<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.4 20241031//EN"
        "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.4/JATS-journalpublishing1-4.dtd">
<article  article-type="research-article"        dtd-version="1.4">
            <front>

                <journal-meta>
                                                                <journal-id>neühfd</journal-id>
            <journal-title-group>
                                                                                    <journal-title>Necmettin Erbakan Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi</journal-title>
            </journal-title-group>
                                        <issn pub-type="epub">2667-4076</issn>
                                                                                            <publisher>
                    <publisher-name>Necmettin Erbakan University</publisher-name>
                </publisher>
                    </journal-meta>
                <article-meta>
                                        <article-id/>
                                                                <article-categories>
                                            <subj-group  xml:lang="en">
                                                            <subject>Law and Religion</subject>
                                                    </subj-group>
                                            <subj-group  xml:lang="tr">
                                                            <subject>Hukuk ve Din</subject>
                                                    </subj-group>
                                    </article-categories>
                                                                                                                                                        <title-group>
                                                                                                                        <trans-title-group xml:lang="en">
                                    <trans-title>Oath Practices and Binding Force in Ancient Mesopotamia with Religious and Legal Aspects</trans-title>
                                </trans-title-group>
                                                                                                                                                                                                <article-title>Dinî ve Hukuki Yönleriyle Eski Mezopotamya’da Yemin Uygulamaları ve Yeminin Bağlayıcılığı</article-title>
                                                                                                    </title-group>
            
                                                    <contrib-group content-type="authors">
                                                                        <contrib contrib-type="author">
                                                                    <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">
                                        https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5141-2414</contrib-id>
                                                                <name>
                                    <surname>Özyurt</surname>
                                    <given-names>Hasan</given-names>
                                </name>
                                                            </contrib>
                                                    <contrib contrib-type="author">
                                                                    <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">
                                        https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0255-0220</contrib-id>
                                                                <name>
                                    <surname>Ulutürk</surname>
                                    <given-names>Muammer</given-names>
                                </name>
                                                                    <aff>NECMETTİN ERBAKAN ÜNİVERSİTESİ, SOSYAL VE BEŞERİ BİLİMLER FAKÜLTESİ, TARİH BÖLÜMÜ</aff>
                                                            </contrib>
                                                                                </contrib-group>
                        
                                        <pub-date pub-type="pub" iso-8601-date="20250629">
                    <day>06</day>
                    <month>29</month>
                    <year>2025</year>
                </pub-date>
                                        <volume>8</volume>
                                        <issue>1</issue>
                                        <fpage>71</fpage>
                                        <lpage>94</lpage>
                        
                        <history>
                                    <date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="20250210">
                        <day>02</day>
                        <month>10</month>
                        <year>2025</year>
                    </date>
                                                    <date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="20250410">
                        <day>04</day>
                        <month>10</month>
                        <year>2025</year>
                    </date>
                            </history>
                                        <permissions>
                    <copyright-statement>Copyright © 2018, Necmettin Erbakan University School of Law Review</copyright-statement>
                    <copyright-year>2018</copyright-year>
                    <copyright-holder>Necmettin Erbakan University School of Law Review</copyright-holder>
                </permissions>
            
                                                                                                <trans-abstract xml:lang="en">
                            <p>According to extant documents, the earliest records of contracts, court records, and sales documents in Ancient Mesopotamia, as well as the initial texts utilizing the term oath, can be attributed to the Sumerians. The practices surrounding oaths within these documents, which have proliferated in number and diversified in content throughout history, provide significant insights into the religious, legal, medical, and political paradigms of the period. The emergence of oath practices across various cultures of Ancient Mesopotamia subsequent to the Sumerians underscores the integral role of these practices within social and institutional frameworks. It is evident that oaths functioned as a manifestation of loyalty to the deities and the kings perceived as their earthly representatives. Thus, oaths transcended their judicial utility, serving also as affirmations of allegiance. Documentation from the Sumerian era, including written laws, court records, and agreements, indicates the presentation of witnesses and the taking of oaths in the presence of a judge. This practice elucidates the relationship established by the populace with the sacred and reflects the prevailing understanding of devotion to the gods within Ancient Mesopotamia. Given that the deities were the fundamental elements of oath practices, it is evident that such rituals were intrinsically linked to religious beliefs and conducted in accordance with the contemporary understanding of divinity. The oath was typically administered within a temple and in the presence of priests, although legal contexts permitted its administration under the supervision of a judge. Notably, during the formation of legal contracts, a priest&#039;s presence during the oath-taking was mandatory. Following the conclusion of court proceedings, a copy of the tablet was generated to ensure the preservation of this record. This study endeavors to explicate, through exemplification, the motivations and methodologies underlying the performance of oath practices in Ancient Mesopotamia.</p></trans-abstract>
                                                                                                                                    <abstract><p>Yazılı belgelere göre Eski Mezopotamya’da sözleşmeler, mahkeme kayıtları ve satış belgelerine ilişkin en eski kayıtlar ile yemin kelimesinin geçtiği en erken metinlerin Sümerlere ait olduğu görülmektedir.  Tarihsel süreçte sayıları giderek artan ve içerik açısından çeşitlenen bu belgelerde yer alan yemin uygulamaları, dönemin dinî, hukuki, tıbbî ve siyasi anlayışlarına ilişkin önemli veriler sunmaktadır. Sümerlerden sonra da Eski Mezopotamya’nın çeşitli kültürlerinde yemin uygulamalarına dair örneklere rastlanması, bu pratiğin toplumsal ve kurumsal yapılar içindeki rolünü ortaya koymaktadır.  Yeminlerin, tanrılara ve onların yeryüzündeki temsilcileri olarak kabul edilen krallara bağlılığı ifade eden bir nitelik taşıdığı görülmektedir. Yemin, yalnızca adli bir araç olmanın ötesinde, bir sadakat kanıtı olarak da kabul edilmekteydi. Sümerler dönemine ait yazılı kanunlar, mahkeme kayıtları ve yapılan anlaşmalarda şahit gösterme ve hâkim huzurunda yemin uygulamalarına başvurulduğunu göstermektedir.  Bu durum, dönemin insanının kutsal ile kurduğu ilişkiyi ortaya koyarak, Eski Mezopotamya’da tanrılara hizmet etme anlayışını da yansıtmaktadır.  Yemin uygulamalarının temel unsuru tanrılar olduğundan, bu ritüelin doğrudan tanrılar ve dinî inançlarla ilişkili olduğu ve dönemin tanrı anlayışına uygun bir biçimde icra edildiği anlaşılmaktadır. Yemin, çoğunlukla bir tapınakta ve rahiplerin huzurunda icra edilebildiği gibi, hukuki bağlamda bir hâkimin gözetiminde de uygulanabilmekteydi. Özellikle yasal sözleşmeler düzenlenirken yemin etme sırasında bir rahibin hazır bulunması gerekirdi. Mahkeme süreci tamamlandıktan sonra bu kaydın korunmasını garanti altına almak için tabletin bir kopyası yapılmaktaydı. Bu çalışmada Eski Mezopotamya’da yemin uygulamalarının hangi gerekçelerle ve nasıl yapıldığı örneklerle açıklanmaya çalışılmıştır.</p></abstract>
                                                            
            
                                                                                        <kwd-group>
                                                    <kwd>Eski Mezopotamya</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Din</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Hukuk</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Yemin</kwd>
                                            </kwd-group>
                            
                                                <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
                                                    <kwd>Ancient Mesopotamia</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Religion</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Law</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Oath</kwd>
                                            </kwd-group>
                                                                                                                                    <funding-group specific-use="FundRef">
                    <award-group>
                                                    <funding-source>
                                <named-content content-type="funder_name">Yoktur.</named-content>
                            </funding-source>
                                                                    </award-group>
                </funding-group>
                                </article-meta>
    </front>
    <back>
                            <ref-list>
                                    <ref id="ref1">
                        <label>1</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Akpınarlı, Neyire/ Şatıroğlu, Hasan Utku. “Akbabalar Dikilitaşı: Sümer Şehir Devletlerinin Aralarındaki Hukuki 
İlişkilere Dair Çıkarımlar.” Ankara Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, C. 71, S. 2, 2022, s. 820-884.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref2">
                        <label>2</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Akpınarlı, Neyire. “Narām-Sîn Antlaşması.” Ankara Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, C. 67, S. 1, 2018, s. 1-22.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref3">
                        <label>3</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Altman, Amnon. Tracing the Earliest Recorded Concepts of International Law: The Ancient Near East. I. Edition, 
Martinus Nijhoff, Leiden, 2012.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref4">
                        <label>4</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Andersson, Jakob. Kingship in the Early Mesopotamian Onomasticon 2800 - 2200 BCE. I. Edition, Uppsala 
Universitet, Uppsala, 2012.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref5">
                        <label>5</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Bayram, Sebahattin/ Kahya, Ömer. “Asur Ticaret Kolonileri Çağı’nda Anadolu’daki Hukuki Uygulamalar Üzerine 
Bazı Değerlendirmeler.” Akademik Tarih ve Düşünce Dergisi, C. 5, S. 17, 2018, s. 75-92.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref6">
                        <label>6</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Baysa, Hüseyin. “Güncel Örneklerle İctihadın Bağlamı Dışında Kullanılması Problemi.” Marife Dinî Araştırmalar 
Dergisi, C. 23, S. 2, 2023, s. 304-324.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref7">
                        <label>7</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Bricker, Daniel. “Innocent Suffering in Mesopotamia.” Tyndale Bulletin, Vol. 51, 2000, s. 193-214.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref8">
                        <label>8</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Cooper, Js. Reconstructing History from Ancient Inscriptions: The Lagash-Umma Border Conflict: 2, I. Edition,</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref9">
                        <label>9</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Undena Publications, Malibu, 1983.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref10">
                        <label>10</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Démare-Lafont, Sophie. “Middle Assyrian Laws.” The Oxford Encyclopedia Of The Bible And Law, Ed. Brent A. 
Stawn, Oxford University Press, United Kingdom, 2015.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref11">
                        <label>11</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Demirci, Kürşat. Eski Mezopotamya Dinlerine Giriş Tanrılar Ritüel Tapınak. I. Baskı, Ayışığı Kitapları, İstanbul,</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref12">
                        <label>12</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">2019.
Driver, Godfrey Rolles/ Miles, John C. The Assyrian Laws. I. Edition, Scientia Verlag Aalen, Aalen, 1975.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref13">
                        <label>13</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Eliade, Mircea. Dinsel İnançlar ve Düşünceler Tarihi 1: Taş Devrinden Eleusis Mysterialarına, Çev. Ali Bektay, II. 
Baskı, Kabalcı Yayınevi, İstanbul, 2024.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref14">
                        <label>14</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Foster, Benjamin R. Before the Muses: An Anthology of Akkadian Literature. II. Edition, CDL Press, Bethesda, 
2005.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref15">
                        <label>15</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Franke, Sabina. “Kings of Akkad: Sargon and Naram-Sin.” Civilizations of the Ancient Near East, Ed. John Baines 
vd, Charles Scribner’s Sons, New York, 1995, s. 831-841.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref16">
                        <label>16</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Genouillac, Henri de. Inventaire des Tablettes de Tello conservées au Musée Impérial Ottoman. I. Edition, 
Ernest Leroux Editeur, 1910.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref17">
                        <label>17</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Gossett, Bradley. “Mankind and Justice: An exploration of the Code of Ur Nammu, Hammurabi, and the Ten 
Commandments.” Southeastern Baptist Theological, Undergraduate Seminary, 2020.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref18">
                        <label>18</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Gökçek, L. Gürkan/ Akyüz, Faruk. “Sümer Kanunları” Fırat Üniversitesi Orta Doğu Araştırmaları Dergisi, C. 9, S. 1,</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref19">
                        <label>19</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">2013, s. 1-9.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref20">
                        <label>20</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Grayson, Albert Kirk. Assyrian rulers of the third and second millennia BC (to 1115 BC). I. Edition, University of 
Toronto Press, Toronto, 1987.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref21">
                        <label>21</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Gündoğdu, Ayşe Eda/ Duman, Mehmet Akif. “Kutsal” Düğüm Sözcüğünün Anlambilimsel Profili Derlem Temelli 
Bir Çözümleme.” Medeniyet ve Toplum Dergisi, C. 6, S. 2, 2022, s. 160-171.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref22">
                        <label>22</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Gürbüz, Salih/ İnci, Berrin. “Bir Yazılı İletişim Aracı Olarak Mezar Taşı Kitabeleri.” Konya Sanat Dergisi, S. 6, 2023, 
s. 57-68.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref23">
                        <label>23</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Happer, Thomas. “Babylonian Procedure.” Notre Dame Law Review Vol. 3, No. 5, 1928, s. 158-161.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref24">
                        <label>24</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Hasdemir, Hülya Kaya. “Akadlı Sargon’un Mezopotamya Hâkimiyetinde Enḫeduanna’nın Rolü.” OANNES -</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref25">
                        <label>25</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">International Journal of Ancient History, Vol. 3, No. 2, 2021, s. 425-438.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref26">
                        <label>26</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Henkelman Wouter F. M. “Parnakka’s Feast: sip in Parsa and Elam.” Elam and Persia, Ed. Javier Álvarez-Mon vd, 
Penn State University Press, Pennsylvania, 2011, s. 89-166.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref27">
                        <label>27</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Hinz, Walther. “The Elamite God d.Gal.” Journal of Near Eastern Studies, Vol. 24, No.4, 1965, s. 351-354.
Huehnergard, John. A Grammar of Akkadian. II. Edition, Brill, Leiden, 2018.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref28">
                        <label>28</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Johns, Claude Hermann Walter. Babylonian And Assyrian Laws, Contracts And Letters. I.Edition, C. Scribner’s 
sons, New York, 1904.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref29">
                        <label>29</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Koch, Heidemarie. “Theology and Worship in Elam and Achaemenid Iran.” Religion and Science, 1995, s. 1959-
1970.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref30">
                        <label>30</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Kolektif, Hammurabi’s Gesetz. I. Edition, Pfeiffer, Toronto, 1904.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref31">
                        <label>31</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Kovalev, S, Diakov, V. İlkçağ Tarihi Ortadoğu, Uzakdoğu, Eski Yunan. Çev: Özdemir İnce, V. Baskı, Yordam Kitap 
Yayınları, İstanbul, 2017.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref32">
                        <label>32</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Kramer, Samuel Noah. Sümerlerin Kurnaz Tanrısı Enki. Çev: Hamide Koyukan, I. Baskı, Kabalcı Yayınları, 
İstanbul, 2000.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref33">
                        <label>33</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Kramer, Samuel Noah. The Sumerians: their history, culture, and character. I. Edition, University of Chicago 
Press, Chicago, 1963.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref34">
                        <label>34</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Kramer, Samuel Noah. “Ur-Nammu Law Code” Orientalia. Nova Series, Vol. 23, No.1, 1954, s. 45-71.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref35">
                        <label>35</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Kuhrt, Amelie. Eski Çağ’da Yakındoğu M.Ö. 3000-330. Çev. Dilek Şendil, I. Baskı, İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları, 
İstanbul, 2024.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref36">
                        <label>36</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Lambert, Wilfred George. “Dingir. s̆à. dib. ba Incantations.” Journal of Near Eastern Studies, Vol. 33, No. 3, 1974, s. 
267-322.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref37">
                        <label>37</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Larsen, Mogens Trolle. Kültepe Tabletleri 6-a: The Archive Of The Salim-Assur Family Volume 1: The First Two 
Generations. I. Baskı, Türk Tarih Kurumu Yayınları, Ankara, 2018.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref38">
                        <label>38</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Liverani, Mario. “The Medes at Esarhaddon’s Court.” Journal of Cuneiform Studies, Vol. 47, 1995, p. 58.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref39">
                        <label>39</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Maine, Sir Henry James Sumner. Dissertations On Early Law and Custom. I. Edition, Legare Street Press, London, 
1883.
Mercer, Samuel A. B. “The Oath in Cuneiform Inscriptions III. The Oath in Inscriptions since the Time of the</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref40">
                        <label>40</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Hammurabi Dynasty.” The American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literatures, Vol. 30, No. 3, 1913, s. 65-
94.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref41">
                        <label>41</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Mercer, Samuel A. B. The Oath in Babylonian and Assyrian Literature. I. Edition, Librairie Orientaliste Paul 
Geuthner, Toronto, 1912. (Babylonian and Assyrian Literature)</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref42">
                        <label>42</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Mercer, Samuel A. B. “The Oath in Cuneiform Inscriptions.” Journal of the American Oriental Society, Vol. 33, 1913, s. 33-50.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref43">
                        <label>43</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Nakamura, Carolyn. “Dedicating Magic: Neo-Assyrian Apotropaic Figurines and the Protection of Assur.” 
World Archaeology, Vol. 36, No. 1, 2004, s. 11-25.
Özgenç, Nuri Berkay. “Suç ile Soyut Ceza Arasındaki Orantılılık.” NEÜ Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, C. 7, 2024, S. 1, s. 174.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref44">
                        <label>44</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Patterson, Daniel. Elements Of The Neo-Sumerian Military. Doctoral Dissertation in Philosophy at the University 
of Pennsylvania, 2018.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref45">
                        <label>45</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Postgate, John Nicholas. “Cuneiform Catalysis: The First Information Revolution.” Archaeological Review from 
Cambridge, Vol. 3, 1984, s. 4-18.
Reynolds, Edward H./ Wilson, James V. Kinnier. “Neurology and psychiatry in Babylon.” Brain: A Journal of 
Neurology, Vol. 137, No. 9, 2014, s. 2611-2619.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref46">
                        <label>46</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Reynolds, Edward H./ Wilson, James V. Kinnier. “Obsessive compulsive disorder and psychopathic behaviour in Babylon.” Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry, Vol. 83, No. 2, 2012, s. 199-201.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref47">
                        <label>47</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Roth, Martha Tobi. Law collections from Mesopotamia and Asia Minor, I. Edition, Scholars Press, Atalanta, 1995.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref48">
                        <label>48</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Saggs, Henry William Frederick.  The Encounter with the Divine in Mesopotamia and Israel. II. Edition, 
Bloomsbury Academic, London, 2016.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref49">
                        <label>49</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Sasson, Jack M. “Ancestors Divine?” Veenhof Anniversary Volume, van Soldt, Wilfred Dercksen vd., Peeters 
Publishers, Leiden, 2001, s. 413-428.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref50">
                        <label>50</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Sasson, Jack M. “King Hammurabi of Babylon.” Civilizations of the ancient Near East, Ed. John Baines vd. Simon &amp; Schuster and Prentice Hall International, New York, 1995, s. 901-915.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref51">
                        <label>51</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Sayce, Archibald. The Religions Of Ancient Egypt And Babylonia, I. Edition, T &amp; T Clark 38 George Street, 
Edinburgh, 1903.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref52">
                        <label>52</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Saygılı, Tahsin. “Babil Hukuku ve Hamurabi Kanunları.” Sosyal Araştırmalar ve Davranış Bilimleri Dergisi, C. 2, S. 
2, 2015, s. 1-22.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref53">
                        <label>53</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Schwemer, Daniel. “The Storm-Gods of the Ancient Near East: Summary, Synthesis, Recent Studies. Part I.” 
Journal of Ancient Near Eastern Religions, Vol. 7, No. 2, 2007, s. 140.
Schorr, Moses. Altbabylonische Rechtsurkunden Aus Der Zeit Der I. Babylonischen Dynastie. (Ca. 2300-2000 V. 
Chr.), I. Auflage, Wien, In Kommission Bei A. Hölder, Germany, 1907.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref54">
                        <label>54</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Sever, Hüseyin. “Kültepe Metinlerinde Yemin Konusu.” IV. Kayseri ve Yöresi Tarih Sempozyumu Bildirileri, C. 6, 2003, s. 457-462.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref55">
                        <label>55</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Steinkeller. Joys of Cooking in Ur III Babylonia. Ed. Piotr Michalowski, I. Edition, American Schools of Oriental 
Research, Boston, 2008, s. 185-192.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref56">
                        <label>56</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Toptaş, Koray/ Kahya, Ömer. “Asurca ve Babilce Metinlerde Yemin.” Türkiye Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, C. 23, 
S. 2, 2019, s. 315-330.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref57">
                        <label>57</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Tosun, Mebrure/ Yalvaç, Kadriye. Sümer, Babil, Assur Kanunları ve Ammi-Şaduqua Fermanı. Türk Tarih Kurumu 
Basımevi, Ankara, 1988.
Ur, Jason A. “Cycles of Civilization in Northern Mesopotamia, 4400—2000 BC.” Journal of Archaeological 
Research, Vol. 18, No. 4, 2010, s. 415.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref58">
                        <label>58</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Veenhof, Klaas R. “The Family God in Old Babylonian and Especially in Old Assyrian Sources.” Revue 
d’Assyriologie et d’archéologie orientale, Vol.112, No. 1, 2018, s. 49-90.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref59">
                        <label>59</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Westenholz, Aage. Old Sumerian and Old Akkadian Texts in Philadelphia, Chiefly from Nippur Part I: Literary and Lexical Texts, and the Earliest Administrative Documents from Nippur (Bibliotheca Mesopotamica): 1. I. 
Edition, Undena Publications,U.S., Malibu, 1975.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref60">
                        <label>60</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Winter, Irene. On Art in the Ancient Near East: From the Third Millennium B.C.E.. II. Edition, Brill Academic Pub, 
Leiden, 2009.
Winter, Irene. “After the Battle Is Over: The “Stele of the Vultures” and the Beginning of Historical Narrative in 
the Art of the Ancient Near East.” Studies in the History of Art, Vol. 16, 1985, s. 11-32.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref61">
                        <label>61</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Yıldırım, Nurgül. “Bağlılık Emri/Yemini Metinlerine Yeni Asur Kralı Asarhaddon Döneminden Örnekler.” Tarih 
Araştırmaları Dergisi, C. 38, S. 66, 2019, s. 67-86.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                            </ref-list>
                    </back>
    </article>
