Osmanlı İnhitat Söylemine Girizgâh: 16. Yüzyıl Sonu Para Çalkantıları ve Düşünce Dünyasındaki Yansımaları

Year 2018, Volume: 51 Issue: 51, 265 - 295, 20.04.2018

Cemal Kafadar

https://doi.org/10.18589/oa.591837

Abstract

İki bölümlü yazıda, önce 16. yüzyıl sonlarında Osmanlı dünyasında yaşanan
para çalkantılarına dair farklı yaklaşım modelleri ele alınmış ve değerlendirilmiştir.
Gerek “miktar teorisini” gerekse “gerçek” iktisadi faktörleri gözönünde bulunduran
bir yaklaşımın yararlı olacağı düşüncesiyle, batı ve doğu yönlerinde farklı seyreden dış
ticaret dengelerinin yapısal özellikleri ile birlikte nüfus artışı ve paranın dolaşım hızı
üzerinde durulmuştur. İkinci bölümün konusu, Osmanlı yönetici sınıfından bazı yazarların şahit oldukları para ve fiyat hareketlerine dair tespit ve yorumlarıdır. Osmanlı
devlet adamları ve yazarları bu olgularla yakından ilgilenmiş, onları tartışmış, tahlil
etmiş, ve tedbirler önermiştir. Paranın istikrarını merkeze alan bu perspektif, siyasi
erkin rolünü vurgular, sonuçları itibariyle meseleyi toplumsal dengeler bağlamında
değerlendirir. Bugün “iktisadi” diye nitelendirdigimiz dinamiklerin özerkleşmesinin
yerleşik hiyerarşileri altüst edeceği, bunun sonucunda “nizam”a “ihtilal” geleceği endişesini taşır. Toplumsal dengeleri tehdit eden fiyat artışları ve narh düzeninin yitirilmesine çare ancak paranın istikrarına kavuşması ile mümkün olacaktır. Bu bağlamda
Cigalazâde (Cağaloğlu) Sinan Paşa’nın para ile ilgili ıslahat tedbirlerine destek olmak
isteyen Taşköprülüzâde Kemâlüddîn Mehmed Efendi, Makrîzî’nin Mısır tarihinde
para krizleri ile ilgili eserini Türkçe’ye çevirmekle kalmaz, bir sonsöz yazarak doğrudan
Osmanlı dünyasının yaşamakta olduğu krize dair özgün bir açıklama getirir.

Keywords

Osmanlı Parası, Para Çalkantıları, Enflasyon, Ticari Denge, İktisadi Düşünce, İnhitat Bilinci, Gelibolulu Mustafa ‘Âlî, Taşköprülüzâde Kemâlüddîn Mehmed Efendi, Makrîzî, Cigalazâde Sinan Paşa

Prelude to Ottoman Decline Consciousness: Monetary Turbulence at the end of the Sixteenth Century and the Intellectual Response

Abstract

The first section of this bipartite essay deals with different approaches to the monetary turbulence experienced in the Ottoman world in the late-16th century. Combining “real” economic factors with the “quantity theory of money,” it underlines
population growth and the velocity of circulation as well as structural aspects of
Ottoman trade balances vis-a-vis the west and the east. The focus of the second
section is on the observations and analyses of authors from the Ottoman ruling
elite with respect to monetary and price movements. Ottoman statesmen and intellectuals were sharply concerned with these developments, discussed and analyzed
them, and proposed measures. With monetary stability as its core concern, their
perspective emphasized the role of political authority and evaluated the problem in
terms of its consequences in the realm of social balances. It was accompanied by an
anxiety about “deterioration” replacing “order,” and about established hierarchies being toppled, in the face of the autonomy gained by certain dynamics, which we now
consider to be in the sphere of “the economy.” The threat to order posed by price
hikes and the erosion of the system of price controls cannot be met but by bringing
stability to the currency. In that context, and in order to support Cigalazade Sinan
Pasha’s currency reform, Taşköprülüzâde Kemâlüddîn Mehmed Efendi translated
Makrîzî’s 15th-century text on monetary crises in Egyptian history and added an
appendix with his original analysis of Ottoman circumstances

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