Banka ve İmalat Sanayi Sektörü İhtiyatlılık Skorları: Karşılaştırmalı Bir Analiz
Year 2019,
Issue: 83, 279 - 298, 01.07.2019
Gizem Çopur Vardar
Aslı Yıkılmaz Erkol
Abstract
Bu çalışmanın amacı 2005-2017 yılları arasında BIST 100 endeksi banka ve imalat sanayi sektörlerindeki firmaların ihtiyatlılık skorlarını hesaplayarak, karşılaştırma yapmaktır. Koşulsuz ihtiyatlılığın tahmininde negatif tahakkuk yöntemi, koşullu ihtiyatlılığın tahmininde ise piyasa değeri/defter değeri oranı yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Elde edilen sonuçlara göre her iki sektörün koşullu ihtiyatlılık skoru yüksektir. Fakat bankacılık sektörünün koşullu ihtiyatlılık skoru imalat sanayi sektörüne göre daha yüksektir. Koşulsuz ihtiyatlılığın ise her iki sektörde düşük olduğu fakat imalat sanayi sektöründe son yıllarda yükselme eğiliminde olduğu gözlemlenmiştir. Sonuç olarak iki sektörün ihtiyatlılık düzeyinin birbirbirinden önemli ölçüde farklılaşmadığı ve düzenleyici otoritenin bankacılık sektörü ihtiyatlılık düzeyini önemli derecede etkilediği sonucuna varılmıştır.
References
- Ahmed, Anwer S. - Bruce K. Billings - Richard M. Morton - Mary Stanford‐Harri (2002), "The role of Accounting Conservatism in Mitigating Bondholder-Shareholder Conflicts over Dividend Policy and in Reducing Debt Costs", The Accounting Review, 77, 4, pp.867-890.
- Ahmed, Anwer S. – Scott Duellman (2007), "Accounting Conservatism and Board Of Director Characteristics: An Empirical Analysis", Journal of Accounting and Economics, 43, 2-3, pp.411-437.
- Ahmed, Anwer S. – Scott Duellman (2007), "Evidence on the Role of Accounting Conservatism in Corporate Governance", Journal of Accounting and Economics, 43, 2-3, pp.411-437.
- Ahmed, Kamran, - Darren Henry (2012), "Accounting Conservatism and Voluntary Corporate Governance Mechanisms by Australian Firms", Accounting & Finance, 52, 3, pp.631-662.
- Alkurdi, Amneh - Munther Al-Nimer - Mohammad Dabaghia (2017), "Accounting Conservatism and Ownership Structure Effect: Evidence from Industrial and Financial Jordanian Listed Companies", International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues, 7, 2, pp.608-619.
- André, Paul- Andrei Filip (2015), “A(n)other Look at Prudence/Conservatism in Frameworks, in Standards, in Practice and in Academia”, Policy Paper, Essec Business School.
- André, Paul, Andrei Filip, and Luc Paugam (2015), "The Effect of Mandatory IFRS Adoption on Conditional Conservatism in Europe", Journal of Business Finance & Accounting, 42, 3-4, pp.482-514.
- Artiach, Tracy C., - Peter M. Clarkson (2014), "Conservatism, Disclosure and the Cost of Equity Capital", Australian Journal of Management, 39, 2, pp.293-314.
- Balakrishnan, Karthik - Ross Watts - Luo Zuo (2016), "The Effect of Accounting Conservatism on Corporate Investment During the Global Financial Crisis", Journal of Business Finance & Accounting, 43, 5-6, pp.513-542.
- Basel Committee on Banking Supervision (2010b): “Basel III: A Global Regulatory Framework for More Resilient Banks and Banking Systems,” Bank for International Settlements, Basel.
- Basu, Sudipta (1997), "The Conservatism Principle and the Asymmetric Timeliness of Earnings", Journal of Accounting and Economics, 24, 1, pp.3-37.
- Basu, Sudipta (2005), “Discussion of ‘‘Conditional and Unconditional Conservatism: Concepts and Modeling’’, Review of Accounting Studies, 10,pp. 311–321.
- Beatty, Anne - Joseph Weber - Jeff Jiewei Yu (2008), “Conservatism and Debt", Journal of accounting and economics, 45, 2-3, pp.154-174.
- Beaver, William H., - Stephen G. Ryan (2005), "Conditional and Unconditional Conservatism: Concepts and Modeling", Review of Accounting Studies, 10, 2-3, pp.269-309.
- Biddle, Gary C. - Mary LZ Ma - Frank M. Song (2016), "Accounting Conservatism and Bankruptcy Risk", (https://hub.hku.hk/bitstream/10722/215489/1/Content.pdf? accept=1, (28.02.2019).
- Chen, Chao - Song Zhu (2013), "Financial Reporting Quality, Debt Maturity, and the Cost of Debt: Evidence from China", Emerging Markets Finance and Trade, 49, 4, pp.236-253.
- Chen, Hanwen – Chen, Jeff Zeyun- Lobo, Gerald, J.- Wang, Yanyan, (2010), “Association Between Borrower and Lender State Ownership and Accounting Conservatism”, Journal of Accounting Research, 48,5, pp.973-1014.
- Chen, Shuping – Xia Chen – Qiang Cheng (2014), "Conservatism and Equity Ownership of the Founding Family", European Accounting Review, 23, 3, pp.403-430.
- Efrag (2013), "Getting a Better Framework- Prudence Bulletin", https://www.efrag.org/Assets/Download?assetUrl=%2Fsites%2Fwebpublishing%2FSiteAssets%2FBulletin%2520Prudence.pdf, (07.10.2018).
- Elshandidy, Tamer - Ahmed Hassanein (2014), "Do IFRS and Board of Directors’ İndependence Affect Accounting Conservatism?", Applied Financial Economics, 24, 16, pp.1091-1102.
- Ernst -Young (2018). "IFRS 9 Expected Credit Loss Making Sense Of The Change İn Numbers IFRS 9 Expected Credit Loss Making Sense Of The Transition İmpact”https://www.ey.com/Publication/vwLUAssets/ey-ifrs-9-expected-credit-loss/$File/ey-ifrs-9-expected-credit-loss.pdf (03.04.2019).
- Feltham, Gerald A. - James A. Ohlson, (1995), "Valuation and Clean Surplus Accounting for Operating and Financial Activities", Contemporary Accounting Research, 11, 2, pp.689-731.
- Foroghi, Dariush - Hadi Amiri - Zahra N. Fallah (2013), "Corporate Governance and Conservatism", International Journal of Academic Research in Accounting, Finance and Management Sciences, 3, 4, pp.61-71.
- Francis, Bill - Iftekhar Hasan - Jong C. Park - Qıang Wu (2015), "Gender Differences in Financial Reporting Decision Making: Evidence from Accounting Conservatism", Contemporary Accounting Research, 32, 3, pp.1285-1318.
- Francis, Bill - Iftekhar Hasan - Qiang Wu (2013), "The Benefits of Conservative Accounting to Shareholders: Evidence from the Financial Crisis", Accounting Horizons, 27, 2, pp.319-346.
- Givoly, Dan - Carla Hayn (2000), "The Changing Time-Series Properties of Earnings, Cash Flows and Accruals: Has Financial Reporting Become More Conservative?", Journal of Accounting and Economics, 29, 3, pp.287-320.
- Givoly, Dan - Carla K. Hayn - Ashok Natarajan (2007), "Measuring Reporting Conservatism", The Accounting Review, 82, 1, pp.65-106.
- Gul, A. Ferdiand – Srinidhi, Bin – Shieh, Tony (2002), “The Asian Financial Crisis, Accounting Conservatism and Audit Fees: Evidence from Hong Kong”, https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=315062, (11.11.2018).
- Hansen, James C. - Keejae P. Hong - Sang-Hyun Park (2018), "Accounting Conservatism: A Life Cycle Perspective", Advances in Accounting, 40, pp.76-88.
- Hellman, Niclas (2008), "Accounting Cnservatism under IFRS." Accounting in Europe, 5, 2, pp.71-100.
- Hu, Chengru - Wei Jiang (2018), "Managerial Risk İncentives and Accounting Conservatism", Review of Quantitative Finance and Accounting, pp. 1-33.
- IFRS 9 (2018). https://www.ifrs.org/issued-standards/list-of-standards/ (10.09.2018).
- Illueca, Manuel - Lars Norden, Gregory F. Udell (2019). “Conditional Accounting Conservatism and Bank Risk Taking”, https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2022644&download=yes (01.04.2019).
- Karahan Gökmen, Mehpare (2013), "Accounting Conservatism: A Literature Review", Muhasebe ve Vergi Uygulamalari Dergisi (MUVU)/Journal of Accounting & Taxation Studies, 6, 2, pp.1-21.
- Kaytmaz Balsari, Cagnur - Serdar Ozkan - Guro Durak (2010), "Earnings Conservatism in Pre- and Post-Ifrs Periods in Turkey: Panel Data Evidence on the Firm Specific Factors." Accounting & Management Information Systems/Contabilitate si Informatica de Gestiune, 9, 3,pp. 403-421.
- Kim, Yongtae - Siqi Li - Carrie Pan - Luo Zuo (2013), "The Role of Accounting Conservatism in the Equity Market: Evidence from Seasoned Equity Offerings", The Accounting Review, 88, 4, pp.1327-1356.
- Kootanaee, Akbar J. - Seyyedi, Jalal- Nedaei, M. - Kootanaee, Milad J. (2013), "Accounting Conservatism and Corporate Governance’s Mechanisms: Evidence from Tehran Stock Exchange", International Journal of Economics, Business and Finance, 1, 10, pp.301-319.
- Kravet, Todd D. (2014), "Accounting Conservatism and Managerial Risk-Taking: Corporate Acquisitions", Journal of Accounting and Economics, 57, 2-3, pp.218-240.
- Küçüksavaş, Nihat (2005), Finansal Muhasebe, Kare Yayınları, İstanbul.
- Laeven, Luc - Giovanni Majnoni (2003). “Loan Loss Provisioning And Economic Slowdowns: Too Much, Too Late?”, Journal of Financial Intermediation 12, (2003), pp.178–197.
- Lara, Jua - Manuel García - Beatriz García Osma - Fernando Penalva (2016), "Accounting Conservatism and Firm İnvestment Efficiency", Journal of Accounting and Economics, 61, 1, pp.221-238.
- Lara, Juan - Manuel García - Beatriz García Osma - Fernando Penalva (2009), "Accounting Conservatism and Corporate Governance", Review of Accounting Studies, 14,1, pp.161-201.
- Lim, Chu Yeong -Edward Lee - Asad Kausar - Martin Walker (2014), “Bank accounting conservatism and bank loan pricing”, J. Account. Public Policy, 33, (2014), pp.260–278.
- Lim, C. Yeong – Edward Lee – Asad Kausarc – Martin Walker (2014), "Bank Accounting Conservatism and Bank Loan Pricing." Journal of Accounting and Public Policy, 33, 3, pp.260-278.
- Mora, Araceli - Martin Walker (2015), "The Implications of Research on Accounting Conservatism for Accounting Standard Setting", Accounting and Business Research, 45, 5, pp.620-650.
- Moy, Melissa N. Y. T. (2014), “Conservatism: Capturing The Influence Of Institutional Framework Over Time In Four Countries”, Unpublished PhD. Thesis, The University of Western Australia.
- Moy, Melissa Ng Yin Tak (2014), Conservatism: Capturing the Influence of the Institutional Framework over Time in Four Countries. Diss. University of Western Australia.
- Özkan, Serdar - Yasemin Zengin Karai̇brahi̇moğlu - Ece Erdener Acar (2013), "Accounting Conservatism in the Post-IFRS Period: Do Provisions Matter?”, İktisat İşletme ve Finans, 28, 324, pp.109-130.
- Pothof, Steven (2011), "Financial crisis and accounting conservatism." https://thesis. eur.nl /p ub/17199/MA445-Leune_362159.pdf, (27.02.2019).
- Ren, Yun - Zubaidah Ismail - Malcolm Smith, "The Moderating Effect of Ownership Structure on Conservatism and Firm Performance: Chinese Evidence", https://wbiworldconpro.com/uploads/new-zealandconference2014/accounting/13927 94849_ 108-Yun-ren.pdf, (11.11.2018).
- Ruch, George W. - Gary Taylor (2015), “Accounting Conservatism: A Review of the Literature", Journal of Accounting Literature, 34, pp.17-38.
- Sánchez, Inmaculada Díaz - Isabel Martínez Conesa - Manuel Illueca Muñoz (2012). “Regulation, Supervision and Accounting Conservatism in Banks”,http://www.aeca1.org/pub/on_line/comunicaciones_xviicongresoaeca/cd/68a.pdf (01.04.2019).
- Soliman, Mohammed (2014), "Auditing Quality Characteristics and Accounting Conservatism: An Empirical Study of the Listed Companies İn Egypt", Corporate Ownership & Control, 11, 2, pp.352-361.
- Suleiman, Salami (2014), "Corporate Governance Mechanisms and Accounting Conservatism", Journal of Management Policies and Practices, 2, 2, pp.113-127.
- Sultana, Nigar (2015), "Audit Committee Characteristics and Accounting Conservatism", International Journal of Auditing, 19, 2, pp.88-102.
- Vichitsarawong, Thanyaluk - Li L. Eng - Gary K. Meek (2010), "The Impact of the Asian Financial Crisis on Conservatism and Timeliness of Earnings: Evidence from Hong Kong, Malaysia, Singapore, and Thailand." Journal of International Financial Management & Accounting, 21,1, pp.32-61.
- Watts, Ross L. – Zuo Luo (2012), “Accounting Conservatism and Firm Value: Evidence from Global Financial Crisis”, MIT Sloan Scholl Working Paper, pp. 4941-11, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228140065_Accounting_Conservatism_and_Firm_Value_Evidence_from_the_Global_Financial_Crisis (25.11.2018).
- Watts, Ross L. (2003), "Conservatism in Accounting Part I: Explanations and Implications" Accounting Horizons, 17, 3, pp.207-221.
- Xia, Donglin - Song Zhu (2009), "Corporate Governance and Accounting Conservatism in China." China Journal of Accounting Research, 2, 2, pp.81-108.
- Yunos, Rahimah Mohamed - Malcolm Smith - Zubaidah Ismail (2010), “Accounting Conservatism And Ownership Concentration: Evidence From Malaysia", Journal of Business and Policy Research, 5, 2, pp.1-15.
- Zhang, Jieying (2008), "The Contracting Benefits of Accounting Conservatism to Lenders and Borrowers", Journal of Accounting and Economics, 45,1,pp. 27-54.
Year 2019,
Issue: 83, 279 - 298, 01.07.2019
Gizem Çopur Vardar
Aslı Yıkılmaz Erkol
References
- Ahmed, Anwer S. - Bruce K. Billings - Richard M. Morton - Mary Stanford‐Harri (2002), "The role of Accounting Conservatism in Mitigating Bondholder-Shareholder Conflicts over Dividend Policy and in Reducing Debt Costs", The Accounting Review, 77, 4, pp.867-890.
- Ahmed, Anwer S. – Scott Duellman (2007), "Accounting Conservatism and Board Of Director Characteristics: An Empirical Analysis", Journal of Accounting and Economics, 43, 2-3, pp.411-437.
- Ahmed, Anwer S. – Scott Duellman (2007), "Evidence on the Role of Accounting Conservatism in Corporate Governance", Journal of Accounting and Economics, 43, 2-3, pp.411-437.
- Ahmed, Kamran, - Darren Henry (2012), "Accounting Conservatism and Voluntary Corporate Governance Mechanisms by Australian Firms", Accounting & Finance, 52, 3, pp.631-662.
- Alkurdi, Amneh - Munther Al-Nimer - Mohammad Dabaghia (2017), "Accounting Conservatism and Ownership Structure Effect: Evidence from Industrial and Financial Jordanian Listed Companies", International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues, 7, 2, pp.608-619.
- André, Paul- Andrei Filip (2015), “A(n)other Look at Prudence/Conservatism in Frameworks, in Standards, in Practice and in Academia”, Policy Paper, Essec Business School.
- André, Paul, Andrei Filip, and Luc Paugam (2015), "The Effect of Mandatory IFRS Adoption on Conditional Conservatism in Europe", Journal of Business Finance & Accounting, 42, 3-4, pp.482-514.
- Artiach, Tracy C., - Peter M. Clarkson (2014), "Conservatism, Disclosure and the Cost of Equity Capital", Australian Journal of Management, 39, 2, pp.293-314.
- Balakrishnan, Karthik - Ross Watts - Luo Zuo (2016), "The Effect of Accounting Conservatism on Corporate Investment During the Global Financial Crisis", Journal of Business Finance & Accounting, 43, 5-6, pp.513-542.
- Basel Committee on Banking Supervision (2010b): “Basel III: A Global Regulatory Framework for More Resilient Banks and Banking Systems,” Bank for International Settlements, Basel.
- Basu, Sudipta (1997), "The Conservatism Principle and the Asymmetric Timeliness of Earnings", Journal of Accounting and Economics, 24, 1, pp.3-37.
- Basu, Sudipta (2005), “Discussion of ‘‘Conditional and Unconditional Conservatism: Concepts and Modeling’’, Review of Accounting Studies, 10,pp. 311–321.
- Beatty, Anne - Joseph Weber - Jeff Jiewei Yu (2008), “Conservatism and Debt", Journal of accounting and economics, 45, 2-3, pp.154-174.
- Beaver, William H., - Stephen G. Ryan (2005), "Conditional and Unconditional Conservatism: Concepts and Modeling", Review of Accounting Studies, 10, 2-3, pp.269-309.
- Biddle, Gary C. - Mary LZ Ma - Frank M. Song (2016), "Accounting Conservatism and Bankruptcy Risk", (https://hub.hku.hk/bitstream/10722/215489/1/Content.pdf? accept=1, (28.02.2019).
- Chen, Chao - Song Zhu (2013), "Financial Reporting Quality, Debt Maturity, and the Cost of Debt: Evidence from China", Emerging Markets Finance and Trade, 49, 4, pp.236-253.
- Chen, Hanwen – Chen, Jeff Zeyun- Lobo, Gerald, J.- Wang, Yanyan, (2010), “Association Between Borrower and Lender State Ownership and Accounting Conservatism”, Journal of Accounting Research, 48,5, pp.973-1014.
- Chen, Shuping – Xia Chen – Qiang Cheng (2014), "Conservatism and Equity Ownership of the Founding Family", European Accounting Review, 23, 3, pp.403-430.
- Efrag (2013), "Getting a Better Framework- Prudence Bulletin", https://www.efrag.org/Assets/Download?assetUrl=%2Fsites%2Fwebpublishing%2FSiteAssets%2FBulletin%2520Prudence.pdf, (07.10.2018).
- Elshandidy, Tamer - Ahmed Hassanein (2014), "Do IFRS and Board of Directors’ İndependence Affect Accounting Conservatism?", Applied Financial Economics, 24, 16, pp.1091-1102.
- Ernst -Young (2018). "IFRS 9 Expected Credit Loss Making Sense Of The Change İn Numbers IFRS 9 Expected Credit Loss Making Sense Of The Transition İmpact”https://www.ey.com/Publication/vwLUAssets/ey-ifrs-9-expected-credit-loss/$File/ey-ifrs-9-expected-credit-loss.pdf (03.04.2019).
- Feltham, Gerald A. - James A. Ohlson, (1995), "Valuation and Clean Surplus Accounting for Operating and Financial Activities", Contemporary Accounting Research, 11, 2, pp.689-731.
- Foroghi, Dariush - Hadi Amiri - Zahra N. Fallah (2013), "Corporate Governance and Conservatism", International Journal of Academic Research in Accounting, Finance and Management Sciences, 3, 4, pp.61-71.
- Francis, Bill - Iftekhar Hasan - Jong C. Park - Qıang Wu (2015), "Gender Differences in Financial Reporting Decision Making: Evidence from Accounting Conservatism", Contemporary Accounting Research, 32, 3, pp.1285-1318.
- Francis, Bill - Iftekhar Hasan - Qiang Wu (2013), "The Benefits of Conservative Accounting to Shareholders: Evidence from the Financial Crisis", Accounting Horizons, 27, 2, pp.319-346.
- Givoly, Dan - Carla Hayn (2000), "The Changing Time-Series Properties of Earnings, Cash Flows and Accruals: Has Financial Reporting Become More Conservative?", Journal of Accounting and Economics, 29, 3, pp.287-320.
- Givoly, Dan - Carla K. Hayn - Ashok Natarajan (2007), "Measuring Reporting Conservatism", The Accounting Review, 82, 1, pp.65-106.
- Gul, A. Ferdiand – Srinidhi, Bin – Shieh, Tony (2002), “The Asian Financial Crisis, Accounting Conservatism and Audit Fees: Evidence from Hong Kong”, https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=315062, (11.11.2018).
- Hansen, James C. - Keejae P. Hong - Sang-Hyun Park (2018), "Accounting Conservatism: A Life Cycle Perspective", Advances in Accounting, 40, pp.76-88.
- Hellman, Niclas (2008), "Accounting Cnservatism under IFRS." Accounting in Europe, 5, 2, pp.71-100.
- Hu, Chengru - Wei Jiang (2018), "Managerial Risk İncentives and Accounting Conservatism", Review of Quantitative Finance and Accounting, pp. 1-33.
- IFRS 9 (2018). https://www.ifrs.org/issued-standards/list-of-standards/ (10.09.2018).
- Illueca, Manuel - Lars Norden, Gregory F. Udell (2019). “Conditional Accounting Conservatism and Bank Risk Taking”, https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2022644&download=yes (01.04.2019).
- Karahan Gökmen, Mehpare (2013), "Accounting Conservatism: A Literature Review", Muhasebe ve Vergi Uygulamalari Dergisi (MUVU)/Journal of Accounting & Taxation Studies, 6, 2, pp.1-21.
- Kaytmaz Balsari, Cagnur - Serdar Ozkan - Guro Durak (2010), "Earnings Conservatism in Pre- and Post-Ifrs Periods in Turkey: Panel Data Evidence on the Firm Specific Factors." Accounting & Management Information Systems/Contabilitate si Informatica de Gestiune, 9, 3,pp. 403-421.
- Kim, Yongtae - Siqi Li - Carrie Pan - Luo Zuo (2013), "The Role of Accounting Conservatism in the Equity Market: Evidence from Seasoned Equity Offerings", The Accounting Review, 88, 4, pp.1327-1356.
- Kootanaee, Akbar J. - Seyyedi, Jalal- Nedaei, M. - Kootanaee, Milad J. (2013), "Accounting Conservatism and Corporate Governance’s Mechanisms: Evidence from Tehran Stock Exchange", International Journal of Economics, Business and Finance, 1, 10, pp.301-319.
- Kravet, Todd D. (2014), "Accounting Conservatism and Managerial Risk-Taking: Corporate Acquisitions", Journal of Accounting and Economics, 57, 2-3, pp.218-240.
- Küçüksavaş, Nihat (2005), Finansal Muhasebe, Kare Yayınları, İstanbul.
- Laeven, Luc - Giovanni Majnoni (2003). “Loan Loss Provisioning And Economic Slowdowns: Too Much, Too Late?”, Journal of Financial Intermediation 12, (2003), pp.178–197.
- Lara, Jua - Manuel García - Beatriz García Osma - Fernando Penalva (2016), "Accounting Conservatism and Firm İnvestment Efficiency", Journal of Accounting and Economics, 61, 1, pp.221-238.
- Lara, Juan - Manuel García - Beatriz García Osma - Fernando Penalva (2009), "Accounting Conservatism and Corporate Governance", Review of Accounting Studies, 14,1, pp.161-201.
- Lim, Chu Yeong -Edward Lee - Asad Kausar - Martin Walker (2014), “Bank accounting conservatism and bank loan pricing”, J. Account. Public Policy, 33, (2014), pp.260–278.
- Lim, C. Yeong – Edward Lee – Asad Kausarc – Martin Walker (2014), "Bank Accounting Conservatism and Bank Loan Pricing." Journal of Accounting and Public Policy, 33, 3, pp.260-278.
- Mora, Araceli - Martin Walker (2015), "The Implications of Research on Accounting Conservatism for Accounting Standard Setting", Accounting and Business Research, 45, 5, pp.620-650.
- Moy, Melissa N. Y. T. (2014), “Conservatism: Capturing The Influence Of Institutional Framework Over Time In Four Countries”, Unpublished PhD. Thesis, The University of Western Australia.
- Moy, Melissa Ng Yin Tak (2014), Conservatism: Capturing the Influence of the Institutional Framework over Time in Four Countries. Diss. University of Western Australia.
- Özkan, Serdar - Yasemin Zengin Karai̇brahi̇moğlu - Ece Erdener Acar (2013), "Accounting Conservatism in the Post-IFRS Period: Do Provisions Matter?”, İktisat İşletme ve Finans, 28, 324, pp.109-130.
- Pothof, Steven (2011), "Financial crisis and accounting conservatism." https://thesis. eur.nl /p ub/17199/MA445-Leune_362159.pdf, (27.02.2019).
- Ren, Yun - Zubaidah Ismail - Malcolm Smith, "The Moderating Effect of Ownership Structure on Conservatism and Firm Performance: Chinese Evidence", https://wbiworldconpro.com/uploads/new-zealandconference2014/accounting/13927 94849_ 108-Yun-ren.pdf, (11.11.2018).
- Ruch, George W. - Gary Taylor (2015), “Accounting Conservatism: A Review of the Literature", Journal of Accounting Literature, 34, pp.17-38.
- Sánchez, Inmaculada Díaz - Isabel Martínez Conesa - Manuel Illueca Muñoz (2012). “Regulation, Supervision and Accounting Conservatism in Banks”,http://www.aeca1.org/pub/on_line/comunicaciones_xviicongresoaeca/cd/68a.pdf (01.04.2019).
- Soliman, Mohammed (2014), "Auditing Quality Characteristics and Accounting Conservatism: An Empirical Study of the Listed Companies İn Egypt", Corporate Ownership & Control, 11, 2, pp.352-361.
- Suleiman, Salami (2014), "Corporate Governance Mechanisms and Accounting Conservatism", Journal of Management Policies and Practices, 2, 2, pp.113-127.
- Sultana, Nigar (2015), "Audit Committee Characteristics and Accounting Conservatism", International Journal of Auditing, 19, 2, pp.88-102.
- Vichitsarawong, Thanyaluk - Li L. Eng - Gary K. Meek (2010), "The Impact of the Asian Financial Crisis on Conservatism and Timeliness of Earnings: Evidence from Hong Kong, Malaysia, Singapore, and Thailand." Journal of International Financial Management & Accounting, 21,1, pp.32-61.
- Watts, Ross L. – Zuo Luo (2012), “Accounting Conservatism and Firm Value: Evidence from Global Financial Crisis”, MIT Sloan Scholl Working Paper, pp. 4941-11, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228140065_Accounting_Conservatism_and_Firm_Value_Evidence_from_the_Global_Financial_Crisis (25.11.2018).
- Watts, Ross L. (2003), "Conservatism in Accounting Part I: Explanations and Implications" Accounting Horizons, 17, 3, pp.207-221.
- Xia, Donglin - Song Zhu (2009), "Corporate Governance and Accounting Conservatism in China." China Journal of Accounting Research, 2, 2, pp.81-108.
- Yunos, Rahimah Mohamed - Malcolm Smith - Zubaidah Ismail (2010), “Accounting Conservatism And Ownership Concentration: Evidence From Malaysia", Journal of Business and Policy Research, 5, 2, pp.1-15.
- Zhang, Jieying (2008), "The Contracting Benefits of Accounting Conservatism to Lenders and Borrowers", Journal of Accounting and Economics, 45,1,pp. 27-54.