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<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.4 20241031//EN"
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<article  article-type="research-article"        dtd-version="1.4">
            <front>

                <journal-meta>
                                                                <journal-id>nanoera</journal-id>
            <journal-title-group>
                                                                                    <journal-title>NanoEra</journal-title>
            </journal-title-group>
                                        <issn pub-type="epub">2792-0666</issn>
                                                                                            <publisher>
                    <publisher-name>Ataturk University</publisher-name>
                </publisher>
                    </journal-meta>
                <article-meta>
                                        <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5281/zenodo.14544320</article-id>
                                                                <article-categories>
                                            <subj-group  xml:lang="en">
                                                            <subject>Nanofabrication, Growth and Self Assembly</subject>
                                                            <subject>Nanomaterials</subject>
                                                    </subj-group>
                                            <subj-group  xml:lang="tr">
                                                            <subject>Nanofabrikasyon, Büyüme ve Kendi Kendine Kurulum</subject>
                                                            <subject>Nanomalzemeler</subject>
                                                    </subj-group>
                                    </article-categories>
                                                                                                                                                        <title-group>
                                                                                                                                                            <article-title>Impact of soaking duration on chitosan yield and functional properties from shrimp shell</article-title>
                                                                                                    </title-group>
            
                                                    <contrib-group content-type="authors">
                                                                        <contrib contrib-type="author">
                                                                    <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">
                                        https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1660-8208</contrib-id>
                                                                <name>
                                    <surname>Che Aziz</surname>
                                    <given-names>Siti Asma</given-names>
                                </name>
                                                                    <aff>Universiti Teknikal Malaysia</aff>
                                                            </contrib>
                                                    <contrib contrib-type="author">
                                                                    <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">
                                        https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7682-9913</contrib-id>
                                                                <name>
                                    <surname>Mohd Chachuli</surname>
                                    <given-names>Siti Amaniah</given-names>
                                </name>
                                                                    <aff>Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka,</aff>
                                                            </contrib>
                                                    <contrib contrib-type="author">
                                                                    <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">
                                        https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6126-3969</contrib-id>
                                                                <name>
                                    <surname>Shamsudin</surname>
                                    <given-names>Nur Hazahsha</given-names>
                                </name>
                                                                    <aff>Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka</aff>
                                                            </contrib>
                                                                                </contrib-group>
                        
                                        <pub-date pub-type="pub" iso-8601-date="20241220">
                    <day>12</day>
                    <month>20</month>
                    <year>2024</year>
                </pub-date>
                                        <volume>4</volume>
                                        <issue>2</issue>
                                        <fpage>53</fpage>
                                        <lpage>59</lpage>
                        
                        <history>
                                    <date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="20240904">
                        <day>09</day>
                        <month>04</month>
                        <year>2024</year>
                    </date>
                                                    <date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="20241129">
                        <day>11</day>
                        <month>29</month>
                        <year>2024</year>
                    </date>
                            </history>
                                        <permissions>
                    <copyright-statement>Copyright © 2021, NanoEra</copyright-statement>
                    <copyright-year>2021</copyright-year>
                    <copyright-holder>NanoEra</copyright-holder>
                </permissions>
            
                                                                                                                        <abstract><p>This study investigates the effect of varying soaking times on the production of chitosan from shrimp shells. A sample of fresh shrimp shells was obtained from a market in Malacca, Malaysia, and pre-treated by washing, drying, and pulverizing into a homogeneous powder. The synthesis process involved three primary steps: demineralization, deproteinization, and deacetylation. Each step was executed under different conditions for four samples (S1-S4) to examine the impact of soaking duration on chitosan yield and properties. Demineralization was achieved using 1 M HCl, while deproteinization involved treatment with 1 M NaOH, both with varying soaking times. Deacetylation was conducted with 12.5 M NaOH at different temperatures and durations. The resultant chitosan was characterized using Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and UV-Vis spectroscopy. The FTIR spectra confirmed the presence of characteristic chitosan functional groups, with higher degrees of deacetylation (DD%) corresponding to increased soaking times. XRD analysis indicated an amorphous structure for all samples, with S4 displaying the lowest crystallinity at the highest DD%. UV-Vis analysis confirmed that all samples were soluble in 1% acetic acid, suggesting good purity. The findings demonstrate that while soaking times affect the DD% and crystallinity of chitosan, all samples remained soluble and suitable for further applications. This work demonstrates that while soaking times affect the DD% and crystallinity of chitosan, all samples remained soluble and suitable for further applications. This study provides insights into optimizing chitosan production with variations in soaking time conditions.</p></abstract>
                                                            
            
                                                                                        <kwd-group>
                                                    <kwd>Chitin</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Chitosan</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Soaking Time</kwd>
                                            </kwd-group>
                            
                                                                                                                                                    </article-meta>
    </front>
    <back>
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