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            <front>

                <journal-meta>
                                                                <journal-id>nbd</journal-id>
            <journal-title-group>
                                                                                    <journal-title>Nicel Bilimler Dergisi</journal-title>
            </journal-title-group>
                            <issn pub-type="ppub">2667-8993</issn>
                                                                                                        <publisher>
                    <publisher-name>Eskişehir Osmangazi University</publisher-name>
                </publisher>
                    </journal-meta>
                <article-meta>
                                        <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.51541/nicel.1373907</article-id>
                                                                <article-categories>
                                            <subj-group  xml:lang="en">
                                                            <subject>Quantitative Decision Methods </subject>
                                                            <subject>Applied Statistics</subject>
                                                    </subj-group>
                                            <subj-group  xml:lang="tr">
                                                            <subject>Nicel Karar Yöntemleri</subject>
                                                            <subject>Uygulamalı İstatistik</subject>
                                                    </subj-group>
                                    </article-categories>
                                                                                                                                                        <title-group>
                                                                                                                        <article-title>Exploring the Ecological Footprint in Turkey: Analyzing the Interplay of Economic and Environmental Factors</article-title>
                                                                                                                                                                                                <trans-title-group xml:lang="tr">
                                    <trans-title>Türkiye&#039;deki Ekolojik Ayak İzini Araştırmak: Ekonomik Ve Çevresel Faktörlerin Etkileşimini Analiz Etmek</trans-title>
                                </trans-title-group>
                                                                                                    </title-group>
            
                                                    <contrib-group content-type="authors">
                                                                        <contrib contrib-type="author">
                                                                    <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">
                                        https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3878-0332</contrib-id>
                                                                <name>
                                    <surname>Demirbay</surname>
                                    <given-names>Sevim Gülin</given-names>
                                </name>
                                                                    <aff>ADANA ALPARSLAN TURKES SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY UNIVERSITY</aff>
                                                            </contrib>
                                                    <contrib contrib-type="author">
                                                                    <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">
                                        https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8333-3091</contrib-id>
                                                                <name>
                                    <surname>Karakaş</surname>
                                    <given-names>Esra</given-names>
                                </name>
                                                                    <aff>ADANA ALPARSLAN TURKES SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY UNIVERSITY</aff>
                                                            </contrib>
                                                                                </contrib-group>
                        
                                        <pub-date pub-type="pub" iso-8601-date="20241231">
                    <day>12</day>
                    <month>31</month>
                    <year>2024</year>
                </pub-date>
                                        <volume>6</volume>
                                        <issue>2</issue>
                                        <fpage>128</fpage>
                                        <lpage>157</lpage>
                        
                        <history>
                                    <date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="20231010">
                        <day>10</day>
                        <month>10</month>
                        <year>2023</year>
                    </date>
                                                    <date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="20240118">
                        <day>01</day>
                        <month>18</month>
                        <year>2024</year>
                    </date>
                            </history>
                                        <permissions>
                    <copyright-statement>Copyright © 2019, Nicel Bilimler Dergisi</copyright-statement>
                    <copyright-year>2019</copyright-year>
                    <copyright-holder>Nicel Bilimler Dergisi</copyright-holder>
                </permissions>
            
                                                                                                <abstract><p>Nowadays, the world is facing increasing ecological issues due to the rapid growth of the population, the expansion of industrial activity, the fast urbanization process, and the higher levels of consumption. As a result of the current ecological problems, there has been an unchecked increase in the demand for natural resources. This study identified the independent variables that influence the ecological footprint as the Gross Domestic Product (GDP), KOF Globalization Index (KOFGI), and Natural Resource Rent (NRR). The Markov chains approach was used to anticipate the movements of the dependent and independent variables in the future period. Frequency and transition probability matrices were then generated. The dependent and independent variables for the next period were compared to the actual values, and the accuracy of the predictions made using Markov chains was demonstrated. A model of an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) was created to accurately predict the value of the dependent variable. The ANN modeling was used to estimate the ecological footprint, taking into account the values of Turkey&#039;s GDP growth rate (% per year), NRR (as a percentage of GDP), and KOF Globalization Index data from 1970 to 2016. The Feed-Forward Backpropagation Method, which is a type of multi-layer network model, was utilized for the modeling process. The Levenberg-Marquardt optimization algorithm was employed as the network training function to update the weight and deviation values of the network. The study&#039;s findings indicate that the dataset as a whole has a significant level of agreement with the model&#039;s correctness, with a close proximity of 99.316%. Based on the collected results, it can be inferred that the developed artificial neural network (ANN) model has a notable level of precision in calculating the Ecological Footprint.</p></abstract>
                                                                                                                                    <trans-abstract xml:lang="tr">
                            <p>Günümüzde dünya, nüfusun hızla artması, endüstriyel faaliyetlerin yaygınlaşması, hızlı kentleşme süreci ve artan tüketim düzeyleri nedeniyle giderek artan ekolojik sorunlarla karşı karşıyadır. Mevcut ekolojik sorunların bir sonucu olarak doğal kaynaklara olan talepte kontrolsüz bir artış yaşanmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, ekolojik ayak izini etkileyen bağımsız değişkenler Gayri Safi Yurtiçi Hasıla (GSYİH), KOF Küreselleşme Endeksi (KOFGI) ve Doğal Kaynak Kirası (NRR) olarak tanımlamıştır. Bağımlı ve bağımsız değişkenlerin gelecek dönemdeki hareketlerini tahmin etmek için Markov zincirleri yaklaşımı kullanıldı. Daha sonra frekans ve geçiş olasılığı matrisleri oluşturuldu. Bir sonraki döneme ait bağımlı ve bağımsız değişkenler gerçek değerlerle karşılaştırılarak Markov zincirleri kullanılarak yapılan tahminlerin doğruluğu ortaya konuldu. Bağımlı değişkenin değerini doğru bir şekilde tahmin etmek için bir Yapay Sinir Ağı (YSA) modeli oluşturuldu. YSA modellemesi, 1970&#039;den 2016&#039;ya kadar Türkiye&#039;nin GSYİH büyüme oranı (yıllık yüzde), NRR (GSYİH yüzdesi olarak) ve KOF Küreselleşme Endeksi verileri dikkate alınarak ekolojik ayak izini tahmin etmek için kullanıldı. Modelleme işleminde çok katmanlı ağ modelinin bir türü olan İleri Beslemeli Geri Yayılım Yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Ağın ağırlık ve sapma değerlerini güncellemek için ağ eğitim fonksiyonu olarak Levenberg-Marquardt optimizasyon algoritması kullanıldı. Çalışmanın bulguları, bir bütün olarak veri kümesinin modelin doğruluğu ile %99,316&#039;ya yakın bir düzeyde anlamlı düzeyde uyum içinde olduğunu göstermektedir. Toplanan sonuçlara dayanarak geliştirilen yapay sinir ağı (YSA) modelinin Ekolojik Ayak İzi hesaplamasında dikkate değer düzeyde bir hassasiyete sahip olduğu sonucuna varılabilir.</p></trans-abstract>
                                                            
            
                                                            <kwd-group>
                                                    <kwd>Artificial Neural Networks</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Ecological Footprint</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Sustainable Development</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Environmental Factors</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Economic Factors</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Markov Chain</kwd>
                                            </kwd-group>
                                                        
                                                                            <kwd-group xml:lang="tr">
                                                    <kwd>Yapay Sinir Ağları</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Ekolojik Ayak İzi</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Sürdürülebilir Kalkınma</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Çevresel Faktörler</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Ekonomik Faktörler</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Markov Zincirleri</kwd>
                                            </kwd-group>
                                                                                                            </article-meta>
    </front>
    <back>
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