<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.4 20241031//EN"
        "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.4/JATS-journalpublishing1-4.dtd">
<article  article-type="research-article"        dtd-version="1.4">
            <front>

                <journal-meta>
                                                                <journal-id>mmnsa</journal-id>
            <journal-title-group>
                                                                                    <journal-title>Mathematical Modelling and Numerical Simulation with Applications</journal-title>
            </journal-title-group>
                                        <issn pub-type="epub">2791-8564</issn>
                                                                                            <publisher>
                    <publisher-name>Mehmet YAVUZ</publisher-name>
                </publisher>
                    </journal-meta>
                <article-meta>
                                        <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.53391/mmnsa.2022.008</article-id>
                                                                <article-categories>
                                            <subj-group  xml:lang="en">
                                                            <subject>Bioinformatics and Computational Biology</subject>
                                                            <subject>Applied Mathematics</subject>
                                                    </subj-group>
                                            <subj-group  xml:lang="tr">
                                                            <subject>Biyoinformatik ve Hesaplamalı Biyoloji</subject>
                                                            <subject>Uygulamalı Matematik</subject>
                                                    </subj-group>
                                    </article-categories>
                                                                                                                                                        <title-group>
                                                                                                                        <article-title>Asymptotic behavior and semi-analytic solution of a novel compartmental biological model</article-title>
                                                                                                                                        </title-group>
            
                                                    <contrib-group content-type="authors">
                                                                        <contrib contrib-type="author">
                                                                    <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">
                                        https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2177-3806</contrib-id>
                                                                <name>
                                    <surname>Sinan</surname>
                                    <given-names>Muhammad</given-names>
                                </name>
                                                                    <aff>School of Mathematical Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731</aff>
                                                            </contrib>
                                                    <contrib contrib-type="author">
                                                                    <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">
                                        https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6916-1062</contrib-id>
                                                                <name>
                                    <surname>Leng</surname>
                                    <given-names>Jinsong</given-names>
                                </name>
                                                                    <aff>School of Mathematical Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731</aff>
                                                            </contrib>
                                                    <contrib contrib-type="author">
                                                                    <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">
                                        https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1415-8760</contrib-id>
                                                                <name>
                                    <surname>Anjum</surname>
                                    <given-names>Misbah</given-names>
                                </name>
                                                                    <aff>International School of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731</aff>
                                                            </contrib>
                                                    <contrib contrib-type="author">
                                                                    <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">
                                        https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0176-2758</contrib-id>
                                                                <name>
                                    <surname>Fiaz</surname>
                                    <given-names>Mudassar</given-names>
                                </name>
                                                                    <aff>Department of Mathematics, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus</aff>
                                                            </contrib>
                                                                                </contrib-group>
                        
                                        <pub-date pub-type="pub" iso-8601-date="20220630">
                    <day>06</day>
                    <month>30</month>
                    <year>2022</year>
                </pub-date>
                                        <volume>2</volume>
                                        <issue>2</issue>
                                        <fpage>88</fpage>
                                        <lpage>107</lpage>
                        
                        <history>
                                    <date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="20220324">
                        <day>03</day>
                        <month>24</month>
                        <year>2022</year>
                    </date>
                                                    <date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="20220621">
                        <day>06</day>
                        <month>21</month>
                        <year>2022</year>
                    </date>
                            </history>
                                        <permissions>
                    <copyright-statement>Copyright © 2021, Mathematical Modelling and Numerical Simulation with Applications</copyright-statement>
                    <copyright-year>2021</copyright-year>
                    <copyright-holder>Mathematical Modelling and Numerical Simulation with Applications</copyright-holder>
                </permissions>
            
                                                                                                <abstract><p>This study proposes a novel mathematical model of COVID-19 and its qualitative properties. Asymptotic behavior of the proposed model with local and global stability analysis is investigated by considering the Lyapunov function. The mentioned model is globally stable around the disease-endemic equilibrium point conditionally. For a better understanding of the disease propagation with vaccination in the population, we split the population into five compartments: susceptible, exposed, infected, vaccinated, and recovered based on the fundamental Kermack-McKendrick model. He&#039;s homotopy perturbation technique is used for the semi-analytical solution of the suggested model. For the sake of justification, we present the numerical simulation with graphical results.</p></abstract>
                                                                                    
            
                                                            <kwd-group>
                                                    <kwd>Local asymptotic stability</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  global asymptotic stability</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Routh-Hurwitz criterion</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  COVID-19</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  infectious disease modeling</kwd>
                                            </kwd-group>
                                                        
                                                                                                                                                    </article-meta>
    </front>
    <back>
                            <ref-list>
                                    <ref id="ref1">
                        <label>1</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/, Coronavirus cases. Access Date: 20.06.2022</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref2">
                        <label>2</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Sinan, M., Ali, A., Shah, K., Assiri, T.A., &amp; Nofal, T.A. Stability analysis and optimal control of COVID-19 pandemic SEIQR fractional mathematical model with harmonic mean type incidence rate and treatment. Results in Physics, 22, 103873, (2021).</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref3">
                        <label>3</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Ali, A., Khan, M.Y., Sinan, M., Allehiany, F.M., Mahmoud, E.E., Abdel-Aty, A.H., &amp; Ali, G. Theoretical and numerical analysis of novel COVID-19 via fractional order mathematical model. Results in physics, 20, 103676, (2021).</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref4">
                        <label>4</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Asamoah, J.K.K., Owusu, M.A., Jin, Z., Oduro, F.T., Abidemi, A., &amp; Gyasi, E.O. Global stability and cost-effectiveness analysis of COVID-19 considering the impact of the environment: using data from Ghana. Chaos, Solitons &amp; Fractals, 140, 110103, (2020).</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref5">
                        <label>5</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Pe´ni, T., Csutak, B., Szederke´nyi, G., &amp; Ro¨st, G. Nonlinear model predictive control with logic constraints for COVID-19 management. Nonlinear Dynamics, 102(4), 1965-1986, (2020).</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref6">
                        <label>6</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Matouk, A.E. Complex dynamics in susceptible-infected models for COVID-19 with multi-drug resistance. Chaos, Solitons &amp; Fractals, 140, 110257, (2020).</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref7">
                        <label>7</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Sun, D., Duan, L., Xiong, J., &amp; Wang, D. Modeling and forecasting the spread tendency of the COVID-19 in China. Advances in Difference Equations, 2020(1), 1-16, (2020).</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref8">
                        <label>8</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Ahmed, I., Baba, I.A., Yusuf, A., Kumam, P., &amp; Kumam, W. Analysis of Caputo fractional-order model for COVID-19 with lockdown. Advances in difference equations, 2020(1), 1-14, (2020).</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref9">
                        <label>9</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Alqahtani, R.T. Mathematical model of SIR epidemic system (COVID-19) with fractional derivative: stability and numerical analysis. Advances in Difference Equations, 2021(1), 1-16, (2021).</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref10">
                        <label>10</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Naik, P.A., Zu, J., &amp; Owolabi, K.M. Global dynamics of a fractional order model for the transmission of HIV epidemic with optimal control. Chaos, Solitons &amp; Fractals, 138, 109826, (2020).</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref11">
                        <label>11</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Zhu, L., Zhou, X., Li, Y., &amp; Zhu, Y. Stability and bifurcation analysis on a delayed epidemic model with information-dependent vaccination. Physica scripta, 94(12), 125202, (2019).</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref12">
                        <label>12</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Allegretti, S., Bulai, I.M., Marino, R., Menandro, M.A., &amp; Parisi, K. Vaccination effect conjoint to fraction of avoided contacts for a Sars-Cov-2 mathematical model. Mathematical Modelling and Numerical Simulation with Applications, 1(2), 56-66, (2021).</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref13">
                        <label>13</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Shah, K., Abdeljawad, T., Mahariq, I., &amp; Jarad, F. Qualitative analysis of a mathematical model in the time of COVID-19. BioMed Research International, 2020, (2020).</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref14">
                        <label>14</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Pais, R.J., &amp; Taveira, N. Predicting the evolution and control of the COVID-19 pandemic in Portugal. F1000Research, 9, (2020).</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref15">
                        <label>15</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Martcheva, M. An introduction to mathematical epidemiology (Vol. 61, pp. 9-31). New York: Springer, (2015).</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref16">
                        <label>16</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Samji, H., Wu, J., Ladak, A., Vossen, C., Stewart, E., Dove, N., ... &amp; Snell, G. Mental health impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on children and youth–a systematic review. Child and Adolescent Mental Health, 27(2), 173-189, (2022).</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref17">
                        <label>17</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Li, X.P., Gul, N., Khan, M.A., Bilal, R., Ali, A., Alshahrani, M.Y., ... &amp; Islam, S. A new Hepatitis B model in light of asymptomatic carriers and vaccination study through Atangana–Baleanu derivative. Results in Physics, 29, 104603, (2021).</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref18">
                        <label>18</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Din, A., &amp; Li, Y. Stationary distribution extinction and optimal control for the stochastic hepatitis B epidemic model with partial immunity. Physica Scripta, 96(7), 074005, (2021).</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref19">
                        <label>19</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Din, A., &amp; Li, Y. Lévy noise impact on a stochastic hepatitis B epidemic model under real statistical data and its fractal–fractional Atangana–Baleanu order model. Physica Scripta, 96(12), 124008, (2021).</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref20">
                        <label>20</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Din, A., Li, Y., Khan, F.M., Khan, Z.U., &amp; Liu, P. On Analysis of fractional order mathematical model of Hepatitis B using Atangana–Baleanu Caputo (ABC) derivative. Fractals, 30(01), 2240017, (2022).</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref21">
                        <label>21</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Din, A., Li, Y., Yusuf, A., &amp; Ali, A.I. Caputo type fractional operator applied to Hepatitis B system. Fractals, 30(01), 2240023, (2022).</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref22">
                        <label>22</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Din, A., &amp; Abidin, M.Z. Analysis of fractional-order vaccinated Hepatitis-B epidemic model with Mittag-Leffler kernels. Mathematical Modelling and Numerical Simulation with Applications, 2(2), 59-72, (2022).</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref23">
                        <label>23</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Ali, A., Alshammari, F.S., Islam, S., Khan, M.A., &amp; Ullah, S. Modeling and analysis of the dynamics of novel coronavirus (COVID-19) with Caputo fractional derivative. Results in Physics, 20, 103669, (2021).</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref24">
                        <label>24</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Daşbaşı, B. Stability analysis of an incommensurate fractional-order SIR model. Mathematical Modelling and Numerical Simulation with Applications, 1(1), 44-55, (2021).</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref25">
                        <label>25</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Ali, A., Islam, S., Khan, M.R., Rasheed, S., Allehiany, F.M., Baili, J., ... &amp; Ahmad, H. Dynamics of a fractional order Zika virus model with mutant. Alexandria Engineering Journal, 61(6), 4821-4836, (2022).</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref26">
                        <label>26</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Ali, A., Iqbal, Q., Asamoah, J.K.K., &amp; Islam, S. Mathematical modeling for the transmission potential of Zika virus with optimal control strategies. The European Physical Journal Plus, 137(1), 1-30, (2022).</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref27">
                        <label>27</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Zhang, X.H., Ali, A., Khan, M.A., Alshahrani, M.Y., Muhammad, T., &amp; Islam, S. Mathematical analysis of the TB model with treatment via Caputo-type fractional derivative. Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society, 2021, (2021).</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref28">
                        <label>28</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Faniran, T., Ali, A., Adewole, M.O., Adebo, B., &amp; Akanni, O.O. Asymptotic behavior of tuberculosis between smokers and non-smokers. Partial Differential Equations in Applied Mathematics, 5, 100244, (2022).</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref29">
                        <label>29</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Din, A., &amp; Li, Y. The extinction and persistence of a stochastic model of drinking alcohol. Results in Physics, 28, 104649, (2021).</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref30">
                        <label>30</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Naik, P.A., Eskandari, Z., Yavuz, M., &amp; Zu, J. Complex dynamics of a discrete-time Bazykin–Berezovskaya prey-predator model with a strong Allee effect. Journal of Computational and Applied Mathematics, 413, 114401, (2022).</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref31">
                        <label>31</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Abdy, M., Side, S., Annas, S., Nur, W., &amp; Sanusi, W. An SIR epidemic model for COVID-19 spread with fuzzy parameter: the case of Indonesia. Advances in difference equations, 2021(1), 1-17, (2021).</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref32">
                        <label>32</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Yavuz, M., Coşar, F.Ö., Günay, F., &amp; Özdemir, F.N. A new mathematical modeling of the COVID-19 pandemic including the vaccination campaign. Open Journal of Modelling and Simulation, 9(3), 299-321, (2021).</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref33">
                        <label>33</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Özköse, F., Yavuz, M., Şenel, M.T., &amp; Habbireeh, R. Fractional order modelling of omicron SARS-CoV-2 variant containing heart attack effect using real data from the United Kingdom. Chaos, Solitons &amp; Fractals, 157, 111954, (2022).</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref34">
                        <label>34</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Shen, Z.H., Chu, Y.M., Khan, M.A., Muhammad, S., Al-Hartomy, O.A., &amp; Higazy, M. Mathematical modeling and optimal control of the COVID-19 dynamics. Results in Physics, 31, 105028, (2021).</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref35">
                        <label>35</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Ahmad, S., Ullah, A., Al-Mdallal, Q.M., Khan, H., Shah, K., &amp; Khan, A. Fractional order mathematical modeling of COVID-19 transmission. Chaos, Solitons &amp; Fractals, 139, 110256, (2020).</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref36">
                        <label>36</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Abdo, M.S., Shah, K., Wahash, H.A., &amp; Panchal, S.K. On a comprehensive model of the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) under MittagLeffler derivative. Chaos, Solitons &amp; Fractals, 135, 109867, (2020).</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref37">
                        <label>37</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Robinson, E., Sutin, A.R., Daly, M., &amp; Jones, A. A systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal cohort studies comparing mental health before versus during the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020. Journal of affective disorders, 296, 567-576, (2022).</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref38">
                        <label>38</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Oud, M.A.A., Ali, A., Alrabaiah, H., Ullah, S., Khan, M.A., &amp; Islam, S. A fractional order mathematical model for COVID-19 dynamics with quarantine, isolation, and environmental viral load. Advances in Difference Equations, 2021(1), 1-19, (2021).</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref39">
                        <label>39</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Mathieu, E., et al. A global database of COVID-19 vaccinations. Nature Human Behaviour, 5(7), 947-953, (2021).</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref40">
                        <label>40</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">https://www.who.int/ Access Date: 20.06.2022</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref41">
                        <label>41</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">He, J.H. Homotopy perturbation technique. Computer methods in applied mechanics and engineering, 178(3-4), 257-262, (1999).</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref42">
                        <label>42</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">He, J.H. Comparison of homotopy perturbation method and homotopy analysis method. Applied Mathematics and Computation, 156(2), 527-539, (2004).</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref43">
                        <label>43</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Sinan, M., Shah, K., Khan, Z.A., Al-Mdallal, Q., &amp; Rihan, F. On Semianalytical Study of Fractional-Order Kawahara Partial Differential Equation with the Homotopy Perturbation Method. Journal of Mathematics, 2021, (2021).</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref44">
                        <label>44</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Mohyud-Din, S.T., &amp; Noor, M.A. Homotopy perturbation method for solving partial differential equations. Zeitschrift für Naturforschung A, 64(3-4), 157-170, (2009).</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref45">
                        <label>45</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Sinan, M. Analytic approximate solution of rabies transmission dynamics using homotopy perturbation method. Matrix Science Mathematics (MSMK), 4(1), 01-05, (2020).</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref46">
                        <label>46</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Zedan, H.A., &amp; El Adrous, E. The application of the homotopy perturbation method and the homotopy analysis method to the generalized Zakharov equations. In Abstract and Applied Analysis, 2012, (2012).</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref47">
                        <label>47</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Demir, A., Erman, S., O¨zgu¨r, B., &amp; Korkmaz, E. Analysis of the new homotopy perturbation method for linear and nonlinear problems. Boundary Value Problems, 2013(1), 1-11, (2013).</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref48">
                        <label>48</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Zhang, Z., ur Rahman, G., Gómez-Aguilar, J.F., &amp; Torres-Jiménez, J. Dynamical aspects of a delayed epidemic model with subdivision of susceptible population and control strategies. Chaos, Solitons &amp; Fractals, 160, 112194, (2022).</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref49">
                        <label>49</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Wang, Z., Nie, X., &amp; Liao, M. Stability Analysis of a Fractional-Order SEIR-KS Computer Virus-Spreading Model with Two Delays. Journal of Mathematics, 2021, (2021).</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                            </ref-list>
                    </back>
    </article>
