This study examines the regional earnings inequality between NUTS-1 regions in Turkey using Theil-T statistics by employing Survey of Income and Living Conditions (SILC) data provided by Turkish Statistical Institute (TURKSTAT). We attempt to investigate the evolution of regional earnings inequality for the years 2006 and 2014 by decomposing the Theil T index in order to distinguish its within and between groups components with the special focus on the several attributive subgroups of labor such as education, economic sector, position in occupation and gender. We interpret the decomposition of Theil-T index with regard to its marginal and gross contributions of these subgroupsto total inequality in order to measure their explanatory power of earnings inequality.
Aldan, A. and Gaygisiz, E. (2006). Convergence Across Provinces of Turkey: A Spatial Analysis. Working Paper, No. 0609, Research and Monetary Policy Department, Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey.
Altınbaş, S., Doğruel, F. and Günes, M. (2002). Türkiye’de Bölgesel Yakınsama: Kalkınmada Öncelikli İller Politikası Basarılı Mı?. Retrieved from: http://www.econ.utah.edu/~ehrbar/erc2002/pdf/P192.pdf
Atalık, G. (1990). Some Effects of Regional Differentiation on Integration in the European Community, Papers in Regional Science Association, 69: 11-19.
Atalık, G. (2002). Some Effects of Regional Differentiation on Integration in the European Community, in: G. Atalık and M. Fischer (Eds) Regional Development Reconsidered, in: 187-196. Berlin: Springer.
Atkinson, A. B. (2008). The Changing Distribution of Earnings in OECD Countries. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Berber, M., Yamak, R. and Artan, S. (2000). Türkiye’de Yakınlaşma Hipotezinin Bölgeler Bazında Geçerliligi Üzerine Ampirik Bir Çalışma: 1975-1997. 9. Ulusal Bölge Bilimi Kongresi – Bildiriler Kitabı, Trabzon.
Breau, S. (2015). Rising Inequality in Canada: A Regional Perspective. Applied Geography, 61: 58-69.
Cristescu, A. (2015). The Impact of the Economic Crisis on the Regional Disparities of Earnings In Romania. The USV Annals of Economics and Public Administration, 15.2(22): 34-41.
Dickey, H. (2001). Regional Earnings Inequality in Great Britain: a Decomposition Analysis. Regional Studies, 35(7): 605-612.
Dickey, H. (2007). Regional Earnings Inequality in Great Britain: Evidence from Quantile Regressions, Journal of Regional Science, 47: 775-806.
Duranton, G. and Monastiriotis, V. (2002). Mind the Gaps: the Evolution of Regional Earnings Inequalities in the UK, 1982–1997. Journal of Regional Science, 42(2): 219-256.
Elveren, A. Y. and Galbraith, J. K. (2009). Pay Inequality in Turkey in the Neo-Liberal Era, 1980-2001. The European Journal of Comparative Economics, 6(2), 177-206.
Erk N., Ates S. and Direkci T. (2000). Convergence and Growth within GAP Region (SouthEastern Anatolia Project) and Overall Turkey’s Region. Retrieved from: http://idari.cu.edu.tr/sanli/sanli8.pdf
Gezici, F. and Hewings, G. J. D. (2004). Regional Convergence and the Economic Performance of Peripheral Areas in Turkey. Review of Urban and Regional Development Studies, 16(2): 113-133.
Gezici, F. and Hewings, G. J. (2007). Spatial Analysis of Regional Inequalities in Turkey. European Planning Studies, 15(3): 383-403.
Goerlich, F. and Mas, M. (2001). Inequality in Spain 1973–1991: Contribution to a Regional Database. Review of Income and Wealth, 47(3): 361-378.
Gürsel, S., Levent, H., Selim, R. and Sarıca, Ö. (2000). Individual Income Distribution in Turkey, A Comparison with the European Union. TÜSIAD Publication No: T/2000-12/296.
Güven, A. (2007). The Role of Incentive Policy on Income Inequality Between Turkish Provinces: A Decomposition Analysis. Akdeniz I.I.B.F. Dergisi, 14: 20-38
Hauser, S. M. and Xie, Y. (2005). Temporal and Regional Variation in Earnings Inequality: Urban China in Transition between 1988 and 1995. Social Science Research, 34(1): 44-79.
Karaca O. (2004), Türkiye’de Bölgelerarası Gelir Farklılıkları: Yakınsama Var Mı?. Türkiye Ekonomi Kurumu Tartışma Metni 2004/7. Retrieved from: http://www.tek.org.tr/dosyalar/O-KARACA.pdf
Lopez-Acevedo, G. & Salinas A. (2000). How Mexico’s Financial Crisis Affected Income Distribution. Policy Research Working Paper Series, No. 2406, The World Bank, http://EconPapers.repec.org/ RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:2406.
Monastiriotis, V. (2002). Inter and Intra-regional Wage Inequalities in the UK: Sources and Evolution. Retrieved from: http://www2.lse.ac.uk/geographyAndEnvironment/research/Researchpapers/rp70.pdf.
Neri, M. and Camargo, J. M. (2001). Distributive Effects of Brazilian Structural Reforms, in Bauman R. (Ed.), Brazil in the 1990s: a Decade in Transition. London: Palgrave MacMillan. OECD. (2008). Growing Unequal? Income Distribution and Poverty in OECD Countries. Paris: OECD
Özmucur, S. and Silber, J. (2002). Spatial Income Inequality in Turkey and the Impact of Internal Migration. Retrieved from: http://www.wider.unu.edu/conference/conference-2002-2
Öztürk, L. (2012). Economic Development and Regional Inequalities: An Empirical Investigation for Turkey, 1965-2001. PARADOKS Ekonomi, Sosyoloji ve Politika Dergisi, 8(2): 113-124.
Psacharopoulos G., et al. (1993). Poverty and Income Distribution in Latin America: The Story of the 1980s. Latin America and the Caribbean. Technical Department Regional Studies Program, Report No. 27. Washington, DC, United States: World Bank.
Pereira, J. and Galego, A. (2015). Intra-regional Wage Inequality in Portugal. Spatial Economic Analysis,
10(1): 79-101.
Perugini, C. and Martino, G. (2008). Income Inequality within European Regions: Determinants and Effectson Growth, Review of Income and Wealth, 54(3): 373-406.
Piketty, T. (2014). Capital in the Twenty-First Century. Harvard University Press.
Santos, V. F. D. and Vieira, W. D. C. (2015). Income Inequality Iin The Urban And Rural Sectors Of The
Northeast Region Of Brazil. Review of Urban and Regional Development Studies, 27(2): 134-147.
Sarı, R., Güven, A. (2007). Kalkınmada Öncelikli Yöreler Uygulamasının İller arası Gelir Dağılımı Üzerindeki
Etkisi, ODTÜ Gelişme Dergisi, 34(1): 77-96
Sefil-Tansever, S. (2017). Income Distribution in Turkey during the Global Financial Crisis. Research in
Applied Economics, 9(3): 91-107. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5296/rae.v9i3.11709
Silber, J. & Özmucur, S. (2000). Decomposition of Income Inequality: Evidence from Turkey. Topics in Middle Eastern and North African Economies, Retrieved from: http://www.luc.edu/orgs/meea/volume2/ozmucur2.doc
Stiglitz, J. E. (2012). The Price of Inequality. New York: W.W. Norton & Co.
Taylor, K. (2006). UK Wage Inequality: an Industry and Regional Perspective. Labour, 20(1): 91-124.
Taştan, H. and Akar, M. (2013). Türkiye İmalat Sanayiinde Bölgesel ve Sektörel Ücret Eşitsizliği. İktisat
Fakültesi Mecmuası, 63(1): 17-49.
TURKSTAT. (2014a), Income and Living Conditions Survey, Micro Data Set, Publication Number: 4385.
TURKSTAT, Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics, 2005 (İBBS, 2005), Retrieved from (2018, February 15). Retrieved from: https://biruni.tuik.gov.tr/DIESS/SiniflamaSurumDetayAction.do surumId=164&turId=7&turAdi=%205.%20Geographical%20Classifications
TURKSTAT (2014b) Definitions Relating to Income, Retrieved from (2018, February 15). Retrieved from: http://www.tuik.gov.tr/MicroVeri/GYKA_2014/english/meta-data/concept/definitions-income/index.html
TURKSTAT (2014c) Disposable Income, Retrieved from (2018, February 15). Retrieved from: http://www.tuik.gov.tr/MicroVeri/GYKA_2014/english/meta-data/concept/disposable-income/index.html
Yıldırım, J., Öcal, N. and Özyıldırım, S. (2009). Income Inequality and Economic Convergence in Turkey: a Spatial Effect Analysis. International Regional Science Review, 32(2): 221-254.
Yıldırım J. & Öcal N. (2006). ‘Income Inequality and Economic Convergence in Turkey’, Transition Studies Review, 13(3), 559-568
Zhou, X. (2014). Increasing returns to education, changing labor force structure, and the rise of earnings inequality in urban China, 1996–2010. Social Forces, 93(2), 429-455.
Aldan, A. and Gaygisiz, E. (2006). Convergence Across Provinces of Turkey: A Spatial Analysis. Working Paper, No. 0609, Research and Monetary Policy Department, Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey.
Altınbaş, S., Doğruel, F. and Günes, M. (2002). Türkiye’de Bölgesel Yakınsama: Kalkınmada Öncelikli İller Politikası Basarılı Mı?. Retrieved from: http://www.econ.utah.edu/~ehrbar/erc2002/pdf/P192.pdf
Atalık, G. (1990). Some Effects of Regional Differentiation on Integration in the European Community, Papers in Regional Science Association, 69: 11-19.
Atalık, G. (2002). Some Effects of Regional Differentiation on Integration in the European Community, in: G. Atalık and M. Fischer (Eds) Regional Development Reconsidered, in: 187-196. Berlin: Springer.
Atkinson, A. B. (2008). The Changing Distribution of Earnings in OECD Countries. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Berber, M., Yamak, R. and Artan, S. (2000). Türkiye’de Yakınlaşma Hipotezinin Bölgeler Bazında Geçerliligi Üzerine Ampirik Bir Çalışma: 1975-1997. 9. Ulusal Bölge Bilimi Kongresi – Bildiriler Kitabı, Trabzon.
Breau, S. (2015). Rising Inequality in Canada: A Regional Perspective. Applied Geography, 61: 58-69.
Cristescu, A. (2015). The Impact of the Economic Crisis on the Regional Disparities of Earnings In Romania. The USV Annals of Economics and Public Administration, 15.2(22): 34-41.
Dickey, H. (2001). Regional Earnings Inequality in Great Britain: a Decomposition Analysis. Regional Studies, 35(7): 605-612.
Dickey, H. (2007). Regional Earnings Inequality in Great Britain: Evidence from Quantile Regressions, Journal of Regional Science, 47: 775-806.
Duranton, G. and Monastiriotis, V. (2002). Mind the Gaps: the Evolution of Regional Earnings Inequalities in the UK, 1982–1997. Journal of Regional Science, 42(2): 219-256.
Elveren, A. Y. and Galbraith, J. K. (2009). Pay Inequality in Turkey in the Neo-Liberal Era, 1980-2001. The European Journal of Comparative Economics, 6(2), 177-206.
Erk N., Ates S. and Direkci T. (2000). Convergence and Growth within GAP Region (SouthEastern Anatolia Project) and Overall Turkey’s Region. Retrieved from: http://idari.cu.edu.tr/sanli/sanli8.pdf
Gezici, F. and Hewings, G. J. D. (2004). Regional Convergence and the Economic Performance of Peripheral Areas in Turkey. Review of Urban and Regional Development Studies, 16(2): 113-133.
Gezici, F. and Hewings, G. J. (2007). Spatial Analysis of Regional Inequalities in Turkey. European Planning Studies, 15(3): 383-403.
Goerlich, F. and Mas, M. (2001). Inequality in Spain 1973–1991: Contribution to a Regional Database. Review of Income and Wealth, 47(3): 361-378.
Gürsel, S., Levent, H., Selim, R. and Sarıca, Ö. (2000). Individual Income Distribution in Turkey, A Comparison with the European Union. TÜSIAD Publication No: T/2000-12/296.
Güven, A. (2007). The Role of Incentive Policy on Income Inequality Between Turkish Provinces: A Decomposition Analysis. Akdeniz I.I.B.F. Dergisi, 14: 20-38
Hauser, S. M. and Xie, Y. (2005). Temporal and Regional Variation in Earnings Inequality: Urban China in Transition between 1988 and 1995. Social Science Research, 34(1): 44-79.
Karaca O. (2004), Türkiye’de Bölgelerarası Gelir Farklılıkları: Yakınsama Var Mı?. Türkiye Ekonomi Kurumu Tartışma Metni 2004/7. Retrieved from: http://www.tek.org.tr/dosyalar/O-KARACA.pdf
Lopez-Acevedo, G. & Salinas A. (2000). How Mexico’s Financial Crisis Affected Income Distribution. Policy Research Working Paper Series, No. 2406, The World Bank, http://EconPapers.repec.org/ RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:2406.
Monastiriotis, V. (2002). Inter and Intra-regional Wage Inequalities in the UK: Sources and Evolution. Retrieved from: http://www2.lse.ac.uk/geographyAndEnvironment/research/Researchpapers/rp70.pdf.
Neri, M. and Camargo, J. M. (2001). Distributive Effects of Brazilian Structural Reforms, in Bauman R. (Ed.), Brazil in the 1990s: a Decade in Transition. London: Palgrave MacMillan. OECD. (2008). Growing Unequal? Income Distribution and Poverty in OECD Countries. Paris: OECD
Özmucur, S. and Silber, J. (2002). Spatial Income Inequality in Turkey and the Impact of Internal Migration. Retrieved from: http://www.wider.unu.edu/conference/conference-2002-2
Öztürk, L. (2012). Economic Development and Regional Inequalities: An Empirical Investigation for Turkey, 1965-2001. PARADOKS Ekonomi, Sosyoloji ve Politika Dergisi, 8(2): 113-124.
Psacharopoulos G., et al. (1993). Poverty and Income Distribution in Latin America: The Story of the 1980s. Latin America and the Caribbean. Technical Department Regional Studies Program, Report No. 27. Washington, DC, United States: World Bank.
Pereira, J. and Galego, A. (2015). Intra-regional Wage Inequality in Portugal. Spatial Economic Analysis,
10(1): 79-101.
Perugini, C. and Martino, G. (2008). Income Inequality within European Regions: Determinants and Effectson Growth, Review of Income and Wealth, 54(3): 373-406.
Piketty, T. (2014). Capital in the Twenty-First Century. Harvard University Press.
Santos, V. F. D. and Vieira, W. D. C. (2015). Income Inequality Iin The Urban And Rural Sectors Of The
Northeast Region Of Brazil. Review of Urban and Regional Development Studies, 27(2): 134-147.
Sarı, R., Güven, A. (2007). Kalkınmada Öncelikli Yöreler Uygulamasının İller arası Gelir Dağılımı Üzerindeki
Etkisi, ODTÜ Gelişme Dergisi, 34(1): 77-96
Sefil-Tansever, S. (2017). Income Distribution in Turkey during the Global Financial Crisis. Research in
Applied Economics, 9(3): 91-107. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5296/rae.v9i3.11709
Silber, J. & Özmucur, S. (2000). Decomposition of Income Inequality: Evidence from Turkey. Topics in Middle Eastern and North African Economies, Retrieved from: http://www.luc.edu/orgs/meea/volume2/ozmucur2.doc
Stiglitz, J. E. (2012). The Price of Inequality. New York: W.W. Norton & Co.
Taylor, K. (2006). UK Wage Inequality: an Industry and Regional Perspective. Labour, 20(1): 91-124.
Taştan, H. and Akar, M. (2013). Türkiye İmalat Sanayiinde Bölgesel ve Sektörel Ücret Eşitsizliği. İktisat
Fakültesi Mecmuası, 63(1): 17-49.
TURKSTAT. (2014a), Income and Living Conditions Survey, Micro Data Set, Publication Number: 4385.
TURKSTAT, Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics, 2005 (İBBS, 2005), Retrieved from (2018, February 15). Retrieved from: https://biruni.tuik.gov.tr/DIESS/SiniflamaSurumDetayAction.do surumId=164&turId=7&turAdi=%205.%20Geographical%20Classifications
TURKSTAT (2014b) Definitions Relating to Income, Retrieved from (2018, February 15). Retrieved from: http://www.tuik.gov.tr/MicroVeri/GYKA_2014/english/meta-data/concept/definitions-income/index.html
TURKSTAT (2014c) Disposable Income, Retrieved from (2018, February 15). Retrieved from: http://www.tuik.gov.tr/MicroVeri/GYKA_2014/english/meta-data/concept/disposable-income/index.html
Yıldırım, J., Öcal, N. and Özyıldırım, S. (2009). Income Inequality and Economic Convergence in Turkey: a Spatial Effect Analysis. International Regional Science Review, 32(2): 221-254.
Yıldırım J. & Öcal N. (2006). ‘Income Inequality and Economic Convergence in Turkey’, Transition Studies Review, 13(3), 559-568
Zhou, X. (2014). Increasing returns to education, changing labor force structure, and the rise of earnings inequality in urban China, 1996–2010. Social Forces, 93(2), 429-455.