and adaptations of energy metabolism induced by high‐intensity training in human muscle. Acta Physiologica Scandinavica, 169(2), 157-65.
  • Pollock, M.L., Foster, C., Knapp, D., Rod, J.L. & Schmidt, D.H. (1987). Effect of age and training on aerobic capacity and body compsition of master athletes. J. Appl. Physiol., 62, 725-731.
  • Requena, B., García, I., Suárez-Arrones, L., de Villarreal, E.S., Orellana, J.N. & Santalla, A. (2017). Off-season effects on functional performance, body composition, and blood parameters in top-level professional soccer players. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 31(4), 939-946.
  • Ross, A. & Leveritt, M. (2001). Long-term metabolic and skeletal muscle adaptations to short-sprint training. Sports Medicine, 31(15), 1063-1082.
  • Sharkey, B. J., & Gaskill, S. E. (2006). Sport physiology for coaches. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
  • Silva, J.R., Nassis, G.P. & Rebelo, A. (2015). Strength training in soccer with a specific focus on highly trained players. Sports Med -Open, 2, 1–27.
  • Silva, J.R., Brito, J., Akenhead, R. & Nassı̇s, P.G. (2016). The transition period in soccer: a window of opportunity. Sports Med., 46, 305-313, doi:/10. 1007/S40279-015-0419-3.
  • Sotiropoulos, A., Travlos, A.K., Gissis, I., Souglis, A.G. & Grezı̇os, A. (2009). The effect of a 4-week training regimen on body fat and aerobic capacity of professional soccer players during the transition period. J Strength Cond Res., 23, 1697-1703.
  • Tang, J.E., Moore, D.R., Kujbida, G.W., Tarnopolsky, M.A. & Phillips, S.M. (2009). Ingestion of whey hydrolysate, casein, or soy protein isolate: effects on mixed muscle protein synthesis at rest and following resistance exercise in young men. J. Appl. Physiol., 107, 987-992.
  • T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı. (2020). Yeni koronavirüs hastalığı Covid-19. 05.05.2020 tarihinde http://Covid19bilgi.Saglik.Gov.Tr/Tr/Covid-19 adresinden erişildi.
  • Thomassen, M., Christensen, P.M., Gunnarsson, T.P., Nybo, L. & Bangsbo, J. (2010). Effect of 2-WK intensified training and inactivity on muscle NA+-K+ pump expression, phospholemman (FXYD1) phosphorylation, and performance in soccer players. J Appl Physiol., 108, 898–905.
  • Türkmen, M. & Özsarı, A. (2020). Covid-19 salgını ve spor sektörüne etkileri. International Journal of Sport Culture and Science, 8(2), 55-67. Vagner, R., Andrade, E., Masudo, S. & Matsudo, V. (1998). Physical Fitness Research Center Of Sao Caeta No Do Sul, Celafiscs. Brazil. Supplement, 194, 1101.
  • World Health Organization (2020). Coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19): Situation Report: 72. 01.05.2020… tarihinde www.Apps.Who.İnt adresinden erişildi.
  • Yanagisawa, N., Wada, K., Spengler, J.D. & Sanchez-Pina R. (2018). Health preparedness plan for dengue detection during the 2020 summer olympic and paralympic games in Tokyo. Plos Oneglected Tropical Diseases, 12(9), doi:/10.1371/Journal.Pntd.0006755.
Year 2020, Volume: 49 Issue: 227, 447 - 464, 01.08.2020

Abstract

References

  • Abad, C., Cunıyochıb, R., Kobal, R., Gıl, S., Pascoto, K., Nakamura, F. & Loturco, I. (2016). Effect of detraining on body composition, vertical jumping ability and sprint performance in young elite soccer players. Rev Andal Med Deporte., 9(3), 124-130.
  • Abrantes, C.I., Nunes, M.I., Maçãs, V.M., Leite, N.M. & Sampaio, J.E. (2012). Effects of the number of players and game type constraints on heart rate, rating of perceived exertion, and technical actions of small-sided soccer games. J Strength Cond Res., 26, 976-981.
  • American College of Sports Medicine. (2000). Guidelines for exercise testing and prescription (6th Ed.). Philadelphia: Williams & Wilkins.
  • Babak Nakhostin-Roohi, B. (2020). The necessity for more attention by the health system to the role of regular physical activity in reducing viral infections induced mortality. Journal of Exercise Physiology And Health, 3(2), 19-20.
  • Bangsbo, J.(1994). Physiological demands. In: B. Ekblom (Ed). Football (soccer). London: Blackwell. Bompa, T.O. & Haff, G.G. (2015). Dönemleme antrenman kuramı ve yöntemi. (5. Basım). Ankara: Spor Yayın ve Kitabevi.
  • Bosquet, L. & Mujika, I. (2012). Detraining. In I. Mujika (Ed.). Endurance training: science and practice. Vitoria-Gasteiz: Iñigo Mujika S.L.U.
  • Caldwell, B.P. & Peters, D.M. (2009). Seasonal variation in physiological fitness of a semi professional soccer team. J Strength Cond Res., 23, 1370-1377.
  • Chen, P., Mao, L., Nassis, G.P., Harmer, P., Ainsworth, B.E. & Li, F. (2020). Coronavirus disease (COVID-19): the need to maintain regular physical activity while taking precautions. J. Sport Health Sci., 9, 103–104.
  • Christensen, P.M., Krustrup, P. & Gunnarsson, T.P. (2011). Vo2 kinetics and performance in soccer players after intense training and inactivity. Med Sci Sports Exerc., 43(9), 1716-24.
  • Clark, M.A., Ces, P., Lucett, S.C. & Mcgill PE. (2018). Personal fitness training. Jones & Bartlett Learning, Sixth Edition, 292,
  • Coyle, E.F., Martin, W.H., Sinacore, D.R., Joyner, M.J., Hagberg, J.M. & Holloszy, J.O. (1984). Time course of loss of adaptations after stopping prolonged intense endurance training. Journal Of Applied Physiology, 57,1857-1864.
  • Coyle, E.F., Martin W.H., Bloomfield, S.A., Lowry, O.H. & Holloszy, J.O. (1985). Effects of detraining on responses to submaximal exercise. J. Appl. Physiol., 59, 853-859.
  • Coyle, E.F., Hemmert, M.K. & Coggan, A.R. (1986). Effects Of Detraining On Cardiovascular Responses To Exercise: Role Of Blood Volume. Journal Of Applied Physiology., 60, 95-99.
  • Dai, B., Herman, D. & Liu, H. (2012). Prevention of ACL injury, part I: injury characteristics, risk factors, and loading mechanism. Res Sports Med., 20(3-4), 180-197.
  • Di Prampero, P.E., Atchou, G., Brückner, J.C. & Moia, C. (1986). The energetics of endurance running. European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology, 55(3), 259‐266, doi:/10.1007/BF02343797
  • Fleck, S.J. & Kraemer, W.J. (2004). Designing resistance training programmes (2nd ed). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
  • García-Pallarés, J., Sanchez-Medina, L., Perez, C.E., Izquierdo-Gabarren, M. & Izquierdo, M. (2010). Physiological effects of tapering and detraining in world-class kayakers. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc., 42, 1209-1214. Gavanda, S., Geisler, S., Quitmann, O.J., Bauhaus, H. & Schiffer, T. (2020). Three weeks of detraining does not decrease muscle thickness, strength or sport performance in adolescent athletes. Int. J. Exerc. Sci., 13(6), 633-644.
  • Giadaf, B., Depiccolib, F. & Sartorif, R. (1998). Cardiovascular adaptations to endurance training and detraining in young and older athletes. Int. J. Cardiol. 65, 149-155.
  • Güler, Ö. (2018). Futbolcularda 8 haftalık denge antrenmanlarının futbola özgü teknik becerilere etkileri ve biyomekanik analizi. Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi, Manisa Celal Bayar Üniversitesi, Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Manisa.
  • Hadi, G. (2015). Futbolda dar alan çalışmalarıyla, topsuz sürat çalışmalarının sürat, çeviklik, hızlanma ve beceri özelliklerine etkisinin ı̇ncelenmesi. Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi, Marmara Üniversitesi, Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü.
  • Hakkinen, K. & Komi, P.V. (1985.). Effect of explosive type strength training on electromyographic and force production characteristics of leg extensor muscles during concentric and force production characteristics of leg extensor muscles during concentric and various stretch-shortening cycle exercises. Scand. J. Sports Sci, 7, 65-76.
  • Halabchi, F., Ahmadinejad, Z. & Selk-Ghaffari, M. (2020). Covid-19 epidemic: Exercise or not to exercise that is the question. Asian Journal of Sports Medicine, 11(1), 1-3. doi:/10.5812/Asjsm.102630.
  • Houston, M.E., Froese, E.A., Valeriote, S.P., Green, H.J. & Ranney, D.A. (1983). Muscle performance, morhology and metabolic capacity during strenght training and detraining: Aone leg model. European Applied Physioloy, 51, 25-35.
  • Hyatt, J.P.K., Brown, E.A., Deacon, H.M. & McCall, G.E. (2019). Muscle specific sensitivity to voluntary physical activity and detraining. Frontiers in Physiology, 10, 1328.
  • Johns Hopkins University & Medicine (2020). World map. 04.05.2020 tarihinde https://Coronavirus.Jhu.Edu/Map.Html adresinden erişildi.
  • Joo, C.H. (2016). The effects of short-term detraining on exercise performance in soccer players. J Exerc Rehabil., 12, 54-59.
  • Joo, C.H. (2018). The effects of short term detraining and retraining on physical fitness in elite soccer players. Plos One, 13(5), e0196212.
  • Jukic, I., Calleja-González, J., Cos, F., Cuzzolin, Olmo, J., Terrados, N., Nenad-Njaradi, N., Sassi, R., Requena, B. & et al… (2020). Strategies and solutions for team sports athletes in isolation due to COVID-19. Sports 2020, 8, 56, doi:10.3390/Sports8040056.
  • Karakurt, S. (2017). Elit boksörlerde thera-band ile yapılan dinamik ve statik kuvvet antrenmanlarının motorik özellikler üzerine etkisi. Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi. Erzincan Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü.
  • Koundourakis, N.E., Androulakis N.E. & Malliaraki, N. (2014). Discrepancy between exercise performance, body composition, and sex steroid response after a six- week detraining period in professional soccer players. Plos One, 9(2), e87803.
  • Krustrup, P., Mohr, M., Nybo, L., Jensen, J.M., Nielsen, J.J. & Bangsbo, J. (2006). The Yo-Yo IR2 test: physiological response, reliability, and application to elite soccer. Med Sci Sports Exerc, 8,1666-1673.
  • Kubo, K., Ikebukuro, T. & Yata, H. (2010). Time course of changes in muscle and tendon properties during strength training and detraining. J. Strength Cond. Res., 24, 322-331.
  • Letieri, R.V., Teixeira, A.M., Furtado, G.E., Lamboglia, C.G., Rees, J.L. & Gomes, B.B. (2018). Effect of 16 weeks of resistance exercise and detraining comparing two methods of blood flow restriction in muscle strength of healthy older women: a randomized controlled trial. Exp Gerontol, 114, 78-86
  • Melchiorri, G., Ronconi, M., Triossi, T., Viero, V., De Sanctis, D., Tancredi, V., Salvati, A., Padua, E. & Alvero Cruz, J.R. (2014). Detraining in young soccer players. J Sports Med Phys Fitness, 54, 7-33.
  • Mujika, I. & Padilla, S. (2000a). Detraining: Loss of training-induced physiological and performance adaptations. Part I: Short term insufficient training stimulus. Sports Med., 30, 79–87.
  • Mujika, I. & Padilla, S. (2000b). Detraining: loss of training-induced physiological and performance adaptations. Part II: Long term insufficient training stimulus. Sports Med, 30, 145-154.
  • Mujika, I. & Padilla, S. (2001). Muscular characteristics of de-training in humans. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 33,1297-1303. Muratlı, S. & Hindistan, İ.E. (2018). Sporda kuvvet antrenmanı (1. Basım). Ankara: Spor Yayın ve Kitabevi.
  • Nakamura, D., Suzuki, T., Yasumatsu, M. & Akimoto, T. (2012). Moderate running and plyometric training during off-season did not show a significant difference on soccer-related high-intensity performances compared with no-training controls. J Strength Cond Res., 26, 3392-3397.
  • Neufer, P.D. (1989). The effects of detraining and recued training on the physiological adaptations to aerobic exercise training. Sports Medicine, 8(5), 302-321.
  • Parra, J., Cadefau, J., Rodas, G., Amigo, N. & Cusso, R. (2000). The distribution of rest periods affects performance and adaptations of energy metabolism induced by high‐intensity training in human muscle. Acta Physiologica Scandinavica, 169(2), 157-65.
  • Pollock, M.L., Foster, C., Knapp, D., Rod, J.L. & Schmidt, D.H. (1987). Effect of age and training on aerobic capacity and body compsition of master athletes. J. Appl. Physiol., 62, 725-731.
  • Requena, B., García, I., Suárez-Arrones, L., de Villarreal, E.S., Orellana, J.N. & Santalla, A. (2017). Off-season effects on functional performance, body composition, and blood parameters in top-level professional soccer players. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 31(4), 939-946.
  • Ross, A. & Leveritt, M. (2001). Long-term metabolic and skeletal muscle adaptations to short-sprint training. Sports Medicine, 31(15), 1063-1082.
  • Sharkey, B. J., & Gaskill, S. E. (2006). Sport physiology for coaches. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
  • Silva, J.R., Nassis, G.P. & Rebelo, A. (2015). Strength training in soccer with a specific focus on highly trained players. Sports Med -Open, 2, 1–27.
  • Silva, J.R., Brito, J., Akenhead, R. & Nassı̇s, P.G. (2016). The transition period in soccer: a window of opportunity. Sports Med., 46, 305-313, doi:/10. 1007/S40279-015-0419-3.
  • Sotiropoulos, A., Travlos, A.K., Gissis, I., Souglis, A.G. & Grezı̇os, A. (2009). The effect of a 4-week training regimen on body fat and aerobic capacity of professional soccer players during the transition period. J Strength Cond Res., 23, 1697-1703.
  • Tang, J.E., Moore, D.R., Kujbida, G.W., Tarnopolsky, M.A. & Phillips, S.M. (2009). Ingestion of whey hydrolysate, casein, or soy protein isolate: effects on mixed muscle protein synthesis at rest and following resistance exercise in young men. J. Appl. Physiol., 107, 987-992.
  • T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı. (2020). Yeni koronavirüs hastalığı Covid-19. 05.05.2020 tarihinde http://Covid19bilgi.Saglik.Gov.Tr/Tr/Covid-19 adresinden erişildi.
  • Thomassen, M., Christensen, P.M., Gunnarsson, T.P., Nybo, L. & Bangsbo, J. (2010). Effect of 2-WK intensified training and inactivity on muscle NA+-K+ pump expression, phospholemman (FXYD1) phosphorylation, and performance in soccer players. J Appl Physiol., 108, 898–905.
  • Türkmen, M. & Özsarı, A. (2020). Covid-19 salgını ve spor sektörüne etkileri. International Journal of Sport Culture and Science, 8(2), 55-67. Vagner, R., Andrade, E., Masudo, S. & Matsudo, V. (1998). Physical Fitness Research Center Of Sao Caeta No Do Sul, Celafiscs. Brazil. Supplement, 194, 1101.
  • World Health Organization (2020). Coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19): Situation Report: 72. 01.05.2020… tarihinde www.Apps.Who.İnt adresinden erişildi.
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There are 53 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Mustafa Gelen This is me 0000-0002-8782-1404

Serdar Eler This is me 0000-0001-9396-501X

Nebahat Eler 0000-0002-3857-3459

Publication Date August 1, 2020
Published in Issue Year 2020 Volume: 49 Issue: 227

Cite

APA Gelen, M., Eler, S., & Eler, N. (2020). DETRAINING: COVID-19 VE ÜST DÜZEY PERFORMANS. Milli Eğitim Dergisi, 49(227), 447-464.