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YÜKSELEN-7 ÜLKELERİNDE ENERJİ TÜKETİMİ, DOĞRUDAN YABANCI YATIRIMLAR VE EKONOMİK BÜYÜME İLİŞKİSİ: PANEL VEKTÖR OTOREGRESYON ANALİZİ

Year 2021, , 1108 - 1122, 30.09.2021
https://doi.org/10.30783/nevsosbilen.929130

Abstract

Bu çalışmada, E-7 ülkeleri için enerji tüketimi, doğrudan yabancı yatırımlar ve ekonomik büyüme arasındaki ilişki 1990-2018 dönemi için araştırılmaktadır. Kişi başına GSYIH ile tanımlanan ekonomik büyüme, DYY’nin, ticari açıklığın, enerji tüketiminin, istihdamın ve sermaye oluşumunun bir fonksiyonu olarak tanımlanmıştır. Seçilen Panel VAR analizi, özel şokların birimler ve zaman boyunca iletimini analiz etmek için özellikle uygundur. Yükselen 7 ülkeleri için GMM analizi bulgularına göre istihdamın ekonomik büyümeyi artırdığı, ancak ticari açıklığın ve gayri safi sermaye oluşumunun ekonomik büyümeyi olumsuz etkilediği sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Enerji tüketimi ve doğrudan yabancı yatırımlar ile ekonomik büyüme ilişkisi incelendiğinde enerji tüketimi ekonomik büyümeyi pozitif etkilerken DYY negatif etkilemektedir ancak istatistiksel olarak önemsizdir. Diğer taraftan ekonomik büyümede yaşanan bir artış DYY, Gcf ve enerji tüketimini artırmaktadır. Granger nedensellik testi sonuçlarına göre ekonomik büyümeden doğrudan yabancı yatırımlara ve enerji tüketimine doğru tek yönlü nedensellik ilişkisi vardır. Ayrıca istihdam, gayri safi sermaye oluşumu ve ticari açıklıkta yaşanan artış ekonomik büyümenin nedenidir. Ekonomik büyüme ise istihdam, DYY, gayrisafi sermaye oluşumu ve enerji tüketiminin nedenidir. Diğer taraftan doğrudan yabancı yatırımlar için nedensellik ilişkisi incelendiği zaman gayri safi sermaye oluşumu, enerji tüketimi ve istihdam ile arasında çift yönlü nedensellik vardır. Ticari açıklık ve ekonomik büyümeden DYY’ye doğru ise tek yönlü nedensellik vardır. Son olarak enerji tüketimi için nedensellik ilişkisi incelendiğinde ekonomik büyüme hariç diğer tüm değişkenlerle arasında çift yönlü nedensellik vardır. Ekonomik büyüme ise enerji tüketiminin tek yönlü nedenidir. Politika önerisi olarak yüksek ekonomik büyümenin istikrarlı bir şekilde devam etmesi, doğrudan yabancı yatırımların ülkeye gelmesini sağlayacağı için önemlidir. Ayrıca enerji tüketiminin ekonomik büyümeye bağlı olması ve ülkelerin çevresel bozulmayı önlemek için ekonomik büyümeyi yenilikçi teknolojiler ile destekleyerek enerji tasarrufu sağlayan makineler kullanması önemlidir.

References

  • Abdouli, M. and Hammami, S. (2017). Exploring Links Between Fdi Inflows, Energy Consumption, and Economic Growth: Further Evidence From Mena Countries. Journal of economic development, 42(1), 95-117.
  • Abrigo, M. R. M. and Love, I. (2016). Estimation of Panel Vector Autoregression in Stata. The Stata Journal: Promoting Communications on Statistics and Stata, 16(3), 778–804.
  • Ağayev, S. (2010). Doğrudan Yabancı Sermaye Yatırımları ve Ekonomik Büyüme İlişkisi: Geçiş Ekonomileri Örneğinde Panel Eştümleşme ve Panel Nedensellik Analizleri. Gazi Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 12(1), 159-184.
  • Agrawal, G. (2015). Foreign direct investment and economic growth in BRICS economies: A panel data analysis. Journal of Economics, Business and Management, 3(4), 421-424.
  • Al-Iriani, M. A. (2006). Energy–GDP Relationship Revisited: An Example From GCC Countries Using Panel Causality. Energy policy, 34(17), 3342-3350.
  • Amri, F. (2016). The Relationship Amongst Energy Consumption, Foreign Direct Investment and Output In Developed and Developing Countries. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 64, 694-702.
  • Apergis, N. and Payne, J. E. (2009). Energy Consumption and Economic Growth In Central America: Evidence From A Panel Cointegration and Error Correction Model. Energy Economics, 31(2), 211-216.
  • Banday, U. J., Murugan, S. and Maryam, J. (2020). Foreign Direct Investment, Trade Openness and Economic Growth In BRICS Countries: Evidences From Panel Data. Transnational Corporations Review, 1-11.
  • Barro, R. J. (1990). Government Spending İn A Simple Model Of Endogeneous Growth. Journal of political economy, 98(5, Part 2), 103-125.
  • Bekhet, H. A. and bt Othman, N. S. (2011). Causality Analysis Among Electricity Consumption, Consumer Expenditure, Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and Foreign Direct Investment (FDI): Case Study Of Malaysia. Journal of economics and international finance, 3(4), 228-235.
  • Belke, A., Dobnik, F. and Dreger, C. (2011). Energy Consumption and Economic Growth: New Insights Into The Cointegration Relationship. Energy Economics, 33(5), 782-789.
  • Borensztein, E., De Gregorio, J. and Lee, J. W. (1998). How Does Foreign Direct Investment Affect Economic Growth?. Journal of international Economics, 45(1), 115-135.
  • Bostan, A., Kelleci, S. U., ve Yilmaz, A. (2016). Doğrudan Yabancı Sermaye Yatırımları ve Ekonomik Büyüme Arasındaki Ilişki: Avrasya Ekonomileri Örneği. Manas Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 5(5), 23-36.
  • Canova, F. and Ciccarelli, M. (2013). Panel Vector Autoregressive Models: A Survey The views expressed in this article are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect those of the ECB or the Eurosystem. Emerald Group Publishing Limited.
  • Eggoh, J. C., Bangaké, C. and Rault, C. (2011). Energy Consumption and Economic Growth Revisited In African Countries. Energy Policy, 39(11), 7408-7421.
  • Fan, W. and Hao, Y. (2020). An Empirical Research On The Relationship Amongst Renewable Energy Consumption, Economic Growth and Foreign Direct Investment In China. Renewable Energy, 146, 598-609.
  • Gövdeli, T. (2019). Life Expectancy, Direct Foreign Investments, Trade Openness and Economic Growth in E7 Countries: Heterogeneous Panel Analysis. Third Sector Social Economic Review, 54(2), 731-743.
  • Grabara, J., Tleppayev, A., Dabylova, M., Mihardjo, L. W. and Dacko-Pikiewicz, Z. (2021). Empirical Research on the Relationship Amongst Renewable Energy Consumption, Economic Growth and Foreign Direct Investment in Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan. Energies, 14(2), 332.
  • Granger, C. W. J. (1969). Investigating Causal Relations by Econometric Models and Cross-spectral Methods. Econometrica, 37(3), 424.
  • He, W., Gao, G. and Wang, Y. (2012). The Relationship of Energy Consumption, Economic Growth and Foreign Direct Investment In Shanghai. Advances in Applied Economics and Finance, 3(1), 507-512.
  • Holtz-Eakin, D., Newey, W. and Rosen, H. S. (1988). Estimating Vector Autoregressions with Panel Data. Econometrica, 56(6), 1371.
  • Iamsiraroj, S. (2016). The Foreign Direct İnvestment–Economic Growth Nexus. International Review of Economics & Finance, 42, 116-133.
  • Ibrahiem, D. M. (2015). Renewable Electricity Consumption, Foreign Direct Investment and Economic Growth In Egypt: An ARDL Approach. Procedia Economics and Finance, 30, 313-323.
  • Im, K. S., Pesaran, M. H. and Shin, Y. (2003). Testing For Unit Roots In Heterogeneous Panels. Journal of Econometrics, 115(1), 53–74.
  • Kumari, A., and Sharma, A. K. (2018). Causal Relationships Among Electricity Consumption, Foreign Direct Investment and Economic Growth In India. The Electricity Journal, 31(7), 33-38.
  • Lee, C. C. (2005). Energy Consumption and GDP In Developing Countries: A Cointegrated Panel Analysis. Energy Economics, 27(3), 415-427.
  • Lin, B. and Benjamin, I. N. (2018). Causal Relationships Between Energy Consumption, Foreign Direct Investment and Economic Growth For MINT: Evidence From Panel Dynamic Ordinary Least Square Models. Journal of Cleaner Production, 197, 708-720.
  • Liu, X., Burridge, P. and Sinclair, P. J. (2002). Relationships Between Economic Growth, Foreign Direct Investment and Trade: Evidence From China. Applied Economics, 34(11), 1433-1440.
  • Love, I., and Zicchino, L. (2006). Financial Development and Dynamic Investment Behavior: Evidence From Panel VAR. The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance, 46(2), 190–210.
  • Lucas Jr, R. E. (1988). On The Mechanics Of Economic Development. Journal Of Monetary Economics, 22(1), 3-42.
  • Makki, S. S. and Somwaru, A. (2004). Impact Of Foreign Direct İnvestment and Trade On Economic Growth: Evidence From Developing Countries. American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 86(3), 795-801.
  • Mavikela, N. and Khobai, H. (2018). Investigating the Link Between Foreign direct investment, Energy consumption and Economic growth in Argentina.
  • Mehrara, M. (2007). Energy Consumption and Economic Growth: The Case Of Oil Exporting Countries. Energy Policy, 35(5), 2939-2945.
  • Nasreen, S. and Anwar, S. (2014). Causal Relationship Between Trade Openness, Economic Growth and Energy Consumption: A Panel Data Analysis Of Asian Countries. Energy Policy, 69, 82-91.
  • Omri, A. and Kahouli, B. (2014). Causal Relationships Between Energy Consumption, Foreign Direct Investment and Economic Growth: Fresh Evidence From Dynamic Simultaneous-Equations Models. Energy Policy, 67, 913-922.
  • Öncü, E. ve Çelik, Ş. (2018). Doğrudan Yabanci Yatırımlar ve Ekonomik Büyüme İlişkisi: BRICT Ülkeleri Panel Nedensellik Analizi. Uluslararası İktisadi ve İdari İncelemeler Dergisi, 403-414.
  • Ozturk, I., Aslan, A. and Kalyoncu, H. (2010). Energy Consumption and Economic Growth Relationship: Evidence From Panel Data For Low and Middle Income Countries. Energy Policy, 38(8), 4422-4428.
  • Payne, J. E. (2009). On The Dynamics Of Energy Consumption and Output In The US. Applied Energy, 86(4), 575-577.
  • Pesaran, M. H. (2007). A Simple Panel Unit Root Test In The Presence Of Cross-Section Dependence. Journal Of Applied Econometrics, 22, 265-312.
  • Rebelo, S. (1991). Long-Run Policy Analysis and Long-Run Growth. Journal of Political Economy, 99(3), 500-521.
  • Robert, E. and Lucas, Jr. (1988). On The Mechanics Of Economic Development. Journal of Monetary Economics, 22(1), 3-42.
  • Romer, P. M. (1986). Increasing Returns and Long-Run Growth. Journal of political economy, 94(5), 1002-1037.
  • Saidi, K., Mbarek, M. B. and Amamri, M. (2018). Causal Dynamics Between Energy Consumption, ICT, FDI, and Economic Growth: Case Study Of 13 MENA Countries. Journal of the Knowledge Economy, 9(1), 228-238.
  • Shahbaz, M., Khan, S. and Tahir, M. I. (2013). The Dynamic Links Between Energy Consumption, Economic Growth, Financial Development and Trade In China: Fresh Evidence From Multivariate Framework Analysis. Energy Economics, 40, 8-21.
  • Siddique, H. M. A. and Majeed, M. T. (2015). Energy Consumption, Economic Growth, Trade and Financial Development Nexus In South Asia. Pakistan Journal of Commerce and Social Sciences (PJCSS), 9(2), 658-682.
  • Sims, C. A. (1980). Macroeconomics and Reality. Econometrica: Journal of the Econometric Society, 1-48.
  • Solow, R. M. (1956). A Contribution To The Theory Of Economic Growth. The Quarterly Journal Of Economics, 70(1), 65-94.
  • Syzdykova, A. (2019). Doğrudan Yabancı Yatırımların Ekonomik Büyüme Üzerine Etkisi: Orta Asya Ülkeleri Örneği. Uluslararası Kültürel ve Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi (UKSAD), 5(1), 291-307.
  • Tang, C. F. and Tan, B. W. (2014). The Linkages Among Energy Consumption, Economic Growth, Relative Price, Foreign Direct Investment, and Financial Development In Malaysia. Quality & Quantity, 48(2), 781-797.
  • Tang, C. F., Tan, B. W. and Ozturk, I. (2016). Energy Consumption and Economic Growth In Vietnam. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 54, 1506-1514.
  • Yalman, İ. N. and Koşaroğlu, Ş. M. (2017). Effect On Direct Foreign Investments On Economic Growth and Unemployment. Uluslararası Ekonomi İşletme ve Politika Dergisi, 1(2), 191-205.
Year 2021, , 1108 - 1122, 30.09.2021
https://doi.org/10.30783/nevsosbilen.929130

Abstract

References

  • Abdouli, M. and Hammami, S. (2017). Exploring Links Between Fdi Inflows, Energy Consumption, and Economic Growth: Further Evidence From Mena Countries. Journal of economic development, 42(1), 95-117.
  • Abrigo, M. R. M. and Love, I. (2016). Estimation of Panel Vector Autoregression in Stata. The Stata Journal: Promoting Communications on Statistics and Stata, 16(3), 778–804.
  • Ağayev, S. (2010). Doğrudan Yabancı Sermaye Yatırımları ve Ekonomik Büyüme İlişkisi: Geçiş Ekonomileri Örneğinde Panel Eştümleşme ve Panel Nedensellik Analizleri. Gazi Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 12(1), 159-184.
  • Agrawal, G. (2015). Foreign direct investment and economic growth in BRICS economies: A panel data analysis. Journal of Economics, Business and Management, 3(4), 421-424.
  • Al-Iriani, M. A. (2006). Energy–GDP Relationship Revisited: An Example From GCC Countries Using Panel Causality. Energy policy, 34(17), 3342-3350.
  • Amri, F. (2016). The Relationship Amongst Energy Consumption, Foreign Direct Investment and Output In Developed and Developing Countries. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 64, 694-702.
  • Apergis, N. and Payne, J. E. (2009). Energy Consumption and Economic Growth In Central America: Evidence From A Panel Cointegration and Error Correction Model. Energy Economics, 31(2), 211-216.
  • Banday, U. J., Murugan, S. and Maryam, J. (2020). Foreign Direct Investment, Trade Openness and Economic Growth In BRICS Countries: Evidences From Panel Data. Transnational Corporations Review, 1-11.
  • Barro, R. J. (1990). Government Spending İn A Simple Model Of Endogeneous Growth. Journal of political economy, 98(5, Part 2), 103-125.
  • Bekhet, H. A. and bt Othman, N. S. (2011). Causality Analysis Among Electricity Consumption, Consumer Expenditure, Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and Foreign Direct Investment (FDI): Case Study Of Malaysia. Journal of economics and international finance, 3(4), 228-235.
  • Belke, A., Dobnik, F. and Dreger, C. (2011). Energy Consumption and Economic Growth: New Insights Into The Cointegration Relationship. Energy Economics, 33(5), 782-789.
  • Borensztein, E., De Gregorio, J. and Lee, J. W. (1998). How Does Foreign Direct Investment Affect Economic Growth?. Journal of international Economics, 45(1), 115-135.
  • Bostan, A., Kelleci, S. U., ve Yilmaz, A. (2016). Doğrudan Yabancı Sermaye Yatırımları ve Ekonomik Büyüme Arasındaki Ilişki: Avrasya Ekonomileri Örneği. Manas Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 5(5), 23-36.
  • Canova, F. and Ciccarelli, M. (2013). Panel Vector Autoregressive Models: A Survey The views expressed in this article are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect those of the ECB or the Eurosystem. Emerald Group Publishing Limited.
  • Eggoh, J. C., Bangaké, C. and Rault, C. (2011). Energy Consumption and Economic Growth Revisited In African Countries. Energy Policy, 39(11), 7408-7421.
  • Fan, W. and Hao, Y. (2020). An Empirical Research On The Relationship Amongst Renewable Energy Consumption, Economic Growth and Foreign Direct Investment In China. Renewable Energy, 146, 598-609.
  • Gövdeli, T. (2019). Life Expectancy, Direct Foreign Investments, Trade Openness and Economic Growth in E7 Countries: Heterogeneous Panel Analysis. Third Sector Social Economic Review, 54(2), 731-743.
  • Grabara, J., Tleppayev, A., Dabylova, M., Mihardjo, L. W. and Dacko-Pikiewicz, Z. (2021). Empirical Research on the Relationship Amongst Renewable Energy Consumption, Economic Growth and Foreign Direct Investment in Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan. Energies, 14(2), 332.
  • Granger, C. W. J. (1969). Investigating Causal Relations by Econometric Models and Cross-spectral Methods. Econometrica, 37(3), 424.
  • He, W., Gao, G. and Wang, Y. (2012). The Relationship of Energy Consumption, Economic Growth and Foreign Direct Investment In Shanghai. Advances in Applied Economics and Finance, 3(1), 507-512.
  • Holtz-Eakin, D., Newey, W. and Rosen, H. S. (1988). Estimating Vector Autoregressions with Panel Data. Econometrica, 56(6), 1371.
  • Iamsiraroj, S. (2016). The Foreign Direct İnvestment–Economic Growth Nexus. International Review of Economics & Finance, 42, 116-133.
  • Ibrahiem, D. M. (2015). Renewable Electricity Consumption, Foreign Direct Investment and Economic Growth In Egypt: An ARDL Approach. Procedia Economics and Finance, 30, 313-323.
  • Im, K. S., Pesaran, M. H. and Shin, Y. (2003). Testing For Unit Roots In Heterogeneous Panels. Journal of Econometrics, 115(1), 53–74.
  • Kumari, A., and Sharma, A. K. (2018). Causal Relationships Among Electricity Consumption, Foreign Direct Investment and Economic Growth In India. The Electricity Journal, 31(7), 33-38.
  • Lee, C. C. (2005). Energy Consumption and GDP In Developing Countries: A Cointegrated Panel Analysis. Energy Economics, 27(3), 415-427.
  • Lin, B. and Benjamin, I. N. (2018). Causal Relationships Between Energy Consumption, Foreign Direct Investment and Economic Growth For MINT: Evidence From Panel Dynamic Ordinary Least Square Models. Journal of Cleaner Production, 197, 708-720.
  • Liu, X., Burridge, P. and Sinclair, P. J. (2002). Relationships Between Economic Growth, Foreign Direct Investment and Trade: Evidence From China. Applied Economics, 34(11), 1433-1440.
  • Love, I., and Zicchino, L. (2006). Financial Development and Dynamic Investment Behavior: Evidence From Panel VAR. The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance, 46(2), 190–210.
  • Lucas Jr, R. E. (1988). On The Mechanics Of Economic Development. Journal Of Monetary Economics, 22(1), 3-42.
  • Makki, S. S. and Somwaru, A. (2004). Impact Of Foreign Direct İnvestment and Trade On Economic Growth: Evidence From Developing Countries. American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 86(3), 795-801.
  • Mavikela, N. and Khobai, H. (2018). Investigating the Link Between Foreign direct investment, Energy consumption and Economic growth in Argentina.
  • Mehrara, M. (2007). Energy Consumption and Economic Growth: The Case Of Oil Exporting Countries. Energy Policy, 35(5), 2939-2945.
  • Nasreen, S. and Anwar, S. (2014). Causal Relationship Between Trade Openness, Economic Growth and Energy Consumption: A Panel Data Analysis Of Asian Countries. Energy Policy, 69, 82-91.
  • Omri, A. and Kahouli, B. (2014). Causal Relationships Between Energy Consumption, Foreign Direct Investment and Economic Growth: Fresh Evidence From Dynamic Simultaneous-Equations Models. Energy Policy, 67, 913-922.
  • Öncü, E. ve Çelik, Ş. (2018). Doğrudan Yabanci Yatırımlar ve Ekonomik Büyüme İlişkisi: BRICT Ülkeleri Panel Nedensellik Analizi. Uluslararası İktisadi ve İdari İncelemeler Dergisi, 403-414.
  • Ozturk, I., Aslan, A. and Kalyoncu, H. (2010). Energy Consumption and Economic Growth Relationship: Evidence From Panel Data For Low and Middle Income Countries. Energy Policy, 38(8), 4422-4428.
  • Payne, J. E. (2009). On The Dynamics Of Energy Consumption and Output In The US. Applied Energy, 86(4), 575-577.
  • Pesaran, M. H. (2007). A Simple Panel Unit Root Test In The Presence Of Cross-Section Dependence. Journal Of Applied Econometrics, 22, 265-312.
  • Rebelo, S. (1991). Long-Run Policy Analysis and Long-Run Growth. Journal of Political Economy, 99(3), 500-521.
  • Robert, E. and Lucas, Jr. (1988). On The Mechanics Of Economic Development. Journal of Monetary Economics, 22(1), 3-42.
  • Romer, P. M. (1986). Increasing Returns and Long-Run Growth. Journal of political economy, 94(5), 1002-1037.
  • Saidi, K., Mbarek, M. B. and Amamri, M. (2018). Causal Dynamics Between Energy Consumption, ICT, FDI, and Economic Growth: Case Study Of 13 MENA Countries. Journal of the Knowledge Economy, 9(1), 228-238.
  • Shahbaz, M., Khan, S. and Tahir, M. I. (2013). The Dynamic Links Between Energy Consumption, Economic Growth, Financial Development and Trade In China: Fresh Evidence From Multivariate Framework Analysis. Energy Economics, 40, 8-21.
  • Siddique, H. M. A. and Majeed, M. T. (2015). Energy Consumption, Economic Growth, Trade and Financial Development Nexus In South Asia. Pakistan Journal of Commerce and Social Sciences (PJCSS), 9(2), 658-682.
  • Sims, C. A. (1980). Macroeconomics and Reality. Econometrica: Journal of the Econometric Society, 1-48.
  • Solow, R. M. (1956). A Contribution To The Theory Of Economic Growth. The Quarterly Journal Of Economics, 70(1), 65-94.
  • Syzdykova, A. (2019). Doğrudan Yabancı Yatırımların Ekonomik Büyüme Üzerine Etkisi: Orta Asya Ülkeleri Örneği. Uluslararası Kültürel ve Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi (UKSAD), 5(1), 291-307.
  • Tang, C. F. and Tan, B. W. (2014). The Linkages Among Energy Consumption, Economic Growth, Relative Price, Foreign Direct Investment, and Financial Development In Malaysia. Quality & Quantity, 48(2), 781-797.
  • Tang, C. F., Tan, B. W. and Ozturk, I. (2016). Energy Consumption and Economic Growth In Vietnam. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 54, 1506-1514.
  • Yalman, İ. N. and Koşaroğlu, Ş. M. (2017). Effect On Direct Foreign Investments On Economic Growth and Unemployment. Uluslararası Ekonomi İşletme ve Politika Dergisi, 1(2), 191-205.
There are 51 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Volkan Han 0000-0003-3180-4186

Koray Uygur 0000-0003-0795-9348

Publication Date September 30, 2021
Published in Issue Year 2021

Cite

APA Han, V., & Uygur, K. (2021). YÜKSELEN-7 ÜLKELERİNDE ENERJİ TÜKETİMİ, DOĞRUDAN YABANCI YATIRIMLAR VE EKONOMİK BÜYÜME İLİŞKİSİ: PANEL VEKTÖR OTOREGRESYON ANALİZİ. Nevşehir Hacı Bektaş Veli Üniversitesi SBE Dergisi, 11(3), 1108-1122. https://doi.org/10.30783/nevsosbilen.929130