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Neurological Problems Among Child Laborers Çocuk İşçiliği Çocuk işçiliği günlük yaşantının farklı aşamala

Year 2017, Volume: 16 Issue: 62, 56 - 64, 01.03.2017

Abstract

Child labor is a common problem. Both physicaland mental-psychological diseases are seen more frequently among the child laborers than among their non-working counterparts. It is known that the exposure to toxic substances at the doses that do not cause clinical symptoms in adults may lead to serious disease symptoms and developmental disorders in children. According to the International Labor Organization’s ILO data for the year 2012, worldwide employment rate for children aged 5-17 years, who engaged in an economical activity was 16.7 % and the incidence of child labor illegal employment of children was 10.6 %. It was found that about half of all child laborers were in hazardous work. In Turkey, according to the Turkish Statistical Institute’s 2012 data, a total of 893.000 5.9 % children aged 6-17 years were recorded as the children in employment. These children work in agriculture, industry and service sector with the rates of 44.7 %, 24.3 % and 31 %, respectively. Given the high incidence of child labor, the physicians practising in the specialty areas relevant to children’s health and diseases should take a good history of work and work environment and have knowledge about the environmental exposures commonly encountered and the occupational diseases. The children in employment are at risk of neurological diseases and neurodevelopmental disorders. In order to reduce these risks, the social and legal efforts towards eliminating child labor should be carried out and preventive and therapeutic healthcare services should also be improved to solve existing problems; besides, the gaps in relevant medical knowledge should be filled.

References

  • Diallo Y, Etienne A, Mehran F. Global child labour trends 2008 to 2012. International programme on the elimination of child labour (IPEC). International Labour Organisation 2013.
  • Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu, Çocuk İşgücü Anketi, 2012.
  • Çağlayan Ç, Hamzaoğlu O, Yavuz CI, Yüksel S. Working conditions and health status of child workers: Cross- sectional study of the students at an apprenticeship school in Kocaeli. Pediatr Int 2010; 52:6-12.
  • Leigh JP, Markowitz SB, Fahs M, et al. Occupational injury and illness in the United States. Estimates of costs, morbidity, and mortality. Arch Intern Med 1997; 157:1557-68.
  • Landrigan PJ. Children’s environmental health: A brief history. Acad Pediatr 2016; 16:1-9.
  • Gibson JL. A plea for painted railing and painted walls of rooms as the source of lead poisoning among Queensland children. Aust Med Gazette 1904; 23:149- 53.
  • Harada H. Congenital Minamata disease: intrauterine methylmercury poisoning. Teratology 1978; 18:285-8.
  • National Academy of Sciences. Pesticides in the diets of infants and children. Washington DC; National Academy Press, 1993.
  • Johnson SB, Riley AW, Grange DA, et al. The science of early life toxic stress for pediatric practice and advocacy. Pediatrics 2013; 131:319-27.
  • Landrigan PJ, Goldman L. Children’s vulnerability to toxic chemicals: a challenge and opportunity to strengthen health and environmental policy. Health Aff 2011; 30:842-50.
  • Goldman RH, Elmore JG, Sokol HN. Overview of occupational and environmental health. www.uptodate.com, 2016.
  • Dos Santos AA, Hort MA, Culbreth M, et al. Methyl mercury and brain development. A review of the recent literature. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2016; doi 10.1016/j.temb.2016.03.001.
  • Mahajan PV. Heavy metal intoxication. In: Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics, Eds: Kliegman RM, Stanton BF, St Geme JW, Schor NF. Elsevier, 20th ed, Philadelphia 2016, p. 3428-31.
  • Weiss B. Vulnerability of children and the developing brain to neurotoxic hazards. Environ Health Perspect 2000; 108:375-381.
  • Gorell JM, Johnson CC, Rybıckı BA, Peterson EL. Richardson RJ. The risk of Parkinson’s disease with exposure to pesticides, farming, well water, and rural living. Neurology 1998; 50:1346-1350.
  • McGeer PL, Itagaki S, Akiyama H, McGeer EG. Rate of cell death in Parkinsonism indicates active neuropathological process. Ann Neurol 1988; 24: 574- 576.
  • Sager PR, Matheson DW. Mechanisms of neurotoxicity related to selective disruption of microtubules and intermediate filaments. Toxicology 1988; 49:479-492.
  • Markowitz M. Lead poisoning. In: Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics, Eds: Kliegman RM, Stanton BF, St Geme JW, Schor NF. Elsevier, 20th ed, Philadelphia 2016, p. 3431- 35.
  • Modabbernia A, Velthorst E, Gennings C, et al. Early- life exposure and schizophrenia. Eur Psychiatry 2016; 36: 1-6.
  • Pihl RO, Parkes M. Hair element content in learning disabled children. Science 1977; 198:204-6.
  • Crinella FM, Cordova EJ, Ercson JE. Manganese, agression and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Neurotoxicology 1998; 19:468-9.
  • Schettler T. Toxic threats to neurologic development of children. Environ Health Perspect 2001; 109:813-816.
  • Roberts JR, Karr CJ, an Council on Environmental Health. Pesticide exposure in children. Pediatrics 2012; 130:e1765-e1788.
  • Bilir N, Doğan B, Yıldız AN. Sigara içme konusundaki davranışlar ve tutumlar-Ankara/Türkiye. Hacettepe Halk Sağlığı Vakfı- International Development Research Centre. Hacettepğe Halk Sağlığı Vakfı Yayın No: 7, 1997, Ankara.
  • Baytemür M, Koçak A, Fişek G. 13-15 yaş diliminde sigara içmeyi etkileyen etmenler üzerine bir araştırma. Çalışma Ortamı 1994; 14:32-8.
  • Özşahin A, Bostancı M, Zencir M. Çocuklarda psikoaktif madde kullanımı. Pamukkale Üniversitsi Tıp Fakültesi Dergisi 2001; 5:95-101.
  • Stager MM. Substance abuse. In: Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics, Eds: Kliegman RM, Stanton BF, St Geme JW, Schor NF. Elsevier, 20th ed, Philadelphia 2016, p. 947- 62.
  • Cooper ZD. Adverse effects of synthetic cannabinoids. Curr Psychiatry Rep 2016; 18:52.
  • Besli GE, İkiz MA, Yıldırım S, Saltık S. Synthetic cannabinoid abuse in adolescents. J Emerg Med 2015; 49:644-650.
  • Perkins DN, Drisse MNB, Nxele T, Sly PD. E-waste: A global hazard. Ann Glob Health 2014; 80:286-95.l

ÇOCUK İŞÇİLERİN NÖROLOJİK SORUNLAR

Year 2017, Volume: 16 Issue: 62, 56 - 64, 01.03.2017

Abstract

Çocuk işçiliği yaygın bir sorundur. Çocuk işçilerde hem fiziksel hastalıklar hem de mental-ruhsal hastalıklar yaşıtı çocuklara göre çok daha fazla görülmektedir. Erişkinlerde klinik bulgulara neden olmayan dozda toksik madde maruziyetlerinin çocuklarda ciddi hastalık belirtilerine ve gelişimsel bozukluklara neden olabileceği bilinmektedir. Uluslararası Çalışma Örgütü’nün ILO 2012 yılı verilerine göre tüm dünyada 5-17 yaş arasında bir ekonomik aktivite içinde bulunan çocuk oranı %16,7, çocuk işçiliği, %10,6 oranında öngörülmüştür. Bu çocukların yaklaşık yarısının sağlığa zararlı koşullarda çalıştıkları saptanmıştır. Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu’nun 2012 yılı verilerine göre 6- 17 yaş aralığında toplamda 893.000 %5.9 çocuk çalışan çocuk olarak kayda geçmiştir. Bu çocukların %44,7’si tarımda, %24,3’ü sanayide, %31’i hizmet sektöründe çalışmaktadır. Çocuk işçiliğinin sıklığı göz önüne alındığında çocuk sağlığı ve hastalıklarıyla ilgili branşlarda çalışan hekimlerin iş ve çevreyle ilgili iyi bir öykü alabilmesi ve sık görülen çevresel maruziyetler ile meslek hastalıkları konusunda bilgi sahibi olması gerekir. Çalışan çocuklar nörolojik hastalıklar ve nörogelişimsel bozukluklar açısından risk altındadır. Bu risklerin azaltılması için bir yandan çocuk işçiliğini önlemeye yönelik sosyal ve hukuki çalışmalar yapmak, diğer yandan mevcut sorunların çözümüne yönelik olarak koruyucu ve tedavi edici sağlık hizmetlerini geliştirmek ve konuyla ilgili tıbbi bilgi açığını gidermek zorunludur

References

  • Diallo Y, Etienne A, Mehran F. Global child labour trends 2008 to 2012. International programme on the elimination of child labour (IPEC). International Labour Organisation 2013.
  • Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu, Çocuk İşgücü Anketi, 2012.
  • Çağlayan Ç, Hamzaoğlu O, Yavuz CI, Yüksel S. Working conditions and health status of child workers: Cross- sectional study of the students at an apprenticeship school in Kocaeli. Pediatr Int 2010; 52:6-12.
  • Leigh JP, Markowitz SB, Fahs M, et al. Occupational injury and illness in the United States. Estimates of costs, morbidity, and mortality. Arch Intern Med 1997; 157:1557-68.
  • Landrigan PJ. Children’s environmental health: A brief history. Acad Pediatr 2016; 16:1-9.
  • Gibson JL. A plea for painted railing and painted walls of rooms as the source of lead poisoning among Queensland children. Aust Med Gazette 1904; 23:149- 53.
  • Harada H. Congenital Minamata disease: intrauterine methylmercury poisoning. Teratology 1978; 18:285-8.
  • National Academy of Sciences. Pesticides in the diets of infants and children. Washington DC; National Academy Press, 1993.
  • Johnson SB, Riley AW, Grange DA, et al. The science of early life toxic stress for pediatric practice and advocacy. Pediatrics 2013; 131:319-27.
  • Landrigan PJ, Goldman L. Children’s vulnerability to toxic chemicals: a challenge and opportunity to strengthen health and environmental policy. Health Aff 2011; 30:842-50.
  • Goldman RH, Elmore JG, Sokol HN. Overview of occupational and environmental health. www.uptodate.com, 2016.
  • Dos Santos AA, Hort MA, Culbreth M, et al. Methyl mercury and brain development. A review of the recent literature. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2016; doi 10.1016/j.temb.2016.03.001.
  • Mahajan PV. Heavy metal intoxication. In: Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics, Eds: Kliegman RM, Stanton BF, St Geme JW, Schor NF. Elsevier, 20th ed, Philadelphia 2016, p. 3428-31.
  • Weiss B. Vulnerability of children and the developing brain to neurotoxic hazards. Environ Health Perspect 2000; 108:375-381.
  • Gorell JM, Johnson CC, Rybıckı BA, Peterson EL. Richardson RJ. The risk of Parkinson’s disease with exposure to pesticides, farming, well water, and rural living. Neurology 1998; 50:1346-1350.
  • McGeer PL, Itagaki S, Akiyama H, McGeer EG. Rate of cell death in Parkinsonism indicates active neuropathological process. Ann Neurol 1988; 24: 574- 576.
  • Sager PR, Matheson DW. Mechanisms of neurotoxicity related to selective disruption of microtubules and intermediate filaments. Toxicology 1988; 49:479-492.
  • Markowitz M. Lead poisoning. In: Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics, Eds: Kliegman RM, Stanton BF, St Geme JW, Schor NF. Elsevier, 20th ed, Philadelphia 2016, p. 3431- 35.
  • Modabbernia A, Velthorst E, Gennings C, et al. Early- life exposure and schizophrenia. Eur Psychiatry 2016; 36: 1-6.
  • Pihl RO, Parkes M. Hair element content in learning disabled children. Science 1977; 198:204-6.
  • Crinella FM, Cordova EJ, Ercson JE. Manganese, agression and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Neurotoxicology 1998; 19:468-9.
  • Schettler T. Toxic threats to neurologic development of children. Environ Health Perspect 2001; 109:813-816.
  • Roberts JR, Karr CJ, an Council on Environmental Health. Pesticide exposure in children. Pediatrics 2012; 130:e1765-e1788.
  • Bilir N, Doğan B, Yıldız AN. Sigara içme konusundaki davranışlar ve tutumlar-Ankara/Türkiye. Hacettepe Halk Sağlığı Vakfı- International Development Research Centre. Hacettepğe Halk Sağlığı Vakfı Yayın No: 7, 1997, Ankara.
  • Baytemür M, Koçak A, Fişek G. 13-15 yaş diliminde sigara içmeyi etkileyen etmenler üzerine bir araştırma. Çalışma Ortamı 1994; 14:32-8.
  • Özşahin A, Bostancı M, Zencir M. Çocuklarda psikoaktif madde kullanımı. Pamukkale Üniversitsi Tıp Fakültesi Dergisi 2001; 5:95-101.
  • Stager MM. Substance abuse. In: Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics, Eds: Kliegman RM, Stanton BF, St Geme JW, Schor NF. Elsevier, 20th ed, Philadelphia 2016, p. 947- 62.
  • Cooper ZD. Adverse effects of synthetic cannabinoids. Curr Psychiatry Rep 2016; 18:52.
  • Besli GE, İkiz MA, Yıldırım S, Saltık S. Synthetic cannabinoid abuse in adolescents. J Emerg Med 2015; 49:644-650.
  • Perkins DN, Drisse MNB, Nxele T, Sly PD. E-waste: A global hazard. Ann Glob Health 2014; 80:286-95.l
There are 30 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Bülent Kara This is me

Publication Date March 1, 2017
Published in Issue Year 2017 Volume: 16 Issue: 62

Cite

APA Kara, B. (2017). ÇOCUK İŞÇİLERİN NÖROLOJİK SORUNLAR. TTB Mesleki Sağlık Ve Güvenlik Dergisi, 16(62), 56-64.
AMA Kara B. ÇOCUK İŞÇİLERİN NÖROLOJİK SORUNLAR. MSG. March 2017;16(62):56-64.
Chicago Kara, Bülent. “ÇOCUK İŞÇİLERİN NÖROLOJİK SORUNLAR”. TTB Mesleki Sağlık Ve Güvenlik Dergisi 16, no. 62 (March 2017): 56-64.
EndNote Kara B (March 1, 2017) ÇOCUK İŞÇİLERİN NÖROLOJİK SORUNLAR. TTB Mesleki Sağlık ve Güvenlik Dergisi 16 62 56–64.
IEEE B. Kara, “ÇOCUK İŞÇİLERİN NÖROLOJİK SORUNLAR”, MSG, vol. 16, no. 62, pp. 56–64, 2017.
ISNAD Kara, Bülent. “ÇOCUK İŞÇİLERİN NÖROLOJİK SORUNLAR”. TTB Mesleki Sağlık ve Güvenlik Dergisi 16/62 (March 2017), 56-64.
JAMA Kara B. ÇOCUK İŞÇİLERİN NÖROLOJİK SORUNLAR. MSG. 2017;16:56–64.
MLA Kara, Bülent. “ÇOCUK İŞÇİLERİN NÖROLOJİK SORUNLAR”. TTB Mesleki Sağlık Ve Güvenlik Dergisi, vol. 16, no. 62, 2017, pp. 56-64.
Vancouver Kara B. ÇOCUK İŞÇİLERİN NÖROLOJİK SORUNLAR. MSG. 2017;16(62):56-64.