A review on effects of diethyl ether on cyclic variations in diesel engines

Year 2024, Volume: 12 Issue: 1, 46 - 76, 21.06.2024

İsmet Sezer

https://doi.org/10.51354/mjen.1264203

Abstract

Diethyl ether (DEE) can be used in diesel engines as a fuel or fuel additive. The review study was compiled from the findings of several studies in this area. The diverse techniques are employed to mitigate the detrimental pollutants emitted by diesel engines. The first approach to reducing emissions involves altering the fuel system and engine design to improve combustion, but this is an expensive and time–consuming process. The utilization of various exhaust gas devices, such as a particle filter and catalytic converter, is necessary for the second way. However, the engine performance could be negatively impacted by these tools. Additionally, these exhaust devices increases the vehicle and maintain costs. The use of different alternative fuels or fuel additives is the third way that reduces emissions while improving engine performance. The particulate matter (PM), smoke, and nitrogen oxides (NOx) are the main environmental pollutants released by diesel engines into the atmosphere. The decreasing PM and NOx emissions at the same time is practically very difficult. The majority of researches indicate that using alternative fuels, such as natural gas, biogas, and biodiesel, or blending additives with conventional or alternative fuels, is the best way to reduce emissions. However, the characteristics of the fuel have a significant influence on cycle variations, which have a significant impact on engine performance, fuel economy, and emissions. Therefore, it is very important that the results of studies on the impact of DEE on cyclic variation are evaluated together to practice applications and to guide future studies. As a result, the primary focus of this study is on the usage of DEE as a fuel or fuel additive with different diesel engine fuels. The aim of this review is to investigate, using the available knowledge in literature, how DEE affects cyclic variations.

Keywords

Diesel engine, Fuel additives, Diethyl ether, Cyclic variations

References

• [1]. Manikandan R., Sethuraman N., Experimental investigation of nano additive ceric oxide (CeO2)–ethanol blend on single cylinder four stroke diesel engine, International Journal of Recent Development in Engineering and Technology, 3(2), (2014), 24–28.
• [2]. Londhekar A.G., Kongre S.C., Effects of different additives on performance and emission of biodiesel fuelled compression ignition engine, International Journal of Science and Research, 6(2), (2017), 1947–1952.
• [3]. Hagos F.Y., Ali O.M., Mamat R., Abdullah AA. Effect of emulsification and blending on the oxygenation and substitution of diesel fuel for compression ignition engine, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 75, (2017), 1281–1294.
• [4]. Patil R.N., Marlapalle B.G., Karanja (pongamia pinnata) biodiesel as an alternative fuel for DICI engine: A review, International Journal of Research in Aeronautical and Mechanical Engineering, 4(1), (2016), 96–101.
• [5]. Geng P., Cao E., Tan Q., Wei L., Effects of alternative fuels on the combustion characteristics and emission products from diesel engines: A review, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 71, (2017) 523–534.
• [6]. Kumar B.R., Saravanan S., Use of higher alcohol biofuels in diesel engines: A review, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 60, (2016), 84–115.
• [7]. Patil A.R., Taji S.G., Effect of oxygenated fuel additive on diesel engine performance and emission: a review, Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering, X, (2013), 30–35.
• [8]. Senthilkumar R., Ramadoss K., Manimaran R., Prabu M., Emission, combustion, performance and characteristics of a CI engine using MTBE blended diesel fuel, International Conference on Advances in Engineering, Science and Management, ICAESM 2012, Nagapattinam, India, March 30–31, 2012, pp. 360–364.
• [9]. Saravanakumar L., Bapu B.R.R., Prasad B.D., Performance and emission characteristics of a CI engine operating on methyl esters blended diesel with di–methyl carbonate additives, International Energy Journal, 14, (2014), 121–132.
• [10]. Jawre S.S., Bhagat A., Moghe S.M., Pakhale V.A., Diethyl ether as additive and its effect on diesel engine performance–a review, Global Research and Development Journal for Engineering, 1(5), (2016), 27–31.
• [11]. Chauhan B.S., Singh R.K., Cho H.M., Lim H.C., Practice of diesel fuel blends using alternative fuels: A review, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 59, (2016), 1358–1368.
• [12]. Valipour A., A review on effect of fuel additives on combustion, performance and emission characteristics of diesel and biodiesel fuelled engine, International Journal of Application or Innovation in Engineering & Management, 3(1), (2014), 366–273.
• [13]. Krishnamoorthi M., Malayalamurthi R., A review on effect of diethyl ether additive on combustion, performance and emission characteristics of a diesel and biodiesel/vegetable oil fuelled engine, Advances in Natural and Applied Sciences, 10(7), (2016), 9–17.
• [14]. Bailey B., Eberhardt J., Goguen S., Erwin J., Diethyl ether (DEE) as a renewable diesel fuel, SAE Technical Paper, (1997), Paper no: 972978.
• [15]. Sezer I., Thermodynamic, performance and emission investigation of a diesel engine running on dimethyl ether and diethyl ether, International Journal of Thermal Sciences, 50, (2011), 1594–1603.
• [16]. Onyekwere F.O., Ehirim E.O., Ukpaka C.P., Examination of conversion of ethanol into diethyl–ether product, International Journal of Thermodynamics and Chemical Kinetics, 5(1), (2019), 10–18.
• [17]. Khan Z.A., Roy M.M., Performance and emission analysis of a modern small DI diesel engine using biodiesel–diesel blends and additives with EGR, Journal of Engineering Research and Application, 8(6), (2018), 34–46.
• [18]. Sonawane U., Jena A., Agarwal A.K., Influence of fuel injection pressure on spray characteristics of diesel–diethyl ether blends for diesel engine applications: an experimental study, SAE Technical Papers, (2023), Paper no 2023–01–0309.
• [19]. Patil K.R., Thipse S.S., Characterisation of the key fuel properties of oxygenated diethyl ether–diesel blends, Applied Mechanics and Materials, 612, (2014), 175–180.
• [20]. Rakopoulos D.C., Rakopoulos C.D., Giakoumis E.G., Dimaratos A.M., Characteristics of performance and emissions in high–speed direct injection diesel engine fueled with diethyl ether/diesel fuel blends, Energy, 43, (2012), 214–224.
• [21]. Rakopoulos D.C., Rakopoulos C.D., Giakoumis E.G., Dimaratos A.M., Studying combustion and cyclic irregularity of diethyl ether as supplement fuel in diesel engine, Fuel, 109, (2013), 325–335.
• [22]. Patil K.R., Thipse S.S., The effect of injection timing on the performance and emission of direct injection CI engine running on diethyl ether–diesel blends, International Journal of Automotive and Mechanical Engineering, 13(3), (2016), 3773–3787.
• [23]. Rathod P.H., Darunde D.S., Experimental investigation and performance analysis of diethyl ether (DEE) and tert–amyl ethyl ether (TAEE) blend with diesel in C.I.D.I. engine: a review, International Journal of Research in Science & Engineering, 2(1), (2015), 137–142.
• [24]. Karthik A.V., Kumar S.P., Experimental study of 4–stroke diesel engine blending with alternate fuel diethyl ether (DEE) and exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) system, International Journal of Engineering Science and Computing, 6, (2016), 7054–7058.
• [25]. Banapurmath N.R., Khandal S.V., Ranganatha S.L., Chandrashekar T.K., Alcohol (ethanol and diethyl ethyl ether)–diesel blended fuels for diesel engine applications–a feasible solution, Advances in Automobile Engineering, 4(1), (2015), 1–8.
• [26]. Lee S., Kim T.Y., Performance and emission characteristics of a DI diesel engine operated with diesel/DEE blended fuel, Applied Thermal Engineering, 121, (2017), 454–461.
• [27]. Saravanan D., Vijayakumar T., Thamaraikannan M., Experimental analysis of combustion and emissions characteristics of CI engine powered with diethyl ether blended diesel as fuel, Research Journal of Engineering Sciences, 1(4), (2012), 41–47.
• [28]. Ibrahim A., Investigating the effect of using diethyl ether as a fuel additive on diesel engine performance and combustion, Applied Thermal Engineering, 107, (2016), 853–862.
• [29]. Likhitha S.S.S., Prasad B.D., Kumar R.V., Investigation on the effect of diethyl ether additive on the performance of variable compression ratio diesel engine, International Journal of Engineering Research, 3(1), (2014), 11–15.
• [30]. Kumar R.S., Nagaprasad K.S., Investigation on diesel engine performance by injecting di–ethyl ether as an additive with exhaust gas recirculation using diesel particulate filter, International Journal of Innovative Research in Science, Engineering and Technology, 3(8), (2014), 15192–15200.
• [31]. Balamurugan T., Nalini R., Comparative study on performance and emission in four stroke diesel engine using different blended fuel, International Journal of Current Research and Development, 4(1), (2016), 58–64.
• [32]. Madhu S., Chaitanya A.V.K., Bridjesh P., Effects of diethyl ether on performance and emission characteristics of a diesel engine using toroidal profile bowl piston by varying injection pressure, International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology, 8(6), (2017), 96–106.
• [33]. Cinar C., Can Ö., Sahin F., Yucesu HS., Effects of premixed diethyl ether (DEE) on combustion and exhaust emissions in a HCCI–DI diesel engine, Applied Thermal Engineering, 30, (2010), 360–365.
• [34]. Yadav A., Singh S., Singh S., Bishnoi S., Goyal T., Pandey S., Performance characteristics of CI Engine fuelled Diethyl–Ether and its comparison with diesel fuelled CI engine, International Journal of Applied Engineering Research, 13(6), (2018), 358–362.
• [35]. Uslu S., Celik M.B., Experimental investigation of the effects of diethyl ether diesel fuel blends on engine parameters in a low power diesel engine, International Journal of Engineering Sciences & Research Technology, 7(5), (2018), 125–138.
• [36]. Sethi C., Patnaik P.P., Thatoi D.N., Acharya S.K., Performance, combustion & emission analysis on diesel engine utilizing diethyl ether as a fuel additives, Test Engineering and Management, 82, (2020), 2391–2408.
• [37]. Sahoo A., Mishra A., Mishra S., Jena S.P., “Optimization of operating parameters of a diesel engine with diethyl ether as a fuel add–on. Journal of the Institution of Engineers (India): Series C, 102, (2021), 1521–1528.
• [38]. Iranmanesh M., Subrahmanyam J.P., Babu M.K.G., Potential of diethyl ether as supplementary fuel to improve combustion and emission characteristics of diesel engines, SAE Technical Papers, (2008), Paper no 2008–28–0044, 305–311.
• [39]. Ayhan V., Tunca S., The effect of diethyl ether–diesel blends a direct injection diesel engine on performance and emissions, Sakarya University Journal of Science, 22(2), (2018), 710–718.
• [40]. Badajena A.K., Patnaik P.P., Thatoi D.N., Charya S.K.A., Mohanty U.K., Energy analysis of diesel engine using diethyl ether under different loading condition, International Journal of Engineering & Technology, 7(4), (2018), 335–338.
• [41]. Yeşilyurt M.K., Uslu S., Response surface methodology based optimization of a diesel engine fueled with diethyl ether/diesel fuel blends, International Congress of Academic Research, 3. International Congress of Academic Research, ICAR 2022, Osmaniye, Turkey, 13–16 May 2022, pp. 725–733.
• [42]. Agarwal A.K., Prashumn, Valera H., Mustafi N.N., Diethyl ether–diesel blends fuelled off–road tractor engine: Part–II: Unregulated and particulate emission characteristics, Fuel, 308, (2022), Paper no 121973.
• [43]. Jena A., Sonawane U., Agarwal A.K., Partially premixed combustion of diesel–diethyl ether blends in light–duty commercial engine, Fuel, 345, (2023), Paper no 128197.
• [44]. Sun H., Zhang W., Wang Y., Experimental study on improving cold start performance of diesel engines at extremely low ambient temperatures with diethyl ether, Energy, 283, (2023), Paper no 129122.
• [45]. Swamy L.R., Banapurmath N.R., Chandrashekar T.K., Soudagar M.E.M., Gul M., Nik–Ghazali N.–N., Mujtaba M.A., Shahapurkar K., Ağbulut Ü., Alshehri H.M., Sajjan A.M., Goodarzi M., Effect of injection timing and duration on the performance of diesel engine fueled with port injection of oxygenated fuels, Chemical Engineering Communications, 210(6), (2023), 1060–1072.
• [46]. Fayyaz H.H., Mujtaba M.A., Jahangir S., Imran S., Malik M.A.I., Fayaz H., Saleel C.A., Hassan U., Quershi S., Farooq H., A comprehensive study on the performance and emission analysis in diesel engine via optimization of novel ternary fuel blends: Diesel, manganese, and diethyl ether, Heliyon, 9, (2023), Paper no 21133.
• [47]. Subramanian K.A., Ramesh A., Use of diethyl ether along with water–diesel emulsion in a DI diesel engine, SAE Technical Papers, (2002), Paper no 2002–01–2720.
• [48]. Iranmanesh M., Experimental investigations about the effect of new combination of biofuels on simultaneous reduction of NOx and smoke emissions in DI–diesel engine, International Journal of Automotive Engineering, 3(2), (2013), 379–392.
• [49]. Sudhakar S., Sivaprakasam S., Experimental investigation on combustion characteristics in DI diesel engine using diethyl ether fumigation with ethanol blended diesel, International Journal of Renewable Energy Research, 4(4), (2014), 872–878.
• [50]. Sudhakar S., Sivaprakasam S., Effects of diethyl ether fumigation in DI diesel engine using bio ethanol blended diesel, International Journal of Innovation and Scientific Research, 11(1), (2014), 65–71.
• [51]. Sudhakar S., Sivaprakasam S., The effect of exhaust gas recirculation on diethyl ether fumigation in DI
• diesel engine with ethanol blended diesel, International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology, 3(10), (2014), 538–548.
• [52]. Paul A., Bose P.K., Panua R.S., Debroy D., Study of performance and emission characteristics of a single cylinder CI engine using diethyl ether and ethanol blends, Journal of the Energy Institute, 88, (2015), 1–10.
• [53]. Paul A., Panua R.S., Debroy D., Bose P.K., Effect of diethyl ether and ethanol on performance, combustion, and emission of single cylinder compression ignition engine, International Journal of Ambient Energy, 38(1), (2017), 2–13.
• [54]. Lukhman M.M., Sadees P., Pradeep V., Murali M., Experimental investigation on diethyl ether as an ignition improver in diesel–ethanol emulsified fuel for C.I. engine, International Conference on Systems, Science, Control, Communication, Engineering and Technology, 2, (2016), 554–560.
• [55]. Ashok M.P., Saravanan C.G., Effect of diethyl ether with emulsified fuel in a direct injection diesel engine, SAE Transactions, 116(4), (2007), 772–779.
• [56]. Temizer I., Gucer F., Cihan O., A numerical approach in the investigation of the effects of diethyl ether and ethanol mixtures on combustion characteristics and NO emissions in a DI diesel engine, European Mechanical Science, 6(2), (2022), 110–118.
• [57]. Mohebbi M., Reyhanian M., Hosseini V., Saida M.F.M., Aziz A.A., The effect of diethyl ether addition on performance and emission of a reactivity controlled compression ignition engine fueled with ethanol and diesel, Energy Conversion and Management, 174, (2018), 779–792.
• [58]. Kumar M.M., Reddy S.S.K., Performance characteristics of single cylinder DI diesel engine by using di– ethyl ether as an additive with diesel ethanol blend, International Journal of Science, Engineering and Technology Research, 4(9), (2015), 3272–3275.
• [59]. Patnaik P.P., Jena S.P., Acharya S.K., Das H.C., Effect of FeCl3 and diethyl ether as additives on compression ignition engine emissions, Sustainable Environment Research, 27, (2017), 154–161.
• [60]. Patil K.R., Thipse S.S., Experimental investigation of CI engine combustion, performance and emissions in DEE–kerosene–diesel blends of high DEE concentration, Energy Conversion and Management, 89, (2015), 396–408.
• [61]. Mahla S.K., Kumar S., Shergill H., Kumar A., Study the performance characteristics of acetylene gas in dual fuel engine with diethyl ether blends, International Journal on Emerging Technologies, 3(1), (2012), 80– 83.
• [62]. Raman R., Kumar N., Comparative assessment of di–ethyl ether/diesel blends on the performance, and emission characteristics in acetylene dual fuel engine, International Journal of Engine Research, 24(6), (2022), 1–16.
• [63]. Mishra S.K., Pradhan P., Jena S.P., Performance and combustion study of a low heat rejection engine running with biogas–diethyl ether–diesel, Waste Disposal & Sustainable Energy, 6, (2024), 151–162.
• [64]. Barik D., Bora B.J., Sharma P., Mehdi B.J., Balasubramanian D., Krupakaran R.L., Ramegowda R., Kavalli K., Josephin J.S.F., Vikneswaran M., Varuvel E.G., Exploration of the dual fuel combustion mode on a direct injection diesel engine powered with hydrogen as gaseous fuel in port injection and diesel–diethyl ether blend as liquid fuel. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 52, (2024), 827–840.
• [65]. Karabektas M., Ergen G., Hosoz M., The effects of using diethyl ether as additive on the performance and emissions of a diesel engine fuelled with CNG, Fuel, 115, (2014), 855–860.
• [66]. Ozer S., Vural E., The effect of the addition of H2, H2+HHO and H2+HHO+O2 from the intake manifold on exhaust emissions in a diesel generator using diesel/toluene/diethyl ether as pilot fuel, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 52, (2024), 1247–1260.
• [67]. Sudheesh K., Mallikarjuna J.M., Diethyl ether as an ignition improver for biogas homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) operation–an experimental investigation, Energy, 35, (2010), 3614–3622.
• [68]. Mishra N., Mitra S., Thapliyal A., Mahajan A., Khan T.M.Y., Manavalla S., Baig R.U., Janvekar A.A., Feroskhan M., Exploring the effects of DEE pilot injection on a biogas–fueled HCCI engine at different injection locations, Sustainability, 15, (2023), Paper no 10713.
• [69]. Jothi N.K.M., Nagarajan G., Renganarayanan S., Experimental studies on homogeneous charge CI engine fueled with LPG using DEE as an ignition enhancer, Renewable Energy, 32, (2007), 1581–1593.
• [70]. Dora N., Jothi T.J.S., Emission studies in CI engine using LPG and palm kernel methyl ester as fuels and di–ethyl ether as an additive, Journal of the Institution of Engineers (India): Series C, 100(4), (2019), 627–634.
• [71]. Polat S., An experimental study on combustion, engine performance and exhaust emissions in a HCCI engine fuelled with diethyl ether–ethanol fuel blends, Fuel Processing Technology, 143, (2016), 140–150.
• [72]. Prante G.A.F., Santos N.D.S.A., Martins M.E.S., Feasibility of replacing diesel with ethanol blended with biodiesel and diethyl–ether blends in a compression ignition engine. Journal of the Brazilian Society of Mechanical Sciences and Engineering, 45, (2023), Paper no 60.
• [73]. Mack J.H., Buchholz B.A., Flowers D.L., Dibble R.W., The effect of the di–tertiary butyl peroxide (DTBP) additive on HCCI combustion of fuel blends of ethanol and diethyl ether, Society of Automotive Engineering, (2015), Paper no: 2005–01–2135.
• [74]. Subhash G.V., Sivapirakasam S.P., Mohan S., Subramanian N., Phanindra K.H., Effect of diethyl ether additive on reformulated bio–mix blends from a mixture of different feed stock’s, Waste and Biomass Valorization, 14, (2023), 261–276.
• [75]. Zapata–Mina J., Ardebili S.M.S., Restrepo A., Solmaz H., Calam A., Can O., Exergy analysis in a HCCI engine operated with diethyl ether–fusel oil blends, Case Studies in Thermal Engineering, 32, (2022), Paper no 101899.
• [76]. Gurusamy M., Subramaniyan M., Subramaniyan B., Assessment of hydrogen and diethyl ether enrichment on CI engine operating with binary blend of jatropha and camphor oil using response surface methodology, Energy, 289, (2024), Paper no 129919.
• [77]. Ergen G., Comprehensive analysis of the effects of alternative fuels on diesel engine performance combustion and exhaust emissions: Role of biodiesel, diethyl ether, and EGR, Thermal Science and Engineering Progress, 47, (2024), Paper no 102307.
• [78]. Raman S.M., Roy M.M., Microscopic study of EPS–infused biodiesel with DEE and its performance and emissions in a diesel engine, Biofuels, 14(7), (2023), 751–766.
• [79]. Kasiraman G., Nagalingam B., Balakrishnan M., Effect of blending diethyl ether (DEE) with cashewnut shell oil (CNSO) on the performance, emission and combustion characteristics of a direct injection diesel engine, 2. International Conference on Advanced Energy Research, ICAER 2011, Mumbai, India, December 9–11 2011, (2011), pp. 1–9.
• [80]. Pranesh G., Samuel P.M., Thankachan B., Manimaran M., Silambarasan R., Performance and emission characteristics of blending diethyl ether in cotton seed oil methyl ester using a direct injection diesel engine. International Journal on Applications in Mechanical and Production Engineering, 1(6), (2015), 14–16.
• [81]. Rakopoulos D.C., Combustion and emissions of cottonseed oil and its bio–diesel in blends with either n– butanol or diethyl ether in HSDI diesel engine, Fuel, 105, (2013), 603–613.
• [82]. Rakopoulos D.C., Rakopoulos C.D., Kyritsis D.C., Butanol or DEE blends with either straight vegetable oil or biodiesel excluding fossil fuel: Comparative effects on diesel engine combustion attributes, cyclic variability and regulated emissions trade–off, Energy, 115, (2016), 314–325.
• [83]. Rakopoulos D.C., Rakopoulos C.D., Giakoumis E.G., Papagiannakis R.G., Kyritsis D.C.. Influence of properties of various common bio–fuels on the combustion and emission characteristics of high–speed DI (direct injection) diesel engine: Vegetable oil, bio–diesel, ethanol, n–butanol, diethyl ether, Energy, 73, (2014), 354–366.
• [84]. Krishna R., Bandewar A.G., Dongare V.K., Experimental investigations of blending diethyl ether in karanja vegetable oil using a multi–cylinder diesel engine, International Journal of Research and Innovative Technology, 1(5), (2014), 70–73.
• [85]. Singh I., Sahni V., Performance analysis of the compression ignition engine using karanja biodiesel with additive diethyl ether, Int’l Conference on Aeronautical, Automotive and Manufacturing Engineering, ICAAME’2015, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, August 25–26 2015, (2015), pp. 9–12.
• [86]. Jawre S.S., Lawankar S.M., Performance analysis of Kusum methyl ester as alternative bio–fuel in diesel engine with diethyl ether as additive, International Journal of Innovative Research & Development, 3(5), (2014), 139–144.
• [87]. Samraj A., Barik D., Bhatlu M.L.D., Rout S.K., Ayadi B., Aich W., Hussein A.K., Kolsi L., Effect of diethyl ether on the performance and emission characteristics of a diesel engine fueled with a light fraction of waste cooking oil, Processes, 11, (2023), Paper no 2613.
• [88]. Górski K., Smigins R., Longwic R., Research on physico–chemical properties of diethyl ether/linseed oil blends for the use as fuel in diesel engines. Energies, 13, (2020), Paper no 6564.
• [89]. Rao K.P., Reddi V.L., Performance evaluation of diesel engine with biodiesel along with additive for replacing diesel fuel, International Journal of Chemical Science, 14(4), (2016), 2379–2388.
• [90]. Babu P.R., Rao K.P., Rao B.V.A., The role of oxygenated fuel additive (DEE) along with mahuva methyl ester to estimate performance and emission analysis of DI–diesel engine, International Journal of Thermal Technologies, 2(1), (2012), 119–123.
• [91]. Sivalakshmi S., Balusamy T., Effect of biodiesel and its blends with diethyl ether on the combustion, performance and emissions from a diesel engine, Fuel, 106, (2013), 106–110.
• [92]. Senthil R., Arunan K., Silambarasan R., Effect of oxygenated additives on exhaust emissions reduction in di diesel engine using biodiesel and its blends, Oxidation Communications, 38(2), (2015), 841–851.
• [93]. Purushothaman K., Nagarajan G., Experimental investigation on a C.I. engine using orange oil and orange oil with DEE, Fuel, 88, (2009), 1732–1740.
• [94]. Purushothaman K., Nagarajan G., Studies on the characteristics of orange oil–diethyl ether in a direct injection diesel engine, International Journal of Engine Research, 11, (2010), 219–228.
• [95]. Ali O.M., Mamat R., Faizal C.K.M., Effects of diethyl ether additives on palm biodiesel fuel characteristics and low temperature flow properties, International Journal of Advanced Science and Technology, 52, (2013), 111–120.
• [96]. Ali O.M., Yusaf T., Mamat R., Abdullah N.R., Abdullah A.A., Influence of chemical blends on palm oil methyl esters’ cold flow properties and fuel characteristics, Energies, 7, (2014), 4364–4380.
• [97]. Kumar J.S., Prasad S.V.M., Experimental study on performance characteristics of C.I. engine fueled with biodiesel and its blends diethyl ether, International Journal & Magazine of Engineering, Technology, Management and Research, 1(8), (2014), 36–40.
• [98]. Rajan K., Prabhahar M., Senthilkumar K.R., Experimental studies on the performance, emission and combustion characteristics of a biodiesel–fuelled (pongamia methyl ester) diesel engine with diethyl ether as an oxygenated fuel additive, International Journal of Ambient Energy, 37(5), (2016), 439–445.
• [99]. Górski K., Smigins R., Matijošius J., Tziourtzioumis D., Cycle–to–cycle variation of the combustion process in a diesel engine fueled with rapeseed oil–diethyl ether blends, Energies, 16, (2023), Paper no 720.
• [100]. Lotko W., Hernik A., Stobiecki J., Kosmanis T., Górska M., Smoke emission of AD3.152 engine fuelled with rapeseed oil/diethyl ether blends, The Archives of Automotive Engineering, 80(2), (2018), 65–76.
• [101]. Smigins R., Zakis A., Impact of diethyl ether/rapeseed oil blends on performance and emissions of a light–duty diesel vehicle, Energies, 13, (2020), Paper no 3788.
• [102]. Geo V.E., Nagarajan G., Nagalingam B., Studies on improving the performance of rubber seed oil fuel for diesel engine with DEE port injection, Fuel, 89, (2010), 3559–3567.
• [103]. Danesha D., Manjunath H., Production and characterization of biodiesel from simarouba glauca seed oil with diethyl ether as an additive and its performance and emission evaluation on single cylinder, four stroke C.I engine, International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology, 5(13), (2016), 64–68.
• [104]. Górski K., Smigins R., Matijošius J., Rimkus A., Longwic R., Physicochemical properties of diethyl ether– sunflower oil blends and their impact on diesel engine emissions, Energies, 15, (2022), Paper no 4133.
• [105]. Hariharan S., Murugan S., Nagarajan G., Effect of diethyl ether on tyre pyrolysis oil fueled diesel engine, Fuel, 104, (2013), 109–115.
• [106]. Patil S., Rao N.D., Performance analysis of C.I. engine fuelled with blend of biodiesel and diethyl ether with EGR technique, Iconic Research and Engineering Journals, 2(4), (2018), 150–108.
• [107]. Devaraj J., Robinson Y., Ganapathi P., Experimental investigation of performance, emission and combustion characteristics of waste plastic pyrolysis oil blended with diethyl ether used as fuel for diesel engine, Energy, 85, (2015), 304–309.
• [108]. Kaimal V.K., Vijayabalan P., An investigation on the effects of using DEE additive in a DI diesel engine fuelled with waste plastic oil, Fuel, 180, (2016), 90–96.
• [109]. Wiangkham A., Klinkaew N., Aengchuan P., Liplap P., Ariyarit A., Sukjit E., Experimental and optimization study on the effects of diethyl ether addition to waste plastic oil on diesel engine characteristics, RSC Advances, 13, (2023), 25464–25482.
• [110]. Carvalho M., Torres F., Ferreira V., Silva J., Martins J., Torres E., Effects of diethyl ether introduction in emissions and performance of a diesel engine fueled with biodiesel–ethanol blends, Energies, 13, (2020), 3787.
• [111]. Venu H., Madhavan V., Effect of nano additives (titanium and zirconium oxides) and diethyl ether on biodiesel–ethanol fuelled CI engine, Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology, 30(5), (2016), 2361– 2368.
• [112]. Satyanarayanamurthy Y.V.V., Experimental investigations of real time secondary co–injection of water– diethyl ether solution in DI–diesel engine fuelled with palm kernel methyl ester, Journal of Engineering Science and Technology, 7(6), (2012), 711–721.
• [113]. Sachuthananthan B., Jeyachandran K., Combustion, performance and emission characteristics of water–biodiesel emulsion as fuel with DEE as ignition improver in a DI diesel engine, Journal of Environmental Research and Development, 2(2), (2007), 164–172.
• [114]. Barik D., Murugan S., Effects of diethyl ether (DEE) injection on combustion performance and emission characteristics of karanja methyl ester (KME)–biogas fueled dual fuel diesel engine, Fuel, 164, (2016), 286– 296.
• [115]. Barik D., Murugan S., Samal S., Sivaram N.M., Combined effect of compression ratio and diethyl ether (DEE) port injection on performance and emission characteristics of a DI diesel engine fueled with upgraded biogas (UBG)–biodiesel dual fuel, Fuel, 209, (2017), 339–349.
• [116]. Nanthagopal K., Ashok B., Garnepudi R.S., Tarun K.R., Dhinesh B., Investigation on diethyl ether as an additive with calophyllum inophyllum biodiesel for CI engine application, Energy Conversion and Management, 179, (2019), 104–113.
• [117]. Jeevanantham A.K., Nanthagopal K., Ashok B., Al–Muhtaseb A.H., Thiyagarajan S., Geo V.E., Ong H.C., Samuel K.J., Impact of addition of two ether additives with high speed diesel–Calophyllum Inophyllum biodiesel blends on NOx reduction in CI engine, Energy, 185, (2019), 39–54.
• [118]. Prabakaran R., Manikandan G., Somasundaram P., Kumar P.G., Salman M., Jegadheesan C., Kim S.C., Feasibility of tea tree oil blended with diethyl ether and
• diesel as fuel for diesel engine, Case Studies in Thermal Engineering, 31, (2022), Paper no 101819.
• [119]. Shinde S., Yadav S.D., Theoretical properties prediction of diesel–biodiesel–DEE blend as a fuel for C.I. engine with required modifications for optimum performance, International Journal of Current Engineering and Technology, 6(5), (2016), 1562–1567.
• [120]. Pillai S.K., Rajamanickam U., Khurana S., Impact of diethyl ether on performance and emission characteristics of a VCR diesel engine fueled by dual biodiesel, Energies, 16, (2023), Paper no 4863.
• [121]. Krishnamoorthi M., Malayalamurthi R., Experimental investigation on performance, emission behavior and exergy analysis of a variable compression ratio engine fueled with diesel–aegle marmelos oil–diethyl ether blends, Energy, 128, (2017), 312–328.
• [122]. Kuberan J., Alagumurthi N., Experimental analysis of diesel engine using algae bio–fuel with diethyl ether as additives. Journal of Industrial Pollution Control, 33(2), (2017), 1801–1805.
• [123]. Chandirasekaran J.D., Senthilkumar N., An analysis of the smoke output of a CI engine running on B10 novel algae biofuel with and without DEE additive and clean diesel as fuels, Journal of Survey in Fisheries Sciences, 10(1S), (2023), 2217–2225.
• [124]. Alruqi M., Sharma P., Deepanraj B., Shaik F., Renewable energy approach towards powering the CI engine with ternary blends of algal biodiesel–diesel–diethyl ether: Bayesian optimized Gaussian process regression for modeling–optimization, Fuel, 334, (2023), Paper no 126827.
• [125]. Ahmed S.A., Soudagar M.E.M., Rahamathullah I., Basha J.S., Khan T.M.Y., Javed S., Elfasakhany A., Kalam M.A., Investigation of ternary blends of animal fat biodiesel–diethyl ether–diesel fuel on CMFIS–CI engine characteristics, Fuel, 332, (2023), Paper no 126200.
• [126]. Gurusamy M., Ponnusamy C., The influence of hydrogen induction on the characteristics of a CI engine fueled with blend of camphor oil and diesel with diethyl ether additive. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 48, (2023), 24054–24073.
• [127]. Kumar A., Rajan K., Naraynan M.R., Kumar K.R.S., Performance and emission characteristics of a DI diesel engine fuelled with cashew nut shell oil (CNSO)–diesel blends with diethyl ether as additive, Applied Mechanics and Materials, 787, (2015), 746–750.
• [128]. Kumar A., Rajan K., Kumar K.R.S., Maiyappan K., Rasheed U.T., Green fuel utilization for diesel engine, combustion and emission analysis fuelled with CNSO diesel blends with diethyl ether as additive, Materials Science and Engineering, 197, (2017), 1–10.
• [129]. Ganesha T., Chethan K.S., An experimental investigation of the performance and emission of diesel engine fueled with cashew shell oil methyl ester (CSOME) and it’s blend with diethyl ether and conventional diesel. Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research, 2(9), (2016), 922–929.
• [130]. Pushparaj T., Alosius M.A., Ramabalan S., Experimental investigation on the effects of diethyl ether additive on cashew nut shell liquid biodiesel, Advanced Materials, 984–985, (2014), 924–931.
• [131]. Senthilkumar N., Raj P., Ranjitha J., Muniappan A., A critical evaluation of additive blended cashew nut shell liquid blended biodiesel performance in compression ignition engine, Environment, Development and Sustainability, 25, (2023), 61–75.
• [132]. Senthilkumar D., Murugesan S., Experimental investigation on impact of diethyl ether additives with cashew nut shell liquid biodiesel blends on performance characteristics of engine operating at optimum conditions. Emission Control Science and Technology, 9, (2023), 66–75.
• [133]. Ahmad S., Jafry A.T., Haq M., Asif M., Ahmad K., Zafar F.U., Experimental study of castor biodiesel ternary blends with ethanol, butanol, diethyl ether and dibutyl ether in a diesel engine. Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry, 148, (2023), 927–941.
• [134]. Srihari S., Thirumalini S., Prashanth K., An experimental study on the performance and emission characteristics of PCCI–DI engine fuelled with diethyl ether–biodiesel–diesel blends, Renewable Energy, 107, (2017), 440–447.
• [135]. Yesilyurt M.K., Aydin M., Experimental investigation on the performance, combustion and exhaust emission characteristics of a compression–ignition engine fueled with cottonseed oil biodiesel/diethyl ether/diesel fuel blends. Energy Conversion and Management, 205, (2020), Paper no 112355.
• [136]. Karthick D., Dwarakesh R., Premnath., Combustion and emission characteristics of jatropha blend as a biodiesel for compression ignition engine with variation of compression ratio, International Review of Applied Engineering Research, 4(1), (2014), 39–46.
• [137]. Satya V.P.U., Murthy K.M., Rao G.A.P., Effective utilization of B20 blend with oxygenated additives, Thermal Science, 15(4), (2011), 1175–1184.
• [138]. Abraham B.C., Thomas A.J., Performance evaluation of biodiesel with a combustion enhancer additive, International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology, 6(8), (2015), 118–125.
• [139]. Firew D., Babu N.R., Didwania M., The performance evaluation of diethyl–ether (DEE) additive with diesel blends using diesel engine test rig, International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, 7(6), (2016), 23–29.
• [140]. Prasad U.S.V., Madhu Murthy K., Amba Prasad R.G., Effect of oxygenated additives on control of emissions in a DI diesel engine using biodiesel–diesel blends, International Conference on Mechanical, Automobile and Robotics Engineering, ICMAR’2012, Penang, Malaysia, December 14–15 2012, (2012), pp. 256–260.
• [141]. Imtenan S., Masjuki H.H., Varman M., Rizwanul Fattah I.M., Sajjad H., Arbab M.I., Effect of n–butanol and diethyl ether as oxygenated additives on combustion–emission–performance characteristics of a multiple cylinder diesel engine fuelled with diesel–jatropha biodiesel blend. Energy Conversion and Management, 94, (2015), pp. 84–94.
• [142]. Rao P.V., Chary D.P., Diethyl ether additive effect in the performance of single cylinder DI diesel engine with B20 biodiesel blend fuel, International Journal of Advanced Engineering Research and Science, 5(11), (2018), 171–176.
• [143]. Varpe B.R., Kharde Y.R., Rahman K.F., Khidmatgar A., Effect of diethyl ether additive in Jatropha biodiesel‐ diesel fuel blends on the variable compression ratio diesel engine performance and emissions characteristics at different loads and compression ratios, Heat Transfer, 49(33), (2020), 1–21.
• [144]. Biradar C.H., Subramanian K.A., Dastidar M.G., Performance improvement and emissions reduction of a DI diesel engine for use of karanja biodiesel–diesel blend (B20) using diethyl ether, SAE Technical Paper, (2011), Paper no: 2011–26–0004.
• [145]. Manickam A.R., Rajan K., Manoharan N., Senthil Kumar K.R., Experimental analysis of a diesel engine fuelled with biodiesel blend using di–ethyl ether as fuel additives, International Journal of Engineering and Technology, 6(5), (2014), 2412–2420.
• [146]. Tudu K., Murugan S., Patel S.K., Experimental study of diethyl ether addition on the performance and emissions of a diesel engine, International Journal of Ambient Energy, 38(4), (2015), 332–338.
• [147]. Nagdeote D.D., Deshmukh M.M., Experimental study of diethyl ether and ethanol additives with biodiesel–diesel blended fuel engine, International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering, 2(3), (2012), 195–199.
• [148]. Mallikarjun M.V., Mamilla V.R., Rao G.L.N., NOx emission control techniques when CI engine is fuelled with blends of mahua methyle esters and diesel, International Journal of Engineering Sciences & Emerging Technologies, 4(2), (2013), 96–104.
• [149]. Sudhakar S., Sivaprakasam S., Potential of diethyl ether blends with biodiesel in di diesel engine–an experimental investigation, International Journal of Research in Engineering & Advanced Technology, 2(5), (2014), 1–6.
• [150]. Vadivel N., Somasundaram P., Krishnamoorthi M., Performance and emission characteristics of a CI engine fueled with diesel–biodiesel (mahua/mustard) blend with diethyl ether additive, Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 7, (2015), 109–115.
• [151]. Akshatha D.S., Manavendra G., Kumarappa S., Performance evaluation of Neem biodiesel on CI engine with diethyl ether as additive, International Journal of Innovative Research in Science, Engineering and Technology, 2(8), (2013), 3729–3736.
• [152]. Kumar J.V., Rao C.J., Experimental investigation of performance and emission characteristics of diesel engine working on diesel and neem oil blend with diethyl ether as additive, International Journal of Technological Exploration and Learning, 3(5), (2014), 581–588.
• [153]. Shrivastava N., Sungra T., A study to investigate the effect of diethyl ether as additive on the performance and emissions of engine using diesel and neem oil methyl ester as fuel, International Journal of Renewable Energy Research, 8(2), (2018), 888–894.
• [154]. Ibrahim A., An experimental study on using diethyl ether in a diesel engine operated with diesel– biodiesel fuel blend. Engineering Science and Technology, an International Journal, 21, (2018), 1024–1033.
• [155]. Ali O.M., Mamat R., Abdullah N.R., Abdullah A.A., Investigation of blended palm biodiesel–diesel fuel properties with oxygenated additive, Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences, 11(8), (2016), 5289–5293.
• [156]. Annamalai K., Kumar A.R.P., Premkartik K., Adelfa (NOME–Nerium Oil Methyl Ester) with DEE as the fuel additive for NOx reduction in DI Diesel engines–An experimental investigation, Journal of Scientific & Industrial Research, 73, (2014), 627–632.
• [157]. Ali O.M., Mamat R., Masjuki H.H., Abdullah A.A., Analysis of blended fuel properties and cycle–to–cycle variation in a diesel engine with a diethyl ether additive, Energy Conversion and Management, 108, (2016), 511–519.
• [158]. Imtenan S., Masjukia H.H., Varmana M., Arbaba M.I., Sajjada H., Rizwanul Fattaha I.M., Abedina M.J., Md. Hasib A.S., Emission and performance improvement analysis of biodiesel–diesel blends with additives. Procedia Engineering, 90, (2014), 472–477.
• [159]. Imtenan S., Varman M., Masjuki H.H., Kalam M.A., Sajjad H., Arbab M.I., Effect of DEE as an oxygenated additive on palm biodiesel–diesel blend in the context of combustion and emission characteristics on a medium duty diesel engine, 4th International Conference on Environmental, Energy and Biotechnology, ICEEB 2015, Madrid, Spain, June 15–16 2015, Vol. 85, (2015), pp. 100–104.
• [160]. Varaprasad K.S., Rao H.S.B., Experimental investigation on engine performance and exhaust emission analysis of diesel engine operating on palm oil biodiesel blends with diethyl ether as an additive, International Journal of Research and Innovation, (2017), 566–571.
• [161]. Prasadarao B.V.V., HariBabu N., Ramana M.V. The role of oxygenated fuel additive (DEE) along with palm methyl ester and diesel to estimate performance and emission analysis of DI–diesel engine, International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology, 3(1), (2014), 1–9.
• [162]. Uslu S., Multi–objective optimization of biodiesel and diethyl ether doped diesel engine by Taguchi method, International Journal of Automotive Science and Technology, 4(3), (2020), 171–179.
• [163]. Uslu S., Aydın M., Effect of operating parameters on performance and emissions of a diesel engine fueled with ternary blends of palm oil biodiesel/diethyl ether/diesel by Taguchi method, Fuel, 275, (2020), Paper no 117978.
• [164]. Hardiyanto C., Prawoto P., Effect of diethyl ether on performance and exhaust gas emissions of heavy– duty diesel engines fueled with biodiesel–diesel blend (B35), Automotive Experiences, 6(3), (2023), 687–701.
• [165]. Gurusamy M., Subramanian B., Study of PCCI engine operating on pine oil diesel blend (P50) with benzyl alcohol and diethyl ether, Fuel, 335, (2023), Paper no 127121.
• [166]. Samuel K.J., Raj R.T.K., Sreenivasulu N., Rajasekhar Y., Edison G., Saco S.A., An experimental study on performance and emissions of a direct ignition diesel engine with crude pongamia, pongamia methyl ester and diethyl ether blended with diesel, International Journal of Renewable Energy Research, 6(4), (2016), 1506–1515.
• [167]. Pugazhvadivu M., Rajagopan S., Investigations on a diesel engine fuelled with biodiesel blends and diethyl ether as an additive, Indian Journal of Science and Technology, 2(5), (2009), 31–35.
• [168]. Danesha D., Manjunath H., Production and characterization of biodiesel from Simarouba Glauca seed oil with diethyl ether as an additive and its performance and emission evaluation on single cylinder, four stroke C.I engine, International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology, 5(13), (2016), 64–68.
• [169]. Prabu S.S., Asokan M.A., Sukhadia D.S., Jain V., Sarwate S.M., Combustion, performance and emission behavior of soap–nut oil biodiesel/diesel blends in di diesel engine with diethyl–ether additive, Journal of Critical Reviews, 7(15), (2020), 4835–4843.
• [170]. Muneeswaran R., Thansekhar M.R., Reduction of NOx emission in biodiesel (soybean) fuelled DI diesel engine by cetane improver, Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences, 10(7), (2015), 2968–2973.
• [171]. Navaneethakrishnan P., Vasudevan D., Experimental study on performance and exhaust emission characteristics of a C.I. engine fuelled with tri–compound oxygenated diesel fuel blends, Indian Journal of Science and Technology, 8(4), (2015), 307–313.
• [172]. Raju V.D., Kishore P.S., Subbarao R., Investigations on the effects of diethyl ether as fuel additive in diesel engine fueled with tamarind seed methyl ester, Springer Proceedings in Energy–Advances in Energy Research, 2(41), (2017), 447–456.
• [173]. Raju V.D., Venu H., Subramani L., Kishore P.S., Prasanna P.L., Kumar D.V., An experimental assessment of prospective oxygenated additives on the diverse characteristics of diesel engine powered with waste tamarind biodiesel, Energy, 203, (2020), Paper no 117821.
• [174]. Tudu K., Murugan S., Patel S.K., Effect of diethyl ether in a DI diesel engine run on a tyre derived fuel– diesel blend, Journal of the Energy Institute, 89, (2016), 525–535.
• [175]. Murugan S., Tudu K., Patel S.K., Performance and emission studies of a naturally aspirated diesel engine. Journal of Clean Energy Technologies, 5(5), (2017), 359–365.
• [176]. Padmanabhan S., Selvamuthukumar M., Mahalingam S., Giridharan K., Ganesan S., Influential study of oxygenated additives in waste cooking biodiesel blends on diesel engine performance, Multidisciplinary Science Journal, 5, (2023), Paper no 2023015.
• [177]. Krishnamoorthi M., Natarajan A., Performance and emission characteristics of a CI engine fueled with diesel–waste fried oil blend with DEE as additive, International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology, 3(5), (2015), 65–72.
• [178]. Dubey A., Prasad R.S., Singh J.K., Nayyar A., Response surface methodology (RSM) based experimental and model analysis of diethyl ether biodiesel–diesel blends with exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) on stationary diesel engine, Petroleum Science and Technology, 41(12), (2023), 1272–1291.
• [179]. Reddy K.S., Rao Y.V.H., Raju V.D., Influence of diethyl ether on the diesel engine diverse characteristics fuelled with waste plastic biodiesel, Materials Today: Proceedings, 61, (2022), 1168–1175.
• [180]. Kotturi R.K., Krishna M.V.S.M., Kumar B.S.P., Effect of diethyl ether on a CRDI diesel engine with waste plastic oil blend, Gradiva Review Journal, 9(7), (2023), 41–51.
• [181]. More G.V., Koli S.R., Rao Y.V.H., Prasad P.I., Rao B.N., Effect of compression ratio on compression ignition engine with RUCO biodiesel/diethyl ether/diesel fuel blends, Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, (2020).
• [182]. Senthil R., Sivakumar E., Silambarasan R., Effect of diethyl ether on the performance and emission characteristics of a diesel engine using biodiesel–eucalyptus oil blends, RSC Advances, 5, (2015), 54019–54027.
• [183]. Qi D.H., Chen H., Geng L.M., Bian Y.Z., Effect of diethyl ether and ethanol additives on the combustion and emission characteristics of biodiesel–diesel blended fuel engine, Renewable Energy, 36, (2011), 1252–1258.
• [184]. Roy M.M., Calder J., Wang W., Mangad A., Diniz F.C.M., Cold start idle emissions from a modern Tier–4 turbo–charged diesel engine fueled with diesel–biodiesel, diesel–biodiesel–ethanol, and diesel–biodiesel–diethyl ether blends, Applied Energy, 180, (2016), 52–65.
• [185]. Carvalho M.A.S., Achy A.R.A., Junior L.C.S.S., Ferreira V.P., Silva J.A.M., Pepe I.M., Torres E.A., Mechanical and emissions performance of a diesel engine fueled with biodiesel, ethanol and diethyl ether blends, Journal of the Brazilian Society of Mechanical Sciences and Engineering, 42, (2020), Paper no 182.
• [186]. Venu H., Madhavan V., Effect of diethyl ether and Al2O3 nano additives in diesel–biodiesel–ethanol blends: performance, combustion and emission characteristics, Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology, 31(1), (2017), 409–420.
• [187]. Venu H., Madhavan V., Influence of diethyl ether (DEE) addition in ethanol–biodiesel–diesel (EBD) and methanol–biodiesel–diesel (MBD) blends in a diesel engine, Fuel, 189, (2017), 377–390.
• [188]. Sathiyamoorthi R., Sankaranarayanan G., Pitchandi K., Combined effect of nano emulsion and EGR on combustion and emission characteristics of neat lemongrass oil (LGO)–DEE–diesel blend fuelled diesel engine. Applied Thermal Engineering, 112, (2017), 1421–1432.
• [189]. Vellaiyan S., Kuppusamy S., Chandran D., Raviadaran R., Devarajan Y., Optimisation of fuel modification parameters for efficient and greener energy from diesel engine powered by water–emulsified biodiesel with cetane improver, Case Studies in Thermal Engineering, 48, (2023), Paper no 103129.
• [190]. Sezer I., A review study on the using of diethyl ether in diesel engines: effects on fuel properties and engine performance, Energy Technology, 6(11), (2018), 2084–2114.
• [191]. Sezer I., A review study on the using of diethyl ether in diesel engines: effects on fuel properties, injection and combustion characteristics, Energy and Environment, 31(2), (2020), 179–214.
• [192]. Sezer I. A, Review Study on the using of diethyl ether in diesel engines: effects on CO emissions, International Journal of Automotive Science and Technology, 3(1), (2019), 6–20.
• [193]. Sezer I., A review study on the using of diethyl ether in diesel engines: effects on HC emissions, European Journal of Science and Technology, 16, (2019), 109–124.
• [194]. Sezer I., A review study on the using of diethyl ether in diesel engines: effects on NOx emissions, International Journal of Automotive Engineering and Technologies, 7(4), (2018), 164–183.
• [195]. Sezer I., A review study on the using of diethyl ether in diesel engines: effects on smoke and PM emissions, MANAS Journal of Engineering, 7(2), (2019), 74–88.
• [196]. Sezer I., A Review study on the using of diethyl ether in diesel engines: effects on CO2 emissions, Journal of Chinese Society of Mechanical Engineers, 40(3), (2019), 263–272.
• [197]. Heywood J.B., Internal Combustion Engine Fundamentals, McGraw–Hill Book Company, New York, 1988.
• [198]. Ibrahim A., Bari S., Effect of varying compression ratio on a natural gas SI engine performance in the presence of EGR, Energy & Fuels, 23, (2009), 4949–4956.
• [199]. Ibrahim A., Bari S., An experimental investigation on the use of EGR in a supercharged natural gas SI engine. Fuel, 89, (2010), 1721–1730.