Türkiye’deki Kadın Aktivistlerin Sivil Toplum Söylemleri: Alternatif Yaklaşımlar

Year 2016, Volume: 40 Issue: 4, 149 - 192, 15.12.2016

Asuman Özgür Keysan

Abstract

Sivil toplum alanında hâkim bakış cinsiyetçi ve neoliberal bir karaktere sahiptir. Türkiye’yi de içerecek şekilde Orta Doğu’da sivil toplum ve STKlar, özellikle kadın örgütleri üzerine olan akademik literatürün işaret ettiği gibi, bu hâkim bakış açısı özellikle Batı dışı bağlamlarda tartışmaya açılmıştır. Bu kapsamda, kadınların sivil toplum içindeki yerini ve rolünü analiz eden ve sivil toplum ve devletin cinisyetçi yönlerine işaret eden birçok çalışma bulunmaktadır. Bu bağlamda sivil toplum teori ve pratiklerine ilişkin bir mücadele alanı yaratılmış olsa da, genel olarak sivil toplum aktivistleri özelde kadın aktivistlerin sivil toplum anlayışları ve söylemleri üzerine kısıtlı sayıda çalışma bulunmaktadır. Bu çalışma, Türkiye’deki farklı kadın örgütlerinden kadınların sivil toplum söylemlerini, Türkiye’deki hâkim sivil toplum nosyonlarını, ne ölçüde ürettikleri ya da bunlarla nasıl mücadele ettiklerini analiz ederek litetatürde bu alandaki açığı kapatmayı amaçlamaktadır. Bu araştırma kapsamında Kemalist, İslamcı, Kürt, feminist ve anti-kapitalist feminist grupları içeren 10 farklı kadın örgütünden 41 aktivist ile yapılan yarı açık uçlu görüşmeler, feminist eleştirel söylem analizi methodu ile analiz edilmektedir. Bu noktada, bu ampirik çalışma ile iki temel argüman öne sürülmektedir. İlk olarak, çeşitli gruplarda yer alan kadın aktivistlerin birbirleriyle örtüşen ve/veya birbirinden farklılaşan ve bazı durumlarda da politik duruşlarıyla çelişen yedi farklı sivil toplum söylemi üretildiği gözlemlenmiştir. İkinci olarak, kadın aktivistlerin söylemlerinin birçoğu hegemonik sivil toplum algısı ile iç içe geçmiş “gönüllülük”, “bağımsızlık” ve “aracılık” gibi liberal demokrat sivil toplum ideallerini içerirken, bu hegemonik sivil toplum söylemlerinin muhalif olmayan, hiyerarşik ve demokratikleşme karşıtı pratiklerini eleştirerek veya sivil toplum aktivizmini redderek alternatif direniş yolları üretmektedirler.

Keywords

Sivil toplum, toplumsal cinsiyet, kadın örgütleri, Türkiye, söylem analizi.

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